Africa :: Kenya

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## Introduction ::Kenya

Background:
Founding president and liberation struggle icon Jomo KENYATTA led Kenya from independence in 1963 until his death in 1978, when President Daniel MOI took power in a constitutional succession. The country was a de facto one-party state from 1969 until 1982 when the ruling Kenya African National Union (KANU) made itself the sole legal party in Kenya. MOI acceded to internal and external pressure for political liberalization in late 1991. The ethnically fractured opposition failed to dislodge KANU from power in elections in 1992 and 1997, which were marred by violence and fraud, but were viewed as having generally reflected the will of the Kenyan people. President MOI stepped down in December 2002 following fair and peaceful elections. Mwai KIBAKI, running as the candidate of the multiethnic, united opposition group, the National Rainbow Coalition (NARC), defeated KANU candidate Uhuru KENYATTA and assumed the presidency following a campaign centered on an anticorruption platform. KIBAKI's NARC coalition splintered in 2005 over a constitutional review process. Government defectors joined with KANU to form a new opposition coalition, the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM), which defeated the government's draft constitution in a popular referendum in November 2005. KIBAKI's reelection in December 2007 brought charges of vote rigging from ODM candidate Raila ODINGA and unleashed two months of violence in which as many as 1,500 people died. African Union-sponsored mediation led by former UN Secretary General Kofi ANNAN in late February 2008 resulted in a power-sharing accord bringing ODINGA into the government in the restored position of prime minister. The power sharing accord included a broad reform agenda, the centerpiece of which was constitutional reform. In August 2010, Kenyans overwhelmingly adopted a new constitution in a national referendum. The new constitution introduced additional checks and balances to executive power and significant devolution of power and resources to 47 newly created counties. It also eliminated the position of prime minister following the first presidential election under the new constitution, which occurred on March 4, 2013. Uhuru KENYATTA, the son of founding president Jomo KENYATTA, won the March elections in the first round by a close margin and was sworn into office on 9 April 2013.

## Geography ::Kenya

Location:
Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Somalia and Tanzania
Geographic coordinates:
1 00 N, 38 00 E
Map references:
Africa
Area:
total: 580,367 sq km country comparison to the world: 49 land: 569,140 sq km water: 11,227 sq km
Area - comparative:
slightly more than twice the size of Nevada
Land boundaries:
total: 3,477 km border countries: Ethiopia 861 km, Somalia 682 km, South Sudan 232 km, Tanzania 769 km, Uganda 933 km
Coastline:
536 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Climate:
varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior
Terrain:
low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift Valley; fertile plateau in west
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Mount Kenya 5,199 m
Natural resources:
limestone, soda ash, salt, gemstones, fluorspar, zinc, diatomite, gypsum, wildlife, hydropower
Land use:
arable land: 9.48% permanent crops: 1.12% other: 89.4% (2011)
Irrigated land:
1,032 sq km (2003)
Total renewable water resources:
30.7 cu km (2011)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
total: 2.74 cu km/yr (17%/4%/79%) per capita: 72.96 cu m/yr (2003)
Natural hazards:
recurring drought; flooding during rainy seasons volcanism: limited volcanic activity; the Barrier (elev. 1,032 m) last erupted in 1921; South Island is the only other historically active volcano
Environment - current issues:
water pollution from urban and industrial wastes; degradation of water quality from increased use of pesticides and fertilizers; water hyacinth infestation in Lake Victoria; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; poaching
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:
the Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa; glaciers are found on Mount Kenya, Africa's second highest peak; unique physiography supports abundant and varied wildlife of scientific and economic value

