East & Southeast Asia :: Taiwan

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## Introduction ::Taiwan

Background:
In 1895, military defeat forced China's Qing Dynasty to cede Taiwan to Japan. Taiwan came under Chinese Nationalist control after World War II. Following the Communist victory on the mainland in 1949, 2 million Nationalists fled to Taiwan and established a government using the 1947 constitution drawn up for all of China. Beginning in the 1950s, the ruling authorities gradually democratized and incorporated the local population within the governing structure. This process expanded rapidly in the 1980s. In 2000, Taiwan underwent its first peaceful transfer of power from the Nationalist to the Democratic Progressive Party. Throughout this period, the island prospered and became one of East Asia's economic "Tigers." The dominant political issues continue to be the relationship between Taiwan and China - specifically the question of Taiwan's eventual status - as well as domestic political and economic reform.

## Geography ::Taiwan

Location:
Eastern Asia, islands bordering the East China Sea, Philippine Sea, South China Sea, and Taiwan Strait, north of the Philippines, off the southeastern coast of China
Geographic coordinates:
23 30 N, 121 00 E
Map references:
Southeast Asia
Area:
total: 35,980 sq km country comparison to the world: 139 land: 32,260 sq km water: 3,720 sq km note: includes the Pescadores, Matsu, and Quemoy islands
Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Maryland and Delaware combined
Land boundaries:
0 km
Coastline:
1,566.3 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Climate:
tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year
Terrain:
eastern two-thirds mostly rugged mountains; flat to gently rolling plains in west
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: South China Sea 0 m highest point: Yu Shan 3,952 m
Natural resources:
small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos
Land use:
arable land: 24% permanent crops: 1% other: 75% (2011)
Irrigated land:
NA
Total renewable water resources:
67 cu km (2011)
Natural hazards:
earthquakes; typhoons volcanism: Kueishantao Island (elev. 401 m), east of Taiwan, is its only historically active volcano, although it has not erupted in centuries
Environment - current issues:
air pollution; water pollution from industrial emissions, raw sewage; contamination of drinking water supplies; trade in endangered species; low-level radioactive waste disposal
Environment - international agreements:
party to: none of the selected agreements because of Taiwan's international status
Geography - note:
strategic location adjacent to both the Taiwan Strait and the Luzon Strait

## People and Society ::Taiwan

Nationality:
noun: Taiwan (singular and plural) note: example - he or she is from Taiwan; they are from Taiwan adjective: Taiwan (or Taiwanese)
Ethnic groups:
Taiwanese (including Hakka) 84%, mainland Chinese 14%, indigenous 2%
Languages:
Mandarin Chinese (official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka dialects
Religions:
mixture of Buddhist and Taoist 93%, Christian 4.5%, other 2.5%
Population:
23,299,716 (July 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 51
Age structure:
0-14 years: 14.3% (male 1,722,887/female 1,609,813) 15-24 years: 13.7% (male 1,638,424/female 1,549,415) 25-54 years: 47.7% (male 5,562,031/female 5,553,318) 55-64 years: 12.7% (male 1,450,513/female 1,509,359) 65 years and over: 11.6% (male 1,262,939/female 1,441,017) (2013 est.) population pyramid:
Median age:
total: 38.7 years male: 38 years female: 39.4 years (2013 est.)
Population growth rate:
0.27% (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 170
Birth rate:
8.61 births/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 215
Death rate:
6.83 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 138
Net migration rate:
0.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 58
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.07 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 1 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2013 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
total: 4.55 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 186 male: 4.96 deaths/1,000 live births female: 4.12 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 79.71 years country comparison to the world: 39 male: 76.58 years female: 83.06 years (2013 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.11 children born/woman (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 222
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA
Education expenditures:
NA
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 96.1% male: NA female: NA (2003)

