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Africa :: Chad

- ## Introduction :: CHAD

- Background:
  Chad, part of France's African holdings until 1960, endured three decades of civil warfare, as well as invasions by Libya, before peace was restored in 1990. The government eventually drafted a democratic constitution and held flawed presidential elections in 1996 and 2001. In 1998, a rebellion broke out in northern Chad, which has sporadically flared up despite several peace agreements between the government and insurgents. In June 2005, President Idriss DEBY held a referendum successfully removing constitutional term limits and won another controversial election in 2006. Sporadic rebel campaigns continued throughout 2006 and 2007. The capital experienced a significant insurrection in early 2008, but has had no significant rebel threats since then, in part due to Chad's 2010 rapprochement with Sudan, which previously used Chadian rebels as proxies. DEBY in 2011 was reelected to his fourth term in an election that international observers described as proceeding without incident. In January 2014, Chad began a two-year rotation on the UN Security Council.

- ## Geography :: CHAD

- Location:
  Central Africa, south of Libya
  Geographic coordinates:
  15 00 N, 19 00 E
  Map references:
  Africa
  Area:
  total: 1.284 million sq km
  land: 1,259,200 sq km
  water: 24,800 sq km
  country comparison to the world: 21
  Area - comparative:
  slightly more than three times the size of California
  Land boundaries:
  total: 6,406 km
  border countries (6): Cameroon 1,116 km, Central African Republic 1,556 km, Libya 1,050 km, Niger 1,196 km, Nigeria 85 km, Sudan 1,403 km
  Coastline:
  0 km (landlocked)
  Maritime claims:
  none (landlocked)
  Climate:
  tropical in south, desert in north
  Terrain:
  broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest, lowlands in south
  Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Djourab 160 m
  highest point: Emi Koussi 3,415 m
  Natural resources:
  petroleum, uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad), gold, limestone, sand and gravel, salt
  Land use:
  agricultural land: 39.6%
  arable land 3.9%; permanent crops 0%; permanent pasture 35.7%
  forest: 9.1%
  other: 51.3% (2011 est.)
  Irrigated land:
  302.7 sq km (2003)
  Total renewable water resources:
  43 cu km (2011)
  Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
  total: 0.88 cu km/yr (12%/12%/76%)
  per capita: 84.81 cu m/yr (2005)
  Natural hazards:
  hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts; locust plagues
  Environment - current issues:
  inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal in rural areas contributes to soil and water pollution; desertification
  Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping
  Geography - note:
  note 1: Chad is the largest of Africa's 16 landlocked countries
  note 2: not long ago - geologically speaking - what is today the Sahara was green savannah teeming with wildlife; during the African Humid Period, roughly 11,000 to 5,000 years ago, a vibrant animal community, including elephants, giraffes, hippos, and antelope lived there; the last remnant of the "Green Sahara" exists in the Lakes of Ounianga (oo-nee-ahn-ga) in northern Chad, a series of 18 interconnected freshwater, saline, and hypersaline lakes now protected as a World Heritage site
  note 3: Lake Chad, the most significant water body in the Sahel, is a remnant of a former inland sea, paleolake Mega-Chad; at its greatest extent, sometime before 5000 B.C., Lake Mega-Chad was the largest of four Saharan paleolakes that existed during the African Humid Period; it covered an area of about 400,000 sq km (150,000 sq mi), roughly the size of today's Caspian Sea