## People and Society ::Kenya

Nationality:
noun: Kenyan(s) adjective: Kenyan
Ethnic groups:
Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%, Kisii 6%, Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian, European, and Arab) 1%
Languages:
English (official), Kiswahili (official), numerous indigenous languages
Religions:
Christian 82.5% (Protestant 47.4%, Catholic 23.3%, other 11.8%), Muslim 11.1%, Traditionalists 1.6%, other 1.7%, none 2.4%, unspecified 0.7% (2009 census)
Population:
44,037,656 (July 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 31 note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected
Age structure:
0-14 years: 42.4% (male 9,357,084/female 9,299,586) 15-24 years: 18.8% (male 4,148,153/female 4,147,896) 25-54 years: 32.4% (male 7,210,891/female 7,070,217) 55-64 years: 3.6% (male 719,374/female 876,458) 65 years and over: 2.7% (male 529,873/female 678,124) (2013 est.) population pyramid:
Median age:
total: 18.9 years male: 18.8 years female: 19 years (2013 est.)
Population growth rate:
2.27% (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 39
Birth rate:
30.08 births/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 43
Death rate:
7.12 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 126
Net migration rate:
-0.23 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 119
Urbanization:
urban population: 24% of total population (2011) rate of urbanization: 4.36% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
Major urban areas - population:
NAIROBI (capital) 3.375 million; Mombassa 966,000 (2009)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.82 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2013 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth:
19.8 note: Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2009 est.)
Maternal mortality rate:
360 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) country comparison to the world: 29
Infant mortality rate:
total: 42.18 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 51 male: 46.89 deaths/1,000 live births female: 37.37 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 63.29 years country comparison to the world: 180 male: 61.84 years female: 64.77 years (2013 est.)
Total fertility rate:
3.76 children born/woman (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 43
Contraceptive prevalence rate:
45.5% (2008/09)
Health expenditures:
4.8% of GDP (2010) country comparison to the world: 149
Physicians density:
0.14 physicians/1,000 population (2002)
Hospital bed density:
1.4 beds/1,000 population (2010)
Drinking water source:
improved: urban: 82% of population rural: 52% of population total: 59% of population unimproved: urban: 18% of population rural: 48% of population total: 41% of population (2010 est.)
Sanitation facility access:
improved: urban: 32% of population rural: 32% of population total: 32% of population unimproved: urban: 68% of population rural: 68% of population total: 68% of population (2010 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
6.3% (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 11
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
1.5 million (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 4
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
80,000 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 6
Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: malaria, dengue fever, and Rift Valley fever water contact disease: schistosomiasis animal contact disease: rabies (2013)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
4.2% (2008) country comparison to the world: 171
Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
16.4% (2009) country comparison to the world: 47
Education expenditures:
6.7% of GDP (2010) country comparison to the world: 25
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 87.4% male: 90.6% female: 84.2% (2010 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
total: 11 years male: 11 years female: 11 years (2009)
Child labor - children ages 5-14:
total number: 2,146,058 percentage: 26 % (2000 est.)