## Government ::Taiwan

Country name:
conventional long form: none conventional short form: Taiwan local long form: none local short form: Taiwan former: Formosa
Government type:
multiparty democracy
Capital:
name: Taipei geographic coordinates: 25 02 N, 121 31 E time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Administrative divisions:
includes main island of Taiwan plus smaller islands nearby and off coast of China's Fujian Province; Taiwan is divided into 14 counties (hsien, singular and plural), 3 municipalities (shih, singular and plural), and 5 special municipalities (chih-hsia-shih, singular and plural) note: Taiwan uses a variety of romanization systems; while a modified Wade-Giles system still dominates, the city of Taipei has adopted a Pinyin romanization for street and place names within its boundaries; other local authorities use different romanization systems; names for administrative divisions that follow are taken from the Taiwan Yearbook 2007 published by the Government Information Office in Taipei. counties: Changhua, Chiayi (county), Hsinchu (county), Hualien, Kinmen, Lienchiang, Miaoli, Nantou, Penghu, Pingtung, Taitung, Taoyuan, Yilan, Yunlin municipalities: Chiayi (city), Hsinchu (city), Keelung (city) special municipalities: Kaohsiung (city), New Taipei (city), Taichung (city), Tainan (city), Taipei (city)
National holiday:
Republic Day (Anniversary of the Chinese Revolution), 10 October (1911)
Constitution:
adopted 25 December 1946; promulgated 1 January 1947; effective 25 December 1947; amended many times
Legal system:
civil law system
International law organization participation:
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Suffrage:
20 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President MA Ying-jeou (since 20 May 2008); Vice President WU Den-yih (since 20 May 2012) head of government: Premier JIANG Yi-huah (President of the Executive Yuan) (since 18 February 2013) cabinet: Executive Yuan - ministers appointed by president on recommendation of premier (For more information visit the World Leaders website ) elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms (eligible for a second term); election last held on 14 January 2012 (next to be held in January 2016); premier appointed by the president; vice premiers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the premier election results: MA Ying-jeou elected president; percent of vote - MA Ying-jeou 51.6%, TSAI Ing-wen 45.6%, James SOONG Chu-ye 2.8%
Legislative branch:
unicameral Legislative Yuan (113 seats - 73 district members elected by popular vote, 34 at-large members elected on basis of proportion of islandwide votes received by participating political parties, 6 elected by popular vote among aboriginal populations; members to serve four-year terms); parties must receive 5% of vote to qualify for at-large seats elections: Legislative Yuan - last held on 14 January 2012 (next to be held in January 2016) election results: Legislative Yuan - percent of vote by party - KMT 44.6%, DPP 34.6%, TSU 9.0%, PFP 5.5%, others 6.3%; seats by party - KMT 64, DPP 40, PFP 3, TSU 3, NPSU 2, independent 1
Judicial branch:
highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and approximately 100 judges organized into 8 civil and 12 criminal divisions, each with a division chief justice and 4 associate justices); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and 13 justices) judge selection and term of office: both Supreme Court and Constitutional Court justices appointed by the president of the republic with the approval of the Legislative Yuan; Supreme Court justices appointed for life; Constitutional Court president, vice-president, and 8 grand justices serve 4-year terms and remaining justices serve 8-year terms subordinate courts: high courts; district courts; hierarchy of administrative courts
Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Progressive Party or DPP [SU Tseng-chang] Kuomintang or KMT (Nationalist Party) [MA Ying-jeou] New Party [YOK Mu-ming] Non-Partisan Solidarity Union or NPSU [LIN Pin-kuan] People First Party or PFP [James SOONG Chu-ye] Taiwan Solidarity Union or TSU [HUANG Kun-huei]
Political pressure groups and leaders:
environmental groups independence movement various business groups note: debate on Taiwan independence has become acceptable within the mainstream of domestic politics on Taiwan; public opinion polls consistently show a substantial majority of Taiwan people supports maintaining Taiwan's status quo for the foreseeable future; advocates of Taiwan independence oppose the stand that the island will eventually unify with mainland China; advocates of eventual unification predicate their goal on the democratic transformation of the mainland
International organization participation:
ADB, APEC, BCIE, ICC (national committees), IOC, ITUC (NGOs), WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
none; commercial and cultural relations with the people in the United States are maintained through an unofficial instrumentality, the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States (TECRO), a private nonprofit corporation that performs citizen and consular services similar to those at diplomatic posts representative: KING Pu-tsung office: 4201 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20016 telephone: [1] 202 895-1800 Taipei Economic and Cultural Offices (branch offices): Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Guam, Houston, Honolulu, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco, Seattle
Diplomatic representation from the US:
none; commercial and cultural relations with the people on Taiwan are maintained through an unofficial instrumentality, the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT), a private nonprofit corporation that performs citizen and consular services similar to those at diplomatic posts director: Christopher J. MARUT office: #7 Lane 134, Hsin Yi Road, Section 3, Taipei 106, Taiwan telephone: [1] [886] (02) 2162-2000 FAX: [1] [886] (02) 2162-2251 other offices: Kaohsiung
Flag description:
red field with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white sun with 12 triangular rays; the blue and white design of the canton (symbolizing the sun of progress) dates to 1895; it was later adopted as the flag of the Kuomintang Party; blue signifies liberty, justice, and democracy; red stands for fraternity, sacrifice, and nationalism, white represents equality, frankness, and the people's livelihood; the 12 rays of the sun are those of the months and the twelve traditional Chinese hours (each ray equals two hours)
National symbol(s):
white, 12-rayed sun on blue field
National anthem:
name: "Zhonghua Minguo guoge" (National Anthem of the Republic of China) lyrics/music: HU Han-min, TAI Chi-t'ao, and LIAO Chung-k'ai/CHENG Mao-Yun note: adopted 1930; the anthem is also the song of the Kuomintang Party; it is informally known as "San Min Chu I" or "San Min Zhu Yi" (Three Principles of the People); because of political pressure from China, "Guo Qi Ge" (National Banner Song) is used at international events rather than the official anthem of Taiwan; the "National Banner Song" has gained popularity in Taiwan and is commonly used during flag raisings