- ## People and Society :: CHAD

- Nationality:
  noun: Chadian(s)
  adjective: Chadian
  Ethnic groups:
  Sara 27.7%, Arab 12.3%, Mayo-Kebbi 11.5%, Kanem-Bornou 9%, Ouaddai 8.7%, Hadjarai 6.7%, Tandjile 6.5%, Gorane 6.3%, Fitri-Batha 4.7%, other 6.4%, unknown 0.3% (1993 census)
  Languages:
  French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more than 120 different languages and dialects
  Religions:
  Muslim 53.1%, Catholic 20.1%, Protestant 14.2%, animist 7.3%, other 0.5%, unknown 1.7%, atheist 3.1% (1993 census)
  Population:
  11,631,456 (July 2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 77
  Age structure:
  0-14 years: 44.2% (male 2,607,314/female 2,534,163)
  15-24 years: 20.9% (male 1,183,962/female 1,247,130)
  25-54 years: 28.05% (male 1,479,285/female 1,783,014)
  55-64 years: 3.87% (male 197,673/female 252,379)
  65 years and over: 2.98% (male 143,712/female 202,824) (2015 est.)
  population pyramid:
  Dependency ratios:
  total dependency ratio: 100.7%
  youth dependency ratio: 95.8%
  elderly dependency ratio: 4.9%
  potential support ratio: 20.3% (2015 est.)
  Median age:
  total: 17.4 years
  male: 16.4 years
  female: 18.4 years (2015 est.)
  Population growth rate:
  1.89% (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 58
  Birth rate:
  36.6 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 16
  Death rate:
  14.28 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 6
  Net migration rate:
  -3.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 186
  Urbanization:
  urban population: 22.5% of total population (2015)
  rate of urbanization: 3.42% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
  Major urban areas - population:
  N'DJAMENA (capital) 1.26 million (2015)
  Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
  0-14 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
  15-24 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
  25-54 years: 0.83 male(s)/female
  55-64 years: 0.78 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2015 est.)
  Infant mortality rate:
  total: 88.69 deaths/1,000 live births
  male: 94.23 deaths/1,000 live births
  female: 82.93 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 6
  Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 49.81 years
  male: 48.64 years
  female: 51.03 years (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 224
  Total fertility rate:
  4.55 children born/woman (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 25
  Contraceptive prevalence rate:
  4.8% (2010)
  Health expenditures:
  3.6% of GDP (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 174
  Physicians density:
  0.04 physicians/1,000 population (2006)
  Hospital bed density:
  0.4 beds/1,000 population (2005)
  Drinking water source:
  improved:
  urban: 71.8% of population
  rural: 44.8% of population
  total: 50.8% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 28.2% of population
  rural: 55.2% of population
  total: 49.2% of population (2015 est.)
  Sanitation facility access:
  improved:
  urban: 31.4% of population
  rural: 6.5% of population
  total: 12.1% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 68.6% of population
  rural: 93.5% of population
  total: 87.9% of population (2015 est.)
  HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  2.53% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 24
  HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  215,000 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 25
  HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  11,700 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 21
  Major infectious diseases:
  degree of risk: very high
  food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
  vectorborne diseases: malaria and dengue fever
  water contact disease: schistosomiasis
  respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
  animal contact disease: rabies (2013)
  Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
  6.6% (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 177
  Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
  30.3% (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 13
  Education expenditures:
  2.3% of GDP (2011)
  country comparison to the world: 160
  Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write French or Arabic
  total population: 40.2%
  male: 48.5%
  female: 31.9% (2015 est.)
  School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
  total: 7 years
  male: 9 years
  female: 6 years (2011)
  Child labor - children ages 5-14:
  total number: 1,475,960
  percentage: 48% (2010 est.)

