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Africa :: South Sudan

- ## Introduction :: SOUTH SUDAN

- Background:
  Egypt attempted to colonize the region of southern Sudan by establishing the province of Equatoria in the 1870s. Islamic Mahdist revolutionaries overran the region in 1885, but in 1898 a British force was able to overthrow the Mahdist regime. An Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was established the following year with Equatoria being the southernmost of its eight provinces. The isolated region was largely left to itself over the following decades, but Christian missionaries converted much of the population and facilitated the spread of English. When Sudan gained its independence in 1956, it was with the understanding that the southerners would be able to participate fully in the political system. When the Arab Khartoum government reneged on its promises, a mutiny began that led to two prolonged periods of conflict (1955-1972 and 1983-2005) in which perhaps 2.5 million people died - mostly civilians - due to starvation and drought. Ongoing peace talks finally resulted in a Comprehensive Peace Agreement, signed in January 2005. As part of this agreement, the south was granted a six-year period of autonomy to be followed by a referendum on final status. The result of this referendum, held in January 2011, was a vote of 98% in favor of secession. Since independence on 9 July 2011, South Sudan has struggled with good governance and nation building and has attempted to control rebel militia groups operating in its territory. Economic conditions have deteriorated since January 2012 when the government decided to shut down oil production following bilateral disagreements with Sudan.

- ## Geography :: SOUTH SUDAN

- Location:
  East-Central Africa; south of Sudan, north of Uganda and Kenya, west of Ethiopia
  Geographic coordinates:
  8 00 N, 30 00 E
  Map references:
  Africa
  Area:
  total: 644,329 sq km
  land: NA
  water: NA
  country comparison to the world: 42
  Area - comparative:
  more than four times the size of Georgia; slightly smaller than Texas
  Area comparison map:
  Land boundaries:
  total: 6,018 km
  border countries (6): Central African Republic 1,055 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 714 km, Ethiopia 1,299 km, Kenya 317 km, Sudan 2,158 km, Uganda 475 km
  note: South Sudan-Sudan boundary represents 1 January 1956 alignment; final alignment pending negotiations and demarcation; final sovereignty status of Abyei Area pending negotiations between South Sudan and Sudan
  Coastline:
  0 km (landlocked)
  Maritime claims:
  none (landlocked)
  Climate:
  hot with seasonal rainfall influenced by the annual shift of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone; rainfall heaviest in upland areas of the south and diminishes to the north
  Terrain:
  plains in the north and center rise to southern highlands along the border with Uganda and Kenya; the White Nile, flowing north out of the uplands of Central Africa, is the major geographic feature of the country; The Sudd (a name derived from floating vegetation that hinders navigation) is a large swampy area of more than 100,000 sq km fed by the waters of the White Nile that dominates the center of the country
  Elevation extremes:
  Lowest point: NA
  highest point: Kinyeti 3,187 m
  Natural resources:
  hydropower, fertile agricultural land, gold, diamonds, petroleum, hardwoods, limestone, iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver
  Geography - note:
  The Sudd is a vast swamp in South Sudan, formed by the White Nile, comprising more than 15% of the total area; it is one of the world's largest wetlands