## Government ::Kenya

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Kenya conventional short form: Kenya local long form: Republic of Kenya/Jamhuri ya Kenya local short form: Kenya former: British East Africa
Government type:
republic
Capital:
name: Nairobi geographic coordinates: 1 17 S, 36 49 E time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Administrative divisions:
7 provinces and 1 area*; Central, Coast, Eastern, Nairobi Area*, North Eastern, Nyanza, Rift Valley, Western; note - the constitution promulgated in August 2010 designates 47 yet-to-be-defined counties as first-order administrative units
Independence:
12 December 1963 (from the UK)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 12 December (1963); Madaraka Day, 1 June (1963); Mashujaa Day, 20 October (2010)
Constitution:
27 August 2010; note - the new constitution introduced major institutional, electoral, and structural reforms, including devolution of power to 47 counties and establishment of a bicameral legislature; implementation of all elements of the constitution is scheduled to take five years and requires significant legislative action, much of which has been taken
Legal system:
mixed legal system of English common law, Islamic law, and customary law; judicial review in a new Supreme Court established pursuant to the new constitution
International law organization participation:
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Uhuru KENYATTA (since 9 April 2013); Deputy President William RUTO (since 9 April 2013); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Uhuru KENYATTA (since 9 April 2013); Deputy President William RUTO (since 9 April 2013); note - according to the 2008 power sharing agreement the role of prime minister was created though not well defined, following the new constitution the position was abolished after the March 2013 elections cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president (For more information visit the World Leaders website ) elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); in addition to receiving a simple majority of votes, the presidential candidate must also win 25% or more of the vote in at least five of Kenya's seven provinces and one area to avoid a runoff; election last held on 4 March 2013 (next to be held in 2018); vice president appointed by the president; note - the new constitution had set elections for August 2011 but elections were delayed to 2013 election results: President Uhuru KENYATTA elected in first round; percent of vote - Uhuru KENYATTA 50.5%, Raila ODINGA 43.7%, Musalia MUDAVADI 4.0%, other 1.8%
Legislative branch:
bicameral parliament consists of a Senate (67 seats) and a National Assembly (349 seats); members to serve five-year terms elections: last held on 4 March 2013 (next to be held in 2018) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - ODM 96, TNA 89, URP 75, WDM-K 26, UDF 12, FORD-K 10, KANU 6, NFK 6, APK 5, FORD-P 4, Independents 4, other 16 National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - ODM 96, TNA 89, URP 75, WDM-K 26, UDF 12, FORD-K 10, KANU 6, NFK 6, APK 5, FORD-P 4, Independents 4, other 16
Judicial branch:
highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of chief and deputy chief justices and five judges) judge selection and term of office: chief and deputy chief justices nominated by Judicial Service Commission (JCS) and appointed by president with approval of the National Assembly; other judges nominated by the JCS and appointed by president; chief justice serves nonrenewable 10-year terms or till age 70 whichever comes first; other judges serve till age 70 subordinate courts: High Court; Court of Appeal; courts martial; magistrates' courts; religious courts
Political parties and leaders:
Kenya African National Union or KANU [Gideon MOI] The National Party Alliance or TNA [Uhuru KENYATTA] National Rainbow Coalition-Kenya or NARC-Kenya [Martha KARUA] Orange Democratic Movement of Kenya or ODM [Raila ODINGA] Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya or ODM-K [Kalonzo MUSYOKA] Party of National Unity or PNU [Mwai KIBAKI] United Democratic Forum Party or UDF [Musalia MUDAVADI] United Republican Party or URP [William RUTO] Wiper Democratic Movement or WDM [Kalonzo MUSYOKA]
Political pressure groups and leaders:
Council of Islamic Preachers of Kenya or CIPK [Sheikh Idris MOHAMMED] Kenya Human Rights Commission [L. Muthoni WANYEKI] Muslim Human Rights Forum [Ali-Amin KIMATHI] National Muslim Leaders Forum or NAMLEF [Abdullahi ABDI] Protestant National Council of Churches of Kenya or NCCK [Canon Peter Karanja MWANGI] Roman Catholic and other Christian churches Supreme Council of Kenya Muslims or SUPKEM [Shaykh Abdul Gafur al-BUSAIDY] other: labor unions, Kenya Association of Manufacturers, Kenya Private Sector Alliance
International organization participation:
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, CD, COMESA, EAC, EADB, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Elkanah ODEMBO Absalom chancery: 2249 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 387-6101 FAX: [1] (202) 462-3829 consulate(s) general: Los Angeles consulate(s): New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Robert F. GODEC embassy: US Embassy, United Nations Avenue, Nairobi; P. O. Box 606 Village Market, Nairobi 00621 mailing address: Box 21A, Unit 64100, APO AE 09831 telephone: [254] (20) 363-6000 FAX: [254] (20) 363-6157
Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is edged in white; a large Maasai warrior's shield covering crossed spears is superimposed at the center; black symbolizes the majority population, red the blood shed in the struggle for freedom, green stands for natural wealth, and white for peace; the shield and crossed spears symbolize the defense of freedom
National symbol(s):
lion
National anthem:
name: "Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu" (Oh God of All Creation) lyrics/music: Graham HYSLOP, Thomas KALUME, Peter KIBUKOSYA, Washington OMONDI, and George W. SENOGA-ZAKE/traditional, adapted by Graham HYSLOP, Thomas KALUME, Peter KIBUKOSYA, Washington OMONDI, and George W. SENOGA-ZAKE note: adopted 1963; the anthem is based on a traditional Kenyan folk song

