Africa :: Central African Republic

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## Introduction ::Central African Republic

Background:
The former French colony of Ubangi-Shari became the Central African Republic upon independence in 1960. After three tumultuous decades of misrule - mostly by military governments - civilian rule was established in 1993 and lasted for one decade. In March, 2003 President Ange-Felix PATASSE was deposed in a military coup led by General Francois BOZIZE, who established a transitional government. Elections held in 2005 affirmed General BOZIZE as president; he was reelected in 2011 in voting widely viewed as flawed. The government still does not fully control the countryside, where pockets of lawlessness persist. The militant group the Lord's Resistance Army continues to destabilize southeastern Central African Republic, and several rebel groups joined together in early December 2012 to launch a series of attacks that left them in control of numerous towns in the northern and central parts of the country. The rebels - who are unhappy with BOZIZE's government - participated in peace talks in early January 2013 which resulted in a coalition government including the rebellion's leadership. In March 2013, the coalition government dissolved, rebels seized the capital, and President BOZIZE fled the country. Rebel leader Michel DJOTODIA assumed the presidency, reappointed Nicolas TIANGAYE as Prime Minister, and established a transitional government on 31 March. On 13 April 2013, the National Transitional Council affirmed DJOTODIA as President.

## Geography ::Central African Republic

Location:
Central Africa, north of Democratic Republic of the Congo
Geographic coordinates:
7 00 N, 21 00 E
Map references:
Africa
Area:
total: 622,984 sq km country comparison to the world: 45 land: 622,984 sq km water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Texas
Land boundaries:
total: 5,203 km border countries: Cameroon 797 km, Chad 1,197 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 1,577 km, Republic of the Congo 467 km, South Sudan 990 km, Sudan 175 km
Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)
Climate:
tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers
Terrain:
vast, flat to rolling, monotonous plateau; scattered hills in northeast and southwest
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Oubangui River 335 m highest point: Mont Ngaoui 1,420 m
Natural resources:
diamonds, uranium, timber, gold, oil, hydropower
Land use:
arable land: 2.89% permanent crops: 0.13% other: 96.98% (2011)
Irrigated land:
1.35 sq km (2003)
Total renewable water resources:
144.4 cu km (2011)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
total: 0.07 cu km/yr (83%/17%/1%) per capita: 17.42 cu m/yr (2005)
Natural hazards:
hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds affect northern areas; floods are common
Environment - current issues:
tap water is not potable; poaching has diminished the country's reputation as one of the last great wildlife refuges; desertification; deforestation
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea
Geography - note:
landlocked; almost the precise center of Africa

## People and Society ::Central African Republic

Nationality:
noun: Central African(s) adjective: Central African
Ethnic groups:
Baya 33%, Banda 27%, Mandjia 13%, Sara 10%, Mboum 7%, M'Baka 4%, Yakoma 4%, other 2%
Languages:
French (official), Sangho (lingua franca and national language), tribal languages
Religions:
indigenous beliefs 35%, Protestant 25%, Roman Catholic 25%, Muslim 15% note: animistic beliefs and practices strongly influence the Christian majority
Population:
5,166,510 (July 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 117 note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected
Age structure:
0-14 years: 40.7% (male 1,058,523/female 1,045,664) 15-24 years: 20.2% (male 525,581/female 520,274) 25-54 years: 31.5% (male 814,003/female 815,169) 55-64 years: 3.9% (male 86,860/female 113,190) 65 years and over: 3.6% (male 73,942/female 113,304) (2013 est.) population pyramid:
Median age:
total: 19.3 years male: 19 years female: 19.7 years (2013 est.)
Population growth rate:
2.14% (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 44
Birth rate:
35.8 births/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 22
Death rate:
14.42 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 6
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 101
Urbanization:
urban population: 39.1% of total population (2011) rate of urbanization: 2.6% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
Major urban areas - population:
BANGUI (capital) 740,000 (2011)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 1 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.75 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2013 est.)
Maternal mortality rate:
890 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) country comparison to the world: 4
Infant mortality rate:
total: 95.04 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 4 male: 102.83 deaths/1,000 live births female: 87.02 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 50.9 years country comparison to the world: 218 male: 49.64 years female: 52.2 years (2013 est.)
Total fertility rate:
4.52 children born/woman (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 30
Contraceptive prevalence rate:
19% (2006)
Health expenditures:
4% of GDP (2010) country comparison to the world: 167
Physicians density:
0.08 physicians/1,000 population (2004)
Hospital bed density:
1 beds/1,000 population (2011)
Drinking water source:
improved: urban: 92% of population rural: 51% of population total: 67% of population unimproved: urban: 8% of population rural: 49% of population total: 33% of population (2010 est.)
Sanitation facility access:
improved: urban: 43% of population rural: 28% of population total: 34% of population unimproved: urban: 57% of population rural: 72% of population total: 66% of population (2010 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
4.7% (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 16
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
130,000 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 36
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
11,000 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 24
Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: malaria and dengue fever respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis water contact disease: schistosomiasis animal contact disease: rabies (2013)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
3.5% (2008) country comparison to the world: 175
Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
28% (2006) country comparison to the world: 21
Education expenditures:
1.2% of GDP (2011) country comparison to the world: 169
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 56% male: 69.3% female: 43.2% (2010 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
total: 7 years male: 8 years female: 5 years (2011)
Child labor - children ages 5-14:
total number: 532,518 percentage: 47 % (2006 est.)