- ## People and Society :: SOUTH SUDAN

- Nationality:
  noun: South Sudanese (singular and plural)
  adjective: South Sudanese
  Ethnic groups:
  Dinka 35.8%, Nuer 15.6%, Shilluk, Azande, Bari, Kakwa, Kuku, Murle, Mandari, Didinga, Ndogo, Bviri, Lndi, Anuak, Bongo, Lango, Dungotona, Acholi (2011 est.)
  Languages:
  English (official), Arabic (includes Juba and Sudanese variants), regional languages include Dinka, Nuer, Bari, Zande, Shilluk
  Religions:
  animist, Christian
  Population:
  12,042,910 (July 2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 75
  Age structure:
  0-14 years: 45.34% (male 2,783,904/female 2,676,370)
  15-24 years: 20.08% (male 1,274,328/female 1,144,181)
  25-54 years: 29.25% (male 1,701,044/female 1,821,277)
  55-64 years: 3.23% (male 210,231/female 179,076)
  65 years and over: 2.1% (male 140,993/female 111,506) (2015 est.)
  population pyramid:
  Dependency ratios:
  total dependency ratio: 83.7%
  youth dependency ratio: 77.3%
  elderly dependency ratio: 6.4%
  potential support ratio: 15.7% (2015 est.)
  Median age:
  total: 17 years
  male: 16.8 years
  female: 17.1 years (2015 est.)
  Population growth rate:
  4.02% (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 1
  Birth rate:
  36.91 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 15
  Death rate:
  8.18 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 91
  Net migration rate:
  11.47 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 9
  Urbanization:
  urban population: 18.8% of total population (2015)
  rate of urbanization: 5.05% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
  Major urban areas - population:
  JUBA (capital) 321,000 (2015)
  Maternal mortality rate:
  789 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 1
  Infant mortality rate:
  total: 66.39 deaths/1,000 live births
  male: 71.05 deaths/1,000 live births
  female: 61.49 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 16
  Total fertility rate:
  5.31 children born/woman (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 11
  Contraceptive prevalence rate:
  4% (2010)
  Health expenditures:
  2.2% of GDP (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 186
  Drinking water source:
  improved:
  urban: 66.7% of population
  rural: 56.9% of population
  total: 58.7% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 33.3% of population
  rural: 43.1% of population
  total: 41.3% of population (2015 est.)
  Sanitation facility access:
  improved:
  urban: 16.4% of population
  rural: 4.5% of population
  total: 6.7% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 83.6% of population
  rural: 95.5% of population
  total: 93.3% of population (2015 est.)
  HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  2.71% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 23
  HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  193,400 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 31
  HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  12,700 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 19
  Major infectious diseases:
  degree of risk: very high
  food or waterborne disease: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
  vectorborne disease: malaria, dengue fever, trypanosomiasis-Gambiense (African sleeping sickness)
  water contact disease: schistosomiasis
  respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
  animal contact disease: rabies (2013)
  Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
  6.6% (2014)
  Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
  27.6% (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 10
  Education expenditures:
  0.7% of GDP (2011)
  Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 27%
  male: 40%
  female: 16% (2009 est.)
  Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
  total: 18.5%
  male: 20%
  female: 17% (2008 est.)

- ## Government :: SOUTH SUDAN

- Country name:
  conventional long form: Republic of South Sudan
  conventional short form: South Sudan
  Government type:
  republic
  Capital:
  name: Juba
  geographic coordinates: 04 51 N 31 37 E
  time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
  Administrative divisions:
  10 states; Central Equatoria, Eastern Equatoria, Jonglei, Lakes, Northern Bahr el Ghazal, Unity, Upper Nile, Warrap, Western Bahr el Ghazal, Western Equatoria
  Independence:
  9 July 2011 (from Sudan)
  National holiday:
  Independence Day, 9 July (2011)
  Constitution:
  previous 2005 (preindependence); latest signed 7 July 2011, effective 9 July 2011 (Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011); amended 2015 (2015)
  Citizenship:
  citizenship by birth: no
  citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of South Sudan
  dual citizenship recognized: yes
  residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years
  Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
  Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Salva KIIR Mayardit (since 9 July 2011); Vice President James Wani IGGA (since 23 August 2013); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
  head of government: President Salva KIIR Mayardit (since 9 July 2011); Vice President James Wani IGGA (since 23 August 2013)
  cabinet: National Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved by National Legislative Assembly
  elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 11-15 April 2010 (the next election has been postponed from 2015 to 2018 due to instability and violence)
  election results: Salva KIIR Mayardit elected president; percent of vote - Salva KIIR Mayardit (SPLM) 93%, Lam AKOL (SPLM-DC) 7%
  Legislative branch:
  description: bicameral National Legislature consists of the Council of States (50 seats; the Council of States, established by presidential decree in August 2011, includes 50 members - 20 former members of the Council of States and 30 appointed representatives ) and the National Legislative Assembly (332 seats; the National Assembly, also established by presidential decree in August 2011, includes 170 members elected in April 2010, 96 members of the former National Assembly, and 66 newly appointed members)
  elections: National Legislative Assembly - last held 11-15 April 2010 but did not take office until July 2011; because of political instability, current parliamentary term extended until next election on 9 July 2018); Council of States - established and members appointed 1 August 2011
  election results: National Legislative Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - SPLM 251, SPLM-DC 6, NCP 3, independent 6, unknown 66; Council of States - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - SPLM 20, unknown 30
  Judicial branch:
  highest court(s): Supreme Court of South Sudan (consists of 7 justices including the court president and deputy president and organized into panels of 3 justices except when sitting as a Constitutional panel of all 7 justices)
  judge selection and term of office: judges appointed by the president upon proposal of the Judicial Service Council, a 9-member judicial and administrative body; judge tenure NA
  subordinate courts: national level - Courts of Appeal; High Courts; County Courts; state level - High Courts; County Courts; customary courts; other specialized courts and tribunals
  Political parties and leaders:
  National Congress Party of NCP [Omar al-BASHIR]
  Sudan People's Liberation Movement or SPLM [Salva KIIR Mayardit]
  Sudan People's Liberation Movement for Democratic Change or SPLM-DC [Lam AKOL]
  International organization participation:
  AU, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOM, IPU, ITU, MIGA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WMO
  Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Garang Diing AKUONG (since 23 February 2015)
  chancery: 1015 31st St., NW, Third Floor, Washington, DC, 20007
  telephone: [1] (202) 293-7940
  FAX: [1] (202) 293-7941
  Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Mary Catherine PHEE (since July 2015)
  embassy: Kololo Road adjacent to the EU's compound, Juba
  telephone: [211] (0) 912-105-188
  Flag description:
  three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is edged in white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side contains a gold, five-pointed star; black represents the people of South Sudan, red the blood shed in the struggle for freedom, green the verdant land, and blue the waters of the Nile; the gold star represents the unity of the states making up South Sudan
  note: resembles the flag of Kenya; one of only two national flags to display six colors as part of its primary design, the other is South Africa's
  National symbol(s):
  African fish eagle; national colors: red, green, blue, yellow, black, white
  National anthem:
  name: South Sudan Oyee! (Hooray!)
  lyrics/music: collective of 49 poets/Juba University students and teachers
  note: adopted 2011; anthem selected in a national contest