## Economy ::Kenya

Economy - overview:
Kenya has been hampered by corruption and by reliance upon several primary goods whose prices have remained low. Low infrastructure investment threatens Kenya's long-term position as the largest East African economy. In the key December 2002 elections, Daniel MOI's 24-year-old reign ended, and a new opposition government took on the formidable economic problems facing the nation. After some early progress in rooting out corruption and encouraging donor support, the KIBAKI government was rocked by high-level graft scandals in 2005 and 2006. In 2006, the World Bank and IMF delayed loans pending action by the government on corruption. The international financial institutions and donors have since resumed lending, despite little action on the government''s part to deal with corruption. Unemployment is very high. The country has experienced chronic budget deficits, inflationary pressures, and sharp currency depreciation - as a result of high food and fuel import prices. The discovery of oil in March 2012 provides an opportunity for Kenya to balance its growing trade deficit if the deposits are found to be commercially viable and Kenya is able to develop a port and pipeline to export its oil.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
$77.14 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 84 $73.67 billion (2011 est.) $70.58 billion (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):
$41.12 billion (2012 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
4.7% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 70 4.4% (2011 est.) 5.8% (2010 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$1,800 (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 198 $1,800 (2011 est.) $1,800 (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars
GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
agriculture: 24.2% industry: 14.8% services: 61% (2012 est.)
Labor force:
18.89 million (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 31
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 75% industry and services: 25% (2007 est.)
Unemployment rate:
40% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 188 40% (2001 est.)
Population below poverty line:
50% (2000 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 1.8% highest 10%: 37.8% (2005)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
42.5 (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 49 44.9 (1997)
Investment (gross fixed):
22% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 67
Budget:
revenues: $7.418 billion expenditures: $9.485 billion (2012 est.)
Taxes and other revenues:
18% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 179
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
-5% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 167
Public debt:
51.4% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 63 52.9% of GDP (2011 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
9.4% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 194 14% (2011 est.)
Central bank discount rate:
7% (31 December 2010 est.) NA% (31 December 2009 est.)
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
19.7% (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 41 15.05% (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of narrow money:
$8.264 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 80 $7.32 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of broad money:
$21.23 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 84 $17.89 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of domestic credit:
$19.59 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 84 $18.25 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
$10.2 billion (31 December 2011) country comparison to the world: 67 $14.46 billion (31 December 2010) $10.76 billion (31 December 2009)
Agriculture - products:
tea, coffee, corn, wheat, sugarcane, fruit, vegetables; dairy products, beef, pork, poultry, eggs
Industries:
small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries, textiles, clothing, soap, cigarettes, flour), agricultural products, horticulture, oil refining; aluminum, steel, lead; cement, commercial ship repair, tourism
Industrial production growth rate:
4% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 74
Current account balance:
-$3.948 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 158 -$3.536 billion (2011 est.)
Exports:
$6.285 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 104 $5.792 billion (2011 est.)
Exports - commodities:
tea, horticultural products, coffee, petroleum products, fish, cement
Exports - partners:
Uganda 10.5%, Tanzania 10.2%, Netherlands 7.1%, UK 6.7%, US 5.8%, Egypt 5.2%, Democratic Republic of the Congo 4.5% (2012)
Imports:
$15.1 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 89 $14.16 billion (2011 est.)
Imports - commodities:
machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum products, motor vehicles, iron and steel, resins and plastics
Imports - partners:
India 20.7%, China 15.3%, UAE 9.5%, Saudi Arabia 6.7% (2012)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$5.712 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 88 $4.265 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Debt - external:
$11.01 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 98 $10.26 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
$3.059 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 91 $2.618 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
$319.4 million (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 82 $299.4 million (31 December 2011 est.)
Exchange rates:
Kenyan shillings (KES) per US dollar - 84.53 (2012 est.) 88.811 (2011 est.) 79.233 (2010 est.) 77.352 (2009) 68.358 (2008)
Fiscal year:
1 July - 30 June

## Energy ::Kenya

Electricity - production:
6.573 billion kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 106
Electricity - consumption:
5.516 billion kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 111
Electricity - exports:
27 million kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 81
Electricity - imports:
38 million kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 101
Electricity - installed generating capacity:
1.706 million kW (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 107
Electricity - from fossil fuels:
43.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 167
Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 117
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
43.8% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 50
Electricity - from other renewable sources:
12.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 16
Crude oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 150
Crude oil - exports:
0 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 134
Crude oil - imports:
32,560 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 63
Crude oil - proved reserves:
0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 149
Refined petroleum products - production:
30,960 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 92
Refined petroleum products - consumption:
79,410 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 88
Refined petroleum products - exports:
1,065 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 108
Refined petroleum products - imports:
34,990 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 81
Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 147
Natural gas - consumption:
0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 158
Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 125
Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 212
Natural gas - proved reserves:
0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 152
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
12.25 million Mt (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 96