## Government ::Central African Republic

Country name:
conventional long form: Central African Republic conventional short form: none local long form: Republique Centrafricaine local short form: none former: Ubangi-Shari, Central African Empire abbreviation: CAR
Government type:
republic
Capital:
name: Bangui geographic coordinates: 4 22 N, 18 35 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Administrative divisions:
14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture), 2 economic prefectures* (prefectures economiques, singular - prefecture economique), and 1 commune**; Bamingui-Bangoran, Bangui**, Basse-Kotto, Haute-Kotto, Haut-Mbomou, Kemo, Lobaye, Mambere-Kadei, Mbomou, Nana-Grebizi*, Nana-Mambere, Ombella-Mpoko, Ouaka, Ouham, Ouham-Pende, Sangha-Mbaere*, Vakaga
Independence:
13 August 1960 (from France)
National holiday:
Republic Day, 1 December (1958)
Constitution:
ratified by popular referendum 5 December 2004; effective 27 December 2004
Legal system:
civil law system based on the French model
International law organization participation:
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Michel DJOTODIA (since 24 March 2013 coup) note - rebel force seized the capital in March 2013, forcing former president BOZIZE to flee the country; President DJOTODIA assumed the presidency, reinstated the Prime Minister, established a transitional government, and was subsequently affirmed as President by the National Transitional Council on 13 April 2013 head of government: Prime Minister Nicolas TIANGAYE (since 17 January 2013) cabinet: Council of Ministers (For more information visit the World Leaders website ) elections: president elected for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); elections last held on 23 January 2011 (next to be held in 2014 - as specified in the January 2013 Libreville agreement); prime minister appointed by the president election results: Francois BOZIZE elected to a second term as president; percent of vote - Francois BOZIZE (KNK) 64.4%, Ange-Felix PATASSE 21.4%, Martin ZIGUELE (MLPC) 6.8%, Emile Gros Raymond NAKOMBO (RDC) 4.6%, Jean-Jacques DEMAFOUTH (NAP) 2.8%
Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (105 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held on 23 January 2011 and 27 March 2011 (next to be held in 2016) election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - KNK 62, independents 26, MLPC 2, other 15
Judicial branch:
highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of NA judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges, at least 3 of which are women) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the president; Constitutional Court judge appointments - 2 by the president, 1 by the speaker of the National Assembly, 2 elected by their peers, 2 are advocates elected by their peers, and 2 are law professors elected by their peers; judges serve 7-year non-renewable terms subordinate courts: high courts; magistrates' courts
Political parties and leaders:
Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP [Jacques MBOLIEDAS] Central African Democratic Rally or RDC [Louis-Pierre GAMBA] Civic Forum or FC [Gen. Timothee MALENDOMA] Democratic Forum for Modernity or FODEM [Saturnin NDOMBY] Liberal Democratic Party or PLD [Nestor KOMBO-NAGUEMON] Londo Association or LONDO Movement for Democracy and Development or MDD Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People or MLPC [Martin ZIGUELE ] National Convergence or KNK National Unity Party or PUN [Jean-Paul NGOUPANDE] New Alliance for Progress or NAP [Jean-Jacques DEMAFOUTH] Patriotic Front for Progress or FPP [Alexandre Philippe GOUMBA] People's Union for the Republic or UPR [Pierre Sammy MAKFOY] Social Democratic Party or PSD [Enoch LAKOUE]
Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA
International organization participation:
ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, CEMAC, EITI (compliant country), FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Stanislas MOUSSA-KEMBE chancery: 1618 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 483-7800 FAX: [1] (202) 332-9893
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Laurence D. WOHLERS embassy: Avenue David Dacko, Bangui mailing address: B. P. 924, Bangui telephone: [236] 21 61 02 00 FAX: [236] 21 61 44 94 note: the embassy temporarily suspended operations in December, 2012
Flag description:
four equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, green, and yellow with a vertical red band in center; a yellow five-pointed star to the hoist side of the blue band; banner combines the Pan-African and French flag colors; red symbolizes the blood spilled in the struggle for independence, blue represents the sky and freedom, white peace and dignity, green hope and faith, and yellow tolerance; the star represents aspiration towards a vibrant future
National symbol(s):
elephant
National anthem:
name: "Le Renaissance" (The Renaissance) lyrics/music: Barthelemy BOGANDA/Herbert PEPPER note: adopted 1960; Barthelemy BOGANDA, who wrote the anthem's lyrics, was the first prime minister of the autonomous French territory

## Economy ::Central African Republic

Economy - overview:
Subsistence agriculture, together with forestry and mining, remains the backbone of the economy of the Central African Republic (CAR), with about 60% of the population living in outlying areas. The agricultural sector generates more than half of GDP. Timber and diamonds account for most export earnings, followed by cotton. Important constraints to economic development include the CAR's landlocked position, a poor transportation system, a largely unskilled work force, and a legacy of misdirected macroeconomic policies. Factional fighting between the government and its opponents remains a drag on economic revitalization. Since 2009 the IMF has worked closely with the government to institute reforms that have resulted in some improvement in budget transparency, but other problems remain. The government's additional spending in the run-up to the election in 2011 worsened CAR's fiscal situation. Distribution of income is extraordinarily unequal. Grants from France and the international community can only partially meet humanitarian needs. In 2012 the World Bank approved $125 million in funding for transport infrastructure and regional trade, focused on the route between CAR's capital and the port of Douala in Cameroon. After a two year lag in donor support, the IMF's first review of CAR's extended credit facility for 2012-15 praised improvements in revenue collection but warned of weak management of spending.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
$3.955 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 177 $3.799 billion (2011 est.) $3.677 billion (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):
$2.172 billion (2012 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
4.1% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 75 3.3% (2011 est.) 3% (2010 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$800 (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 221 $800 (2011 est.) $800 (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars
GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
agriculture: 55.8% industry: 14.8% services: 29.5% (2012 est.)
Labor force:
1.926 million (2007) country comparison to the world: 124
Unemployment rate:
8% (2001 est.) country comparison to the world: 94 note: 23% unemployment in Bangui
Population below poverty line:
NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 2.1% highest 10%: 33% (2003)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
61.3 (1993) country comparison to the world: 5
Budget:
revenues: $340.8 million expenditures: $356.9 million (2012 est.)
Taxes and other revenues:
15.7% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 188
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
-0.7% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 58
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
5% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 142 1.3% (2011 est.)
Central bank discount rate:
4.25% (31 December 2009) country comparison to the world: 75 4.75% (31 December 2008)
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
15% (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 44 15% (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of narrow money:
$349 million (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 163 $329.7 million (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of broad money:
$459.7 million (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 178 $406.6 million (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of domestic credit:
$488.6 million (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 172 $444.7 million (31 December 2011 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
$NA
Agriculture - products:
cotton, coffee, tobacco, manioc (tapioca), yams, millet, corn, bananas; timber
Industries:
gold and diamond mining, logging, brewing, sugar refining
Industrial production growth rate:
3% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 87
Current account balance:
-$179.5 million (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 75 -$191.4 million (2011 est.)
Exports:
$208 million (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 182 $186.3 million (2011 est.)
Exports - commodities:
diamonds, timber, cotton, coffee
Exports - partners:
Belgium 31.5%, China 27.7%, Democratic Republic of the Congo 8.6%, Indonesia 5.2%, France 4.5% (2012)
Imports:
$332.4 million (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 196 $319.8 million (2011 est.)
Imports - commodities:
food, textiles, petroleum products, machinery, electrical equipment, motor vehicles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals
Imports - partners:
Netherlands 19.5%, Cameroon 9.7%, France 9.3%, South Korea 8.7% (2012)
Debt - external:
$623.9 million (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 170 $573 million (31 December 2011 est.)
Exchange rates:
Cooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale francs (XAF) per US dollar - 510.53 (2012 est.) 471.87 (2011 est.) 495.28 (2010) 472.19 (2009) 447.81 (2008)
Fiscal year:
calendar year

## Energy ::Central African Republic

Electricity - production:
160 million kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 186
Electricity - consumption:
148.8 million kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 191
Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 182
Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 174
Electricity - installed generating capacity:
46,000 kW (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 186
Electricity - from fossil fuels:
45.7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 165
Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 71
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
54.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 38
Electricity - from other renewable sources:
0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 124
Crude oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 122
Crude oil - exports:
0 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 98
Crude oil - imports:
0 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 173
Crude oil - proved reserves:
0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 120
Refined petroleum products - production:
0 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 136
Refined petroleum products - consumption:
3,175 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 180
Refined petroleum products - exports:
0 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 167
Refined petroleum products - imports:
2,481 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 176
Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 117
Natural gas - consumption:
0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 133
Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 83
Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 180
Natural gas - proved reserves:
0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 125
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
227,400 Mt (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 195

## Communications ::Central African Republic

Telephones - main lines in use:
5,400 (2011) country comparison to the world: 209
Telephones - mobile cellular:
1.824 million (2011) country comparison to the world: 144
Telephone system:
general assessment: network consists principally of microwave radio relay and low-capacity, low-powered radiotelephone communication domestic: limited telephone service with less than 1 fixed-line connection per 100 persons; spurred by the presence of multiple mobile-cellular service providers, cellular usage is increasing from a low base; most fixed-line and mobile-cellular telephone services are concentrated in Bangui international: country code - 236; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2011)
Broadcast media:
government-owned network, Radiodiffusion Television Centrafricaine, provides domestic TV broadcasting; licenses for 2 private TV stations are pending; state-owned radio network is supplemented by a small number of privately owned broadcast stations as well as a few community radio stations; transmissions of at least 2 international broadcasters are available (2007)
Internet country code:
.cf
Internet hosts:
20 (2012) country comparison to the world: 222
Internet users:
22,600 (2009) country comparison to the world: 192

## Transportation ::Central African Republic

Airports:
40 (2012) country comparison to the world: 106
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2012)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 38 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 12 914 to 1,523 m: 19 under 914 m: 6 (2012)
Roadways:
total: 20,278 km (2010) country comparison to the world: 107
Waterways:
2,800 km (the primary navigable river is the Ubangi, which joins the River Congo; it was the traditional route for the export of products because it connected with the Congo-Ocean railway at Brazzaville; because of the warfare on both sides of the River Congo from 1997, however, routes through Cameroon became preferred by importers and exporters) (2011) country comparison to the world: 35
Ports and terminals:
Bangui, Nola, Salo, Nzinga

## Military ::Central African Republic

Military branches:
Central African Armed Forces (Forces Armees Centrafricaines, FACA): Ground Forces (includes Military Air Service), General Directorate of Gendarmerie Inspection (DGIG), National Police (2011)
Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for selective military service; 2-year conscript service obligation (2012)
Manpower available for military service:
males age 16-49: 1,149,856 females age 16-49: 1,145,897 (2010 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16-49: 655,875 females age 16-49: 661,308 (2010 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
male: 54,843 female: 53,999 (2010 est.)
Military expenditures:
2.6% of GDP (2011) country comparison to the world: 50

## Transnational Issues ::Central African Republic

Disputes - international:
periodic skirmishes over water and grazing rights among related pastoral populations along the border with southern Sudan persist
Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 10,662 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (2012) IDPs: 224,953 (clashes between army and rebel groups since 2005) (2013)
Trafficking in persons:
current situation: Central African Republic is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children trafficked for the purposes of forced labor and sexual exploitation; the majority of victims are children trafficked within the country for sexual exploitation, domestic servitude, street vending, and forced agricultural, mine, market and restaurant labor; to a lesser extent, children are trafficked from the Central African Republic to Cameroon, Nigeria, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of Congo; rebels continue to abduct and exploit enslaved Sudanese, Congolese, Central African, and Ugandan children for use as cooks, porters, concubines, and combatants tier rating: Tier 3 - Central African Republic does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; the government, which has limited human and physical capital, did not investigate and prosecute trafficking offenses, identify or provide protective services to trafficking victims, or take steps to raise public awareness about the dangers of human trafficking; the revised Central African penal code, enacted in January 2010, outlaws all forms of trafficking in persons, but awareness of this statute remains low (2008)

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