- ## Economy :: SOUTH SUDAN

- Economy - overview:
  Following several decades of civil war with Sudan, industry and infrastructure in landlocked South Sudan are severely underdeveloped and poverty is widespread. Subsistence agriculture provides a living for the vast majority of the population. Property rights are insecure and price signals are weak, because markets are not well organized. After independence, South Sudan's central bank issued a new currency, the South Sudanese Pound, allowing a short grace period for turning in the old currency.
  South Sudan has little infrastructure - approximately 250 kilometers of paved roads. Electricity is produced mostly by costly diesel generators, and indoor plumbing and potable water are scarce. South Sudan depends largely on imports of goods, services, and capital - mainly from Uganda, Kenya and Sudan.
  Nevertheless, South Sudan does have abundant natural resources. At independence in 2011, South Sudan produced nearly three-fourths of former Sudan's total oil output of nearly a half million barrels per day. The government of South Sudan derives nearly 98% of its budget revenues from oil. Oil is exported through two pipelines that run to refineries and shipping facilities at Port Sudan on the Red Sea. The economy of South Sudan will remain linked to Sudan for some time, given the long lead time and great expense required to build another pipeline, should the government decide to do so. In January 2012, South Sudan suspended production of oil because of its dispute with Sudan over transshipment fees. This suspension lasted 15 months and had a devastating impact on GDP, which declined by 48% in 2012. With the resumption of oil flows the economy rebounded strongly during the second half of calendar year 2013. This occurred in spite of the fact that oil production, at an average level of 222,000 barrels per day, was 40% lower compared with 2011, prior to the shutdown. GDP grew by about 25% in 2014. However, the outbreak of conflict on 15 December 2013 combined with a further reduction of oil exports, meant that GDP growth fell significantly in 2014 and poverty and food insecurity rose. South Sudan holds one of the richest agricultural areas in Africa with fertile soils and abundant water supplies. Currently the region supports 10-20 million head of cattle.
  South Sudan is currently burdened by considerable debt, accrued largely in 2012, because of rapidly accumulating arrears and increased military spending. South Sudan has received more than $4 billion in foreign aid since 2005, largely from the UK, the US, Norway, and the Netherlands. Annual inflation peaked at 79.5% in May 2012 but declined rapidly thereafter, to 1.7% in 2013. Following the December 2013 outbreak of violence, inflation is on the rise again. Long-term challenges include diversifying the formal economy, alleviating poverty, maintaining macroeconomic stability, improving tax collection and financial management and improving the business environment.
  GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $23.5 billion (2014 est.)
  $22.83 billion (2013 est.)
  $17.65 billion (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 138
  GDP (official exchange rate):
  $14.3 billion (2014 est.)
  GDP - real growth rate:
  2.9% (2014 est.)
  29.3% (2013 est.)
  -52.4% (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 114
  GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $2,100 (2014 est.)
  $2,000 (2013 est.)
  $1,600 (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 201
  Gross national saving:
  15.4% of GDP (2014 est.)
  11.3% of GDP (2013 est.)
  -8.9% of GDP (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 117
  GDP - composition, by end use:
  household consumption: 34.9%
  government consumption: 17.1%
  investment in fixed capital: 10.4%
  exports of goods and services: 64.9%
  imports of goods and services: -27.2%
  (2011 est.)
  Agriculture - products:
  sorghum, maize, rice, millet, wheat, gum arabic, sugarcane, mangoes, papayas, bananas, sweet potatoes, sunflower seeds, cotton, sesame seeds, cassava (manioc, tapioca), beans, peanuts; cattle, sheep
  Population below poverty line:
  50.6% (2009 est.)
  Distribution of family income - Gini index:
  46 (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 36
  Budget:
  revenues: $437 million
  expenditures: $2.259 billion (FY 2013 est.)
  Taxes and other revenues:
  3.1% of GDP (FY 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 214
  Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
  -12.7% of GDP (FY 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 213
  Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  1.7% (2014 est.)
  0% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 91
  Stock of narrow money:
  $1.873 billion (31 December 2013)
  $2.032 billion (31 December 2012)
  country comparison to the world: 132
  Stock of broad money:
  $2.194 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  $2.23 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 151
  Current account balance:
  $380 million (2014 est.)
  -$181 million (2013 est.) (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 52
  Exchange rates:
  South Sudanese pounds (SSP) per US dollar -
  0.7489 (2014 est.)
  0.7634 (2013 est.)
  0.78 (2012 est.)
  0.7185 (2011 est.)