## Economy ::Taiwan

Economy - overview:
Taiwan has a dynamic capitalist economy with gradually decreasing government guidance of investment and foreign trade. Exports, led by electronics, machinery, and petrochemicals have provided the primary impetus for economic development. This heavy dependence on exports exposes the economy to fluctuations in world demand. In 2009, Taiwan's GDP contracted 1.8%, due primarily to a 13.1% year-on-year decline in exports. In 2010 GDP grew 10.7%, as exports returned to the level of previous years, and in 2011, grew 4.0%. In 2012, however, growth fell to 1.3%, because of softening global demand. Taiwan's diplomatic isolation, low birth rate, and rapidly aging population are major long-term challenges. Free trade agreements have proliferated in East Asia over the past several years, but except for the landmark Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) signed with China in June 2010, so far Taiwan has been excluded from this greater economic integration in part because of its diplomatic status. Negotiations continue on such follow-on components of ECFA regarding trade in goods and services. The MA administration has said that the ECFA will serve as a stepping stone toward trade pacts with other key trade partners, which Taiwan subsequently launched with Singapore and New Zealand. Taiwan's Total Fertility rate of just over one child per woman is among the lowest in the world, raising the prospect of future labor shortages, falling domestic demand, and declining tax revenues. Taiwan's population is aging quickly, with the number of people over 65 accounting for 11.2% of the island's total population as of 2012. The island runs a large trade surplus largely because of its surplus with China, and its foreign reserves are the world's fifth largest, behind China, Japan, Saudi Arabia, and Russia. In 2006 China overtook the US to become Taiwan's second-largest source of imports after Japan. China is also the island's number one destination for foreign direct investment. Three financial memorandums of understanding, covering banking, securities, and insurance, took effect in mid-January 2010, opening the island to greater investments from the mainland's financial firms and institutional investors, and providing new opportunities for Taiwan financial firms to operate in China. In August 2012, Taiwan Central Bank signed a memorandum of understanding on cross-Strait currency settlement with its Chinese counterpart. The MOU allows for the direct settlement of Chinese RMB and the New Taiwan dollar across the Strait, which could help develop Taiwan into a local RMB hub. Closer economic links with the mainland bring greater opportunities for the Taiwan economy, but also poses new challenges as the island becomes more economically dependent on China while political differences remain unresolved.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
$918.3 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 21 $906.9 billion (2011 est.) $871.5 billion (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):
$474 billion (2012 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
1.3% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 153 4.1% (2011 est.) 10.8% (2010 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$39,400 (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 30 $39,000 (2011 est.) $37,600 (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars
GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
agriculture: 2% industry: 29.8% services: 68.2% (2012 est.)
Labor force:
11.34 million (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 48
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 5% industry: 36.2% services: 58.8% (2012 est.)
Unemployment rate:
4.2% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 34 4.4% (2011 est.)
Population below poverty line:
1.5% (2012 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 6.4% highest 10%: 40.3% (2010)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
34.2 (2011) country comparison to the world: 91 32.6 (2000)
Investment (gross fixed):
19.5% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 100
Budget:
revenues: $57.6 billion expenditures: $64.62 billion (2012 est.)
Taxes and other revenues:
12.2% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 202
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
-1.5% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 70
Public debt:
35.9% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 103 34.9% of GDP (2011 est.) note: data for central government
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1.9% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 39 1.4% (2011 est.)
Central bank discount rate:
1.88% (31 December 2012) country comparison to the world: 113 1.88% (31 December 2011)
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