## Communications ::Kenya

Telephones - main lines in use:
283,500 (2011) country comparison to the world: 120
Telephones - mobile cellular:
28.08 million (2011) country comparison to the world: 36
Telephone system:
general assessment: inadequate; fixed-line telephone system is small and inefficient; trunks are primarily microwave radio relay; business data commonly transferred by a very small aperture terminal (VSAT) system domestic: sole fixed-line provider, Telkom Kenya, is slated for privatization; multiple providers in the mobile-cellular segment of the market fostering a boom in mobile-cellular telephone usage with teledensity reaching 65 per 100 persons in 2011 international: country code - 254; landing point for the EASSy, TEAMS and SEACOM fiber-optic submarine cable systems; satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat (2011)
Broadcast media:
about a half-dozen privately owned TV stations and a state-owned TV broadcaster that operates 2 channels; satellite and cable TV subscription services available; state-owned radio broadcaster operates 2 national radio channels and provides regional and local radio services in multiple languages; a large number of private radio stations, including provincial stations broadcasting in local languages; transmissions of several international broadcasters available (2007)
Internet country code:
.ke
Internet hosts:
71,018 (2012) country comparison to the world: 88
Internet users:
3.996 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 59

## Transportation ::Kenya

Airports:
194 (2012) country comparison to the world: 31
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 15 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 5 under 914 m: 1 (2012)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 179 1,524 to 2,437 m: 14 914 to 1,523 m: 110 under 914 m: 55 (2012)
Pipelines:
oil 4 km; refined products 928 km (2013)
Railways:
total: 2,066 km country comparison to the world: 71 narrow gauge: 2,066 km 1.000-m gauge (2008)
Roadways:
total: 160,886 km country comparison to the world: 30 paved: 11,197 km unpaved: 149,689 km (2008)
Waterways:
none specifically, the only significant inland waterway in the country is the part of Lake Victoria within the boundaries of Kenya; Kisumu is the main port and has ferry connections to Uganda and Tanzania (2011)
Merchant marine:
registered in other countries: 5 (Comoros 2, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2, unknown 1) (2010) country comparison to the world: 124
Ports and terminals:
Kisumu, Mombasa

## Military ::Kenya

Military branches:
Kenya Defence Forces: Kenya Army, Kenya Air Force, Kenya Navy (2012)
Military service age and obligation:
18-26 years of age for male and female voluntary service (under 18 with parental consent), with a 9-year obligation (7 years for Kenyan Navy); applicants must be Kenyan citizens and provide a national identity card (obtained at age 18) and a school-leaving certificate; women serve under the same terms and conditions as men; mandatory retirement at age 55 (2012)
Manpower available for military service:
males age 16-49: 9,768,140 females age 16-49: 9,466,257 (2010 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16-49: 6,361,268 females age 16-49: 6,106,870 (2010 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
male: 422,104 female: 416,927 (2010 est.)
Military expenditures:
1.8% of GDP (2012) country comparison to the world: 78

## Transnational Issues ::Kenya

Disputes - international:
Kenya served as an important mediator in brokering Sudan's north-south separation in February 2005; Kenya provides shelter to almost a quarter million refugees, including Ugandans who flee across the border periodically to seek protection from Lord's Resistance Army rebels; Kenya works hard to prevent the clan and militia fighting in Somalia from spreading across the border, which has long been open to nomadic pastoralists; the boundary that separates Kenya's and Sudan's sovereignty is unclear in the "Ilemi Triangle," which Kenya has administered since colonial times
Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 34,800 (South Sudan); 34,000 (Ethiopia); 11,500 (Democratic Republic of Congo); 6,000 (Sudan) (2012); 494,624 (Somalia) (2013) IDPs: at least 300,000 (2007-08 post-election violence; the status of the estimated 300,000 IDPs from the 2007-08 post-election violence who found refuge in host communities rather than camps - and IDPs displaced through natural disasters, drought, development and environmental projects, land disputes, cattle rustling, and inter-communal violence - is not captured in Kenya's national database; in 2012, inter-communal violence displaced approximately 118,000 people and floods displaced an estimated 100,000) (2012)
Illicit drugs:
widespread harvesting of small plots of marijuana; transit country for South Asian heroin destined for Europe and North America; Indian methaqualone also transits on way to South Africa; significant potential for money-laundering activity given the country's status as a regional financial center; massive corruption, and relatively high levels of narcotics-associated activities

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