- ## Government :: CHAD

- Country name:
  conventional long form: Republic of Chad
  conventional short form: Chad
  local long form: Republique du Tchad/Jumhuriyat Tshad
  local short form: Tchad/Tshad
  Government type:
  republic
  Capital:
  name: N'Djamena
  geographic coordinates: 12 06 N, 15 02 E
  time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
  Administrative divisions:
  23 regions (regions, singular - region); Barh el Gazel, Batha, Borkou, Chari-Baguirmi, Ennedi-Est, Ennedi-Ouest, Guera, Hadjer-Lamis, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mandoul, Mayo-Kebbi Est, Mayo-Kebbi Ouest, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Salamat, Sila, Tandjile, Tibesti, Ville de N'Djamena, Wadi Fira
  Independence:
  11 August 1960 (from France)
  National holiday:
  Independence Day, 11 August (1960)
  Constitution:
  several previous; latest passed by referendum 31 March 1996, entered into force 8 April 1996; amended 2005 (2010)
  Legal system:
  mixed legal system of civil and customary law
  International law organization participation:
  has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
  Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
  Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Idriss DEBY Itno, Lt. Gen. (since 4 December 1990)
  head of government: Prime Minister Kalzeube Pahimi DEUBET (since 21 November 2013)
  cabinet: Council of Ministers; members appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister
  elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 25 April 2011 (next to be held by 2016); prime minister appointed by the president
  election results: Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY Itno reelected president; percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY (MPS) 83.6%, Albert Pahimi PADACKE (Viva-RNDP) 8.6%, Nadji MADOU 7.8%
  Legislative branch:
  description: unicameral National Assembly (188 seats; 118 directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 70 directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote with a second round if needed; members serve 4-year terms)
  elections: National Assembly - last held on 13 February 2011 (next to be held on 30 September 2015)
  election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - ART 133, UNDR 11, other 44
  Judicial branch:
  highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and 15 judges or councilors and divided into 3 chambers); Constitutional Council (consists of 3 judges and 6 jurists)
  judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court chief justice selected by the president; councilors - 8 designated by the president and 7 by the speaker of the National Assembly; chief justice and councilors appointed for life; Constitutional Council judges - 2 appointed by the president and 1 by the speaker of the National Assembly; jurists - 3 each by the president and by the speaker of the National Assembly; judge term NA
  subordinate courts: High Court of Justice; Courts of Appeal; tribunals; justices of the peace
  Political parties and leaders:
  Alliance for the Renaissance of Chad or ART, an alliance among the ruling MPS, RDP, and Viva-RNDP
  Federation Action for the Republic or FAR [Ngarledjy YORONGAR]
  National Rally for Development and Progress or Viva-RNDP [Dr. Nouradine Delwa Kassire COUMAKOYE]
  National Union for Democracy and Renewal or UNDR [Saleh KEBZABO]
  Party for Liberty and Development or PLD [Jean-Baptiste LAOKOLE]
  Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Mahamat Saleh AHMAT, chairman]
  Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Lol Mahamat CHOUA]
  Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Sande NGARYIMBE]
  Political pressure groups and leaders:
  NA
  International organization participation:
  ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, CEMAC, EITI (compliant country), FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
  Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Mahamat Nasser HASSANE (since 21 May 2014)
  chancery: 2401 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
  telephone: [1] (202) 652-1312
  FAX: [1] (202) 758-0431
  Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador James KNIGHT (since 6 September 2013)
  embassy: Avenue Felix Eboue, N'Djamena
  mailing address: B. P. 413, N'Djamena
  telephone: [235] 2251-70-09
  FAX: [235] 2251-56-54
  Flag description:
  three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; the flag combines the blue and red French (former colonial) colors with the red and yellow of the Pan-African colors; blue symbolizes the sky, hope, and the south of the country, which is relatively well-watered; yellow represents the sun, as well as the desert in the north of the country; red stands for progress, unity, and sacrifice
  note: similar to the flag of Romania; also similar to the flags of Andorra and Moldova, both of which have a national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; design was based on the flag of France
  National symbol(s):
  goat (north), lion (south); national colors: blue, yellow, red
  National anthem:
  name: "La Tchadienne" (The Chadian)
  lyrics/music: Louis GIDROL and his students/Paul VILLARD
  note: adopted 1960