2.88% (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 178 2.88% (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of narrow money:
$426.2 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 13 $390.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of broad money:
$1.119 trillion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 17 $1.082 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of domestic credit:
$743.1 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 19 $692 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
$831.9 billion (31 December 2012) country comparison to the world: 18 $784.1 billion (31 December 2011) $738.3 billion (31 December 2010)
Agriculture - products:
rice, vegetables, fruit, tea, flowers; pigs, poultry; fish
Industries:
electronics, communications and information technology products, petroleum refining, armaments, chemicals, textiles, iron and steel, machinery, cement, food processing, vehicles, consumer products, pharmaceuticals
Industrial production growth rate:
0.9% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 120
Current account balance:
$40.88 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 12 $41.6 billion (2011 est.)
Exports:
$299.8 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 20 $307 billion (2011 est.)
Exports - commodities:
electronics, flat panels, machinery; metals; textiles, plastics, chemicals; optical, photographic, measuring, and medical instruments
Exports - partners:
China 27.1%, Hong Kong 13.2%, US 10.3%, Japan 6.4%, Singapore 4.4% (2012 est.)
Imports:
$268.8 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 20 $279.2 billion (2011 est.)
Imports - commodities:
electronics, machinery, crude petroleum, precision instruments, organic chemicals, metals
Imports - partners:
Japan 17.6%, China 16.1%, US 9.5% (2012 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$408.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 7 $390.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Debt - external:
$125.7 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 44 $122.5 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
$59.36 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 51 $56.15 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
$226.1 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 22 $213.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Exchange rates:
New Taiwan dollars (TWD) per US dollar - 29.616 (2012 est.) 29.47 (2011 est.) 31.648 (2010 est.) 33.061 (2009) 31.53 (2008)
Fiscal year:
calendar year

## Energy ::Taiwan

Electricity - production:
252.2 billion kWh (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 18
Electricity - consumption:
242.2 billion kWh (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 16
Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 141
Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 143
Electricity - installed generating capacity:
48.75 million kW (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 19
Electricity - from fossil fuels:
77.2% of total installed capacity (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 96
Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
10.6% of total installed capacity (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 19
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
5.3% of total installed capacity (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 126
Electricity - from other renewable sources:
6.9% of total installed capacity (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 31
Crude oil - production:
808,700 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 26
Crude oil - exports:
0 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 195
Crude oil - imports:
794,900 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 14
Crude oil - proved reserves:
2.8 million bbl (1 January 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 98
Refined petroleum products - production:
920,200 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 23
Refined petroleum products - consumption:
786,100 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 25
Refined petroleum products - exports:
255,000 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 25
Refined petroleum products - imports:
304,700 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 22
Natural gas - production:
330.2 million cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 74
Natural gas - consumption:
16.37 billion cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 39
Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 195
Natural gas - imports:
15.9 billion cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 20
Natural gas - proved reserves:
6.229 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 84
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
251.4 million Mt (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 26