- ## Energy :: SOUTH SUDAN

- Electricity - production:
  881.3 million kWh (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 154
  Electricity - consumption:
  694.1 million kWh (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 165
  Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 182
  Electricity - imports:
  0 kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 187
  Electricity - installed generating capacity:
  255,200 kW (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 156
  Electricity - from fossil fuels:
  30.7% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 181
  Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
  0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 161
  Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
  66.3% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 32
  Electricity - from other renewable sources:
  3% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 71
  Crude oil - production:
  220,000 bbl/day (Second half, 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 38
  Crude oil - exports:
  291,800 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 26
  Crude oil - imports:
  0 bbl/day (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 112
  Crude oil - proved reserves:
  3.75 billion bbl (1 January 2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 28
  Refined petroleum products - imports:
  13,050 bbl/day
  country comparison to the world: 129
  Natural gas - production:
  0 cu m (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 116
  Natural gas - consumption:
  0 cu m (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 184
  Natural gas - exports:
  0 cu m (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 160
  Natural gas - imports:
  0 cu m (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 117
  Natural gas - proved reserves:
  63.71 billion cu m (1 January 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 60
  Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
  2.016 million Mt (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 149

- ## Communications :: SOUTH SUDAN

- Telephones - mobile cellular:
  total: 2.9 million
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 25 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 141
  Telephone system:
  international: country code - 211
  Broadcast media:
  TV is controlled by the government; several private FM stations are operational in South Sudan; some foreign radio broadcasts are available
  Internet country code:
  .ss

- ## Transportation :: SOUTH SUDAN

- Airports:
  85 (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 64
  Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 3
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2013)
  Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 82
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 12
  914 to 1,523 m: 35
  under 914 m:
  34 (2013)
  Heliports:
  1 (2013)
  Railways:
  total: 248 km
  note: a narrow guage, single-track railroad between Babonosa (Sudan) and Wau, the only existing rail system, was repaired in 2010 with $250 million in UN funds (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 126
  Roadways:
  total: 7,000 km
  note: most of the road network is unpaved and much of it is in disrepair; a 192-km paved road between the capital, Juba, and Nimule on the Ugandan border was constructed with USAID funds in 2012 (2012)
  country comparison to the world: 145
  Waterways:
  see entry for Sudan

- ## Military :: SOUTH SUDