East & Southeast Asia :: Timor-Leste

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## Introduction ::Timor-Leste

Background:
The Portuguese began to trade with the island of Timor in the early 16th century and colonized it in mid-century. Skirmishing with the Dutch in the region eventually resulted in an 1859 treaty in which Portugal ceded the western portion of the island. Imperial Japan occupied Portuguese Timor from 1942 to 1945, but Portugal resumed colonial authority after the Japanese defeat in World War II. East Timor declared itself independent from Portugal on 28 November 1975 and was invaded and occupied by Indonesian forces nine days later. It was incorporated into Indonesia in July 1976 as the province of Timor Timur (East Timor). An unsuccessful campaign of pacification followed over the next two decades, during which an estimated 100,000 to 250,000 individuals lost their lives. On 30 August 1999, in a UN-supervised popular referendum, an overwhelming majority of the people of Timor-Leste voted for independence from Indonesia. However, in the next three weeks, anti-independence Timorese militias - organized and supported by the Indonesian military - commenced a large-scale, scorched-earth campaign of retribution. The militias killed approximately 1,400 Timorese and forcibly pushed 300,000 people into western Timor as refugees. Most of the country's infrastructure, including homes, irrigation systems, water supply systems, and schools, and nearly 100% of the country's electrical grid were destroyed. On 20 September 1999, Australian-led peacekeeping troops deployed to the country and brought the violence to an end. On 20 May 2002, Timor-Leste was internationally recognized as an independent state. In 2006, internal tensions threatened the new nation's security when a military strike led to violence and a breakdown of law and order. At Dili's request, an Australian-led International Stabilization Force (ISF) deployed to Timor-Leste, and the UN Security Council established the UN Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT), which included an authorized police presence of over 1,600 personnel. The ISF and UNMIT restored stability, allowing for presidential and parliamentary elections in 2007 in a largely peaceful atmosphere. In February 2008, a rebel group staged an unsuccessful attack against the president and prime minister. The ringleader was killed in the attack, and most of the rebels surrendered in April 2008. Since the attack, the government has enjoyed one of its longest periods of post-independence stability, including successful 2012 elections for both the parliament and president. In late 2012, the UN Security Council voted to end its peacekeeping mission in Timor-Leste and both the ISF and UNMIT departed the country by the end of the year.

## Geography ::Timor-Leste

Location:
Southeastern Asia, northwest of Australia in the Lesser Sunda Islands at the eastern end of the Indonesian archipelago; note - Timor-Leste includes the eastern half of the island of Timor, the Oecussi (Ambeno) region on the northwest portion of the island of Timor, and the islands of Pulau Atauro and Pulau Jaco
Geographic coordinates:
8 50 S, 125 55 E
Map references:
Southeast Asia
Area:
total: 14,874 sq km country comparison to the world: 160 land: 14,874 sq km water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative:
slightly larger than Connecticut
Land boundaries:
total: 228 km border countries: Indonesia 228 km
Coastline:
706 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Climate:
tropical; hot, humid; distinct rainy and dry seasons
Terrain:
mountainous
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Timor Sea, Savu Sea, and Banda Sea 0 m highest point: Foho Tatamailau 2,963 m
Natural resources:
gold, petroleum, natural gas, manganese, marble
Land use:
arable land: 10.09% permanent crops: 4.03% other: 85.88% (2011)
Irrigated land:
346.5 sq km (2003)
Natural hazards:
floods and landslides are common; earthquakes; tsunamis; tropical cyclones
Environment - current issues:
widespread use of slash and burn agriculture has led to deforestation and soil erosion
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:
Timor comes from the Malay word for "East"; the island of Timor is part of the Malay Archipelago and is the largest and easternmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands

## People and Society ::Timor-Leste

Nationality:
noun: Timorese adjective: Timorese
Ethnic groups:
Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian), Papuan, small Chinese minority
Languages:
Tetum (official), Portuguese (official), Indonesian, English note: there are about 16 indigenous languages; Tetum, Galole, Mambae, and Kemak are spoken by a significant portion of the population
Religions:
Roman Catholic 98%, Muslim 1%, Protestant 1% (2005)
Population:
1,172,390 country comparison to the world: 159 note: other estimates range as low as 800,000
Age structure:
0-14 years: 42.7% (male 257,340/female 243,174) 15-24 years: 19.7% (male 116,605/female 114,203) 25-54 years: 29.3% (male 166,048/female 177,024) 55-64 years: 4.8% (male 28,717/female 27,011) 65 years and over: 3.6% (male 20,428/female 21,840) (2013 est.) population pyramid:
Median age:
total: 18.4 years male: 17.8 years female: 19 years (2013 est.)
Population growth rate:
2.47% (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 31
Birth rate:
34.85 births/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 27
Death rate:
6.28 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 156
Net migration rate:
-3.88 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 188
Urbanization:
urban population: 28.3% of total population (2011) rate of urbanization: 4.25% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
Major urban areas - population:
DILI (capital) 166,000 (2009)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 0.94 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.96 male(s)/female total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2013 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth:
22.1 note: Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2010 est.)
Maternal mortality rate:
300 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) country comparison to the world: 37
Infant mortality rate:
total: 40.09 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 55 male: 43.23 deaths/1,000 live births female: 36.73 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 67.06 years country comparison to the world: 164 male: 65.57 years female: 68.65 years (2013 est.)
Total fertility rate:
5.22 children born/woman (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 16
Contraceptive prevalence rate:
22.3% (2009/10)
Health expenditures:
9.1% of GDP (2010) country comparison to the world: 41
Physicians density:
0.1 physicians/1,000 population (2004)
Hospital bed density:
5.9 beds/1,000 population (2010)
Drinking water source:
improved: urban: 91% of population rural: 60% of population total: 69% of population unimproved: urban: 9% of population rural: 40% of population total: 31% of population (2010 est.)
Sanitation facility access:
improved: urban: 73% of population rural: 37% of population total: 47% of population unimproved: urban: 27% of population rural: 63% of population total: 53% of population (2010 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA
Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria (2013)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
2.7% (2008) country comparison to the world: 178
Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
45.3% (2010) country comparison to the world: 1
Education expenditures:
10.1% of GDP (2011) country comparison to the world: 6
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 58.6% male: NA female: NA (2002)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
total: 12 years (2009)
Child labor - children ages 5-14:
total number: 10,510 percentage: 4 % (2002 est.)

## Government ::Timor-Leste

Country name:
conventional long form: Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (pronounced TEE-mor LESS-tay) conventional short form: Timor-Leste local long form: Republika Demokratika Timor Lorosa'e [Tetum]; Republica Democratica de Timor-Leste [Portuguese] local short form: Timor Lorosa'e [Tetum]; Timor-Leste [Portuguese] former: East Timor, Portuguese Timor
Government type:
republic
Capital:
name: Dili geographic coordinates: 8 35 S, 125 36 E time difference: UTC+9 (14 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Administrative divisions:
13 administrative districts; Aileu, Ainaro, Baucau, Bobonaro (Maliana), Cova-Lima (Suai), Dili, Ermera (Gleno), Lautem (Los Palos), Liquica, Manatuto, Manufahi (Same), Oecussi (Ambeno), Viqueque note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)
Independence:
28 November 1975 (independence proclaimed from Portugal); note - 20 May 2002 is the official date of international recognition of Timor-Leste's independence
National holiday:
Proclamation of Independence Day, 28 November (1975)
Constitution:
20 May 2002 (effective date)
Legal system:
civil law system based on the Portuguese model; note - penal and civil law codes to replace the Indonesian codes were passed by Parliament and promulgated in 2009 and 2011, respectively
International law organization participation:
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Suffrage:
17 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Taur Matan RUAK (Jose Maria de VASCONCELOS) (since 20 May 2012); note - the president plays a largely symbolic role but is the commander in chief of the military and is able to veto legislation, dissolve parliament, and call national elections head of government: Prime Minister Kay Rala Xanana GUSMAO (since 8 August 2007); note - he formerly used the name Jose Alexandre GUSMAO; Vice Prime Minister Fernando "Lasama" de ARAUJO (since 8 August 2012) cabinet: Council of Ministers (For more information visit the World Leaders website ) elections: the president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); an election was held on 17 March 2012 with a run-off on 16 April 2012; following parliamentary elections, the president appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as the prime minister election results: Taur Matan RUAK elected president in 2012; percent of second-round vote - Taur Matan RUAK 61.2%, Francisco GUTTERES 38.8%
Legislative branch:
unicameral National Parliament (the number of seats can vary from 52 to 65; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms in a modified proportional representation system) elections: elections were held on 7 July 2012 (next to be held in July 2017) election results: percent of vote by party - CNRT 36%, FRETILIN 30%, PD 10%, Frenti-Mudanca 3%, others 21%; seats by party - CNRT 30, FRETILIN 25, PD 8, Frenti-Mudanca 2
Judicial branch:
highest court(s): Supreme Court of Justice (consists of the court president and NA judges) note - the UN Justice System Programme, launched in 2003 and in 2008, is helping strengthen the country's justice system judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court president appointed by the president of the republic from among the other court judges to serve a 4-year term; other Supreme Court judges appointed - 1 by the Parliament, and the others by the Supreme Council for the Judiciary, a body presided by the Supreme Court president and includes mostly presidential and parliamentary appointees; other Supreme Court judge tenure NA subordinate courts: Court of Appeal; district courts; magistrates' courts
Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Party or PD [Fernando "Lasama" de ARAUJO] Frenti-Mudanca [Jose Luis GUTERRES] National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction or CNRT [Kay Rala Xanana GUSMAO] Revolutionary Front of Independent Timor-Leste or FRETILIN [Mari ALKATIRI] (only parties in Parliament are listed)
Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA
International organization participation:
ACP, ADB, AOSIS, ARF, ASEAN (observer), CPLP, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PIF (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge Adelina MARTINS chancery: 4201 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 504,Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 966-3202 FAX: [1] (202) 966-3205
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Judith R. FERGIN embassy: Avenida de Portugal, Praia dos Coqueiros, Dili mailing address: US Department of State, 8250 Dili Place, Washington, DC 20521-8250 telephone: (670) 332-4684 FAX: (670) 331-3206
Flag description:
red, with a black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) superimposed on a slightly longer yellow arrowhead that extends to the center of the flag; a white star - pointing to the upper hoist-side corner of the flag - is in the center of the black triangle; yellow denotes the colonialism in Timor-Leste's past; black represents the obscurantism that needs to be overcome; red stands for the national liberation struggle; the white star symbolizes peace and serves as a guiding light
National anthem:
name: "Patria" (Fatherland) lyrics/music: Fransisco Borja DA COSTA/Afonso DE ARAUJO note: adopted 2002; the song was first used as an anthem when Timor-Leste declared its independence from Portugal in 1975; the lyricist, Fransisco Borja DA COSTA, was killed in the Indonesian invasion just days after independence was declared

## Economy ::Timor-Leste

Economy - overview:
Since its 1999 independence, Timor-Leste has faced great challenges in rebuilding its infrastructure, strengthening the civil administration, and generating jobs for young people entering the work force. The development of oil and gas resources in offshore waters has greatly supplemented government revenues. This technology-intensive industry, however, has done little to create jobs for the unemployed in part because there are no production facilities in Timor-Leste. Gas is piped to Australia. In June 2005, the National Parliament unanimously approved the creation of a Petroleum Fund to serve as a repository for all petroleum revenues and to preserve the value of Timor-Leste's petroleum wealth for future generations. The Fund held assets of US$9.3 billion as of December 2011. The economy continues to recover from the mid-2006 outbreak of violence and civil unrest, which disrupted both private and public sector economic activity. Government spending increased markedly from 2009 through 2012, primarily on basic infrastructure, including electricity and roads. Limited experience in procurement and infrastructure building has hampered these projects. The underlying economic policy challenge the country faces remains how best to use oil-and-gas wealth to lift the non-oil economy onto a higher growth path and to reduce poverty. Timor-Leste had a balanced budget in 2012 with government expenditures of $1.7 billion focusing on development of public infrastructure. On the strength of its oil-wealth, the economy has achieved real growth of approximately 10% per year for the last several years, among the highest sustained growth rates in the world.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
$11.23 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 152 $10.21 billion (2011 est.) $9.228 billion (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):
$4.173 billion note: non-oil GDP (2012 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
10% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 10 10.6% (2011 est.) 9.5% (2010 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$10,000 (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 119 $9,300 (2011 est.) $8,600 (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars
GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
agriculture: 4.3% industry: 68.3% services: 27.5% (2012 est.)
Labor force:
418,200 (2009) country comparison to the world: 157
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 64% industry: 10% services: 26% (2010)
Unemployment rate:
18.4% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 157 20% (2006 est.)
Population below poverty line:
41% (2009 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 4% highest 10%: 27% (2007)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
31.9 (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 106 38 (2002 est.)
Budget:
revenues: $1.5 billion expenditures: $1.6 billion (2012 est.)
Taxes and other revenues:
35.9% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 63
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
-2.4% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 96
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
11.8% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 205 13.5% (2011 est.)
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
12.21% (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 73 11.04% (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of narrow money:
$205.8 million (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 175 $162.7 million (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of broad money:
$386.9 million (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 182 $322.4 million (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of domestic credit:
$681 million (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 166 $280 million (31 December 2011 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
$NA
Agriculture - products:
coffee, rice, corn, cassava (manioc), sweet potatoes, soybeans, cabbage, mangoes, bananas, vanilla
Industries:
printing, soap manufacturing, handicrafts, woven cloth
Industrial production growth rate:
1.5% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 111
Current account balance:
$2.375 billion (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 37 $1.161 billion (2007 est.)
Exports:
$34.1 million (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 201 $17.8 million (2010 est.) note: excludes oil
Exports - commodities:
oil, coffee, sandalwood, marble note: potential for vanilla exports
Imports:
$689 million (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 188 $378 million (2010 est.)
Imports - commodities:
food, gasoline, kerosene, machinery
Exchange rates:
the US dollar is used
Fiscal year:
calendar year

## Energy ::Timor-Leste

Electricity - production:
131.7 million kWh (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 189
Electricity - consumption:
67.59 million kWh (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 202
Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 140
Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 142
Crude oil - production:
83,740 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 52
Crude oil - exports:
96,270 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 38
Crude oil - imports:
0 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 131
Crude oil - proved reserves:
553.8 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 50
Refined petroleum products - production:
0 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 201
Refined petroleum products - consumption:
2,755 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 185
Refined petroleum products - exports:
0 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 137
Refined petroleum products - imports:
2,205 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 178
Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 200
Natural gas - consumption:
0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 201
Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 194
Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 138
Natural gas - proved reserves:
200 billion cu m (1 January 2006 est.) country comparison to the world: 46
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
395,300 Mt (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 183

## Communications ::Timor-Leste

Telephones - main lines in use:
3,100 (2011) country comparison to the world: 214
Telephones - mobile cellular:
614,200 (2011) country comparison to the world: 162
Telephone system:
general assessment: rudimentary service in urban and some rural areas, which is expanding with the entrance of new competitors domestic: system suffered significant damage during the violence associated with independence; limited fixed-line services; mobile-cellular services have been expanding and are now available in urban and most rural areas international: country code - 670; international service is available (2012)
Broadcast media:
1 public TV broadcast station broadcasting nationally and 1 public radio broadcaster with stations in each of the 13 administrative districts; 1 commercial TV broadcast station, 3 commercial radio stations, and roughly 20 community radio stations (2012)
Internet country code:
.tl
Internet hosts:
252 (2012) country comparison to the world: 195
Internet users:
2,100 (2009) country comparison to the world: 211

## Transportation ::Timor-Leste

Airports:
6 (2012) country comparison to the world: 175
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2012)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 2 (2012)
Heliports:
8 (2012)
Roadways:
total: 6,040 km country comparison to the world: 149 paved: 2,600 km unpaved: 3,440 km (2005)
Merchant marine:
total: 1 country comparison to the world: 153 by type: passenger/cargo 1 (2010)
Ports and terminals:
Dili

## Military ::Timor-Leste

Military branches:
Timor-Leste Defense Force (Falintil-Forcas de Defesa de Timor-L'este, Falintil (F-FDTL)): Army, Navy (Armada) (2013)
Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for voluntary military service; 18-month service obligation; no conscription but, as of May 2013, introduction of conscription was under discussion (2013)
Manpower available for military service:
males age 16-49: 305,643 females age 16-49: 293,052 (2010 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16-49: 243,120 females age 16-49: 251,061 (2010 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
male: 12,737 female: 12,389 (2010 est.)
Military expenditures:
NA

## Transnational Issues ::Timor-Leste

Disputes - international:
three stretches of land borders with Timor-Leste have yet to be delimited, two of which are in the Oecussi exclave area, and no maritime or Economic Exclusion Zone boundaries have been established between the countries; maritime boundaries with Indonesia remain unresolved; many refugees who left Timor-Leste in 2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; in 2007, Australia and Timor-Leste signed a 50-year development zone and revenue sharing agreement in lieu of a maritime boundary
Illicit drugs:
NA

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