## Communications ::Taiwan

Telephones - main lines in use:
16.907 million (2011) country comparison to the world: 17
Telephones - mobile cellular:
28.865 million (2011) country comparison to the world: 34
Telephone system:
general assessment: provides telecommunications service for every business and private need domestic: thoroughly modern; completely digitalized international: country code - 886; roughly 15 submarine fiber cables provide links throughout Asia, Australia, the Middle East, Europe, and the US; satellite earth stations - 2 (2011)
Broadcast media:
5 nationwide television networks operating roughly 75 TV stations; about 85% of households utilize multi-channel cable TV; national and regional radio networks with about 170 radio stations (2008)
Internet country code:
.tw
Internet hosts:
6.272 million (2012) country comparison to the world: 18
Internet users:
16.147 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 24

## Transportation ::Taiwan

Airports:
40 (2012) country comparison to the world: 105
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 37 over 3,047 m: 8 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 1,524 to 2,437 m: 11 914 to 1,523 m: 9 under 914 m: 2 (2012)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 under 914 m: 1 (2012)
Heliports:
32 (2012)
Pipelines:
condensate 25 km; gas 802 km; oil 241 km (2013)
Railways:
total: 1,580 km country comparison to the world: 79 standard gauge: 345 km 1.435-m gauge (345 km electrified) narrow gauge: 1,085 km 1.067-m gauge (685 km electrified); 150 km 0.762-m gauge note: the 0.762 gauge track belongs to three entities, the Forestry Bureau, Taiwan Cement, and TaiPower (2009)
Roadways:
total: 41,475 km country comparison to the world: 87 paved: 41,033 km (includes 720 km of expressways) unpaved: 442 km (2009)
Merchant marine:
total: 112 country comparison to the world: 47 by type: bulk carrier 35, cargo 20, chemical tanker 1, container 31, passenger/cargo 4, petroleum tanker 12, refrigerated cargo 7, roll on/roll off 2 foreign-owned: 3 (France 2, Vietnam 1) registered in other countries: 579 (Argentina 2, Cambodia 1, Honduras 1, Hong Kong 25, Indonesia 1, Italy 10, Kiribati 2, Liberia 94, Marshall Islands 8, Panama 328, Philippines 1, Sierra Leone 7, Singapore 77, South Korea 1, Thailand 1, UK 11, Vanuatu 1, unknown 8) (2010)
Ports and terminals:
Chilung (Keelung), Kaohsiung, Hualian, Taichung

## Military ::Taiwan

Military branches:
Army, Navy (includes Marine Corps), Air Force, Coast Guard Administration, Armed Forces Reserve Command, Combined Service Forces Command, Armed Forces Police Command
Military service age and obligation:
18-35 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; service obligation is 2 years; women may enlist; women in Air Force service are restricted to noncombat roles; reserve obligation to age 30 (Army); the Ministry of Defense is in the process of implementing a voluntary enlistment system over the period 2010-2015, although nonvolunteers will still be required to perform alternative service or go through 4 months of military training (2012)
Manpower available for military service:
males age 16-49: 6,183,567 females age 16-49: 6,006,676 (2010 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16-49: 5,074,173 females age 16-49: 4,951,088 (2010 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
male: 166,190 female: 155,306 (2010 est.)
Military expenditures:
2.2% of GDP (2012) country comparison to the world: 63

## Transnational Issues ::Taiwan

Disputes - international:
involved in complex dispute with Brunei, China, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Vietnam over the Spratly Islands, and with China and the Philippines over Scarborough Reef; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants; Paracel Islands are occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam; in 2003, China and Taiwan became more vocal in rejecting both Japan's claims to the uninhabited islands of the Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's unilaterally declared exclusive economic zone in the East China Sea where all parties engage in hydrocarbon prospecting
Illicit drugs:
regional transit point for heroin, methamphetamine, and precursor chemicals; transshipment point for drugs to Japan; major problem with domestic consumption of methamphetamine and heroin; rising problems with use of ketamine and club drugs

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