- ## Economy :: CHAD

- Economy - overview:
  Chad’s landlocked location results in high transportation costs for imported goods and dependence on neighboring countries. Oil and agriculture are mainstays of Chad’s economy. Oil provides about 60% of export revenues, while cotton, cattle, livestock, and gum arabic provide the bulk of Chad's non-oil export earnings. Chad relies on foreign assistance and foreign capital for much public and private sector investment. The services sector contributes about one-third of GDP and has attracted foreign investment mostly through telecommunications and banking. Chad’s fiscal position is encumbered by declining oil prices, though high oil prices and strong local harvests supported the economy in recent years. Nearly all of Chad’s fuel is provided by one domestic refinery, and unanticipated shut-downs occasionally result in shortages. The country regulates the price of domestic fuel, providing an incentive for black market sales. Chad's investment climate remains challenging due to limited infrastructure, a lack of trained workers, extensive government bureaucracy, and corruption. Chad obtained a three-year extended credit facility from the IMF in 2014 and was granted debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative in April 2015.
  GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $29.53 billion (2014 est.)
  $27.63 billion (2013 est.)
  $26.14 billion (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 126
  GDP (official exchange rate):
  $13.95 billion (2014 est.)
  GDP - real growth rate:
  6.9% (2014 est.)
  5.7% (2013 est.)
  8.9% (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 4
  GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $2,600 (2014 est.)
  $2,400 (2013 est.)
  $2,300 (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 194
  Gross national saving:
  -6.1% of GDP (2014 est.)
  18.4% of GDP (2013 est.)
  22.8% of GDP (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 40
  GDP - composition, by end use:
  household consumption: 76.1%
  government consumption: 6.3%
  investment in fixed capital: 29.3%
  investment in inventories: 0.3%
  exports of goods and services: 27.1%
  imports of goods and services: -39%
  (2014 est.)
  GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
  agriculture: 54.3%
  industry: 13.2%
  services: 32.4% (2014 est.)
  Agriculture - products:
  cotton, sorghum, millet, peanuts, sesame, corn, rice, potatoes, onions, cassava (manioc, tapioca), cattle, sheep, goats, camels
  Industries:
  oil, cotton textiles, brewing, natron (sodium carbonate), soap, cigarettes, construction materials
  Industrial production growth rate:
  6% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 42
  Labor force:
  4.919 million (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 82
  Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture: 80%
  industry and services: 20% (2006 est.)
  Unemployment rate:
  NA%
  Population below poverty line:
  46.7% (2011 est.)
  Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 2.6%
  highest 10%: 30.8% (2003)
  Distribution of family income - Gini index:
  43.3 (2011 est.)
  Budget:
  revenues: $2.884 billion
  expenditures: $3.713 billion (2014 est.)
  Taxes and other revenues:
  18.2% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 175
  Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
  -5.2% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 171
  Public debt:
  34.5% of GDP (2014 est.)
  31.4% of GDP (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 115
  Fiscal year:
  calendar year
  Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  1.7% (2014 est.)
  0.1% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 89
  Central bank discount rate:
  4.25% (31 December 2009)
  4.75% (31 December 2008)
  country comparison to the world: 96
  Commercial bank prime lending rate:
  15.5% (31 December 2014 est.)
  15.5% (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 34
  Stock of narrow money:
  $1.746 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $1.606 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 135
  Stock of broad money:
  $1.976 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $1.751 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 155
  Stock of domestic credit:
  $895.3 million (31 December 2014 est.)
  $757.6 million (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 159
  Market value of publicly traded shares:
  $NA
  Current account balance:
  -$1.219 billion (2014 est.)
  -$1.225 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 119
  Exports:
  $4.912 billion (2014 est.)
  $3.926 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 114
  Exports - commodities:
  oil, livestock, cotton, sesame, gum arabic, shea butter
  Exports - partners:
  US 77.6%, Japan 10.2% (2014)
  Imports:
  $3.481 billion (2014 est.)
  $3.193 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 144
  Imports - commodities:
  machinery and transportation equipment, industrial goods, foodstuffs, textiles
  Imports - partners:
  Algeria 54.6%, China 11.2%, Italy 6.2%, France 5.4% (2014)
  Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
  $1.389 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $1.196 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 128
  Debt - external:
  $3.222 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $1.878 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 139
  Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
  $NA (31 December 2010)
  $4.5 billion (2006 est.)
  Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
  $NA
  Exchange rates:
  Cooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale francs (XAF) per US dollar -
  491.2 (2014 est.)
  494.04 (2013 est.)
  510.53 (2012 est.)
  471.87 (2011 est.)
  495.28 (2010 est.)

- ## Energy :: CHAD

- Electricity - production:
  200 million kWh (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 183
  Electricity - consumption:
  186 million kWh (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 188
  Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 118
  Electricity - imports:
  0 kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 127
  Electricity - installed generating capacity:
  31,000 kW (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 198
  Electricity - from fossil fuels:
  100% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 10
  Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
  0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 61
  Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
  0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 163
  Electricity - from other renewable sources:
  0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 166
  Crude oil - production:
  97,910 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 48
  Crude oil - exports:
  125,700 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 36
  Crude oil - imports:
  0 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 169
  Crude oil - proved reserves:
  1.5 billion bbl (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 38
  Refined petroleum products - production:
  0 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 129
  Refined petroleum products - consumption:
  1,870 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 191
  Refined petroleum products - exports:
  0 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 162
  Refined petroleum products - imports:
  1,754 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 183
  Natural gas - production:
  0 cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 114
  Natural gas - consumption:
  0 cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 128
  Natural gas - exports:
  0 cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 73
  Natural gas - imports:
  0 cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 171
  Natural gas - proved reserves:
  0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 121
  Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
  264,300 Mt (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 195

- ## Communications :: CHAD

- Telephones - fixed lines:
  total subscriptions: 23,600
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: less than 1 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 177
  Telephones - mobile cellular:
  total: 5.3 million
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 46 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 115
  Telephone system:
  general assessment: inadequate system of radiotelephone communication stations with high maintenance costs and low telephone density
  domestic: fixed-line connections for less than 1 per 100 persons coupled with mobile-cellular subscribership base of only about 35 per 100 persons
  international: country code - 235; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2011)
  Broadcast media:
  1 state-owned TV station; state-owned radio network, Radiodiffusion Nationale Tchadienne (RNT), operates national and regional stations; about 10 private radio stations; some stations rebroadcast programs from international broadcasters (2007)
  Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 2, FM 4, shortwave 5 (2001)
  Television broadcast stations:
  1 (2001)
  Internet country code:
  .td
  Internet users:
  total: 273,900
  percent of population: 2.4% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 148

- ## Transportation :: CHAD

- Airports:
  59 (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 82
  Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 9
  over 3,047 m: 2
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
  under 914 m: 1 (2013)
  Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 50
  over 3,047 m: 1
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 14
  914 to 1,523 m: 22
  under 914 m:
  11 (2013)
  Pipelines:
  oil 582 km (2013)
  Roadways:
  total: 40,000 km
  note: consists of 25,000 km of national and regional roads and 15,000 km of local roads; 206 km of urban roads are paved (2011)
  country comparison to the world: 87
  Waterways:
  (Chari and Legone Rivers are navigable only in wet season) (2012)

- ## Military :: CHAD

- Military branches:
  Chadian National Army (Armee Nationale du Tchad, ANT): Ground Forces (l'Armee de Terre, AdT), Chadian Air Force (l'Armee de l'Air Tchadienne, AAT), National Gendarmerie, National and Nomadic Guard of Chad (GNNT) (2013)
  Military service age and obligation:
  20 is the legal minimum age for compulsory military service, with a 3-year service obligation; 18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary service; no minimum age restriction for volunteers with consent from a parent or guardian; women are subject to 1 year of compulsory military or civic service at age 21; while provisions for military service have not been repealed, they have never been fully implemented (2015)
  Manpower available for military service:
  males age 16-49: 2,090,244
  females age 16-49: 2,441,321 (2010 est.)
  Manpower fit for military service:
  males age 16-49: 1,183,242
  females age 16-49: 1,395,811 (2010 est.)
  Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
  male: 128,723
  female: 128,244 (2010 est.)
  Military expenditures:
  NA% (2012)
  2.28% of GDP (2011)
  NA% (2010)

- ## Transnational Issues :: CHAD

- Disputes - international:
  since 2003, ad hoc armed militia groups and the Sudanese military have driven hundreds of thousands of Darfur residents into Chad; Chad wishes to be a helpful mediator in resolving the Darfur conflict, and in 2010 established a joint border monitoring force with Sudan, which has helped to reduce cross-border banditry and violence; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty, which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries
  Refugees and internally displaced persons:
  refugees (country of origin): 367,229 (Sudan); 84,223 (Central African Republic); 14,586 (Nigeria) (2015)
  IDPs: 111,000 (majority are in the east) (2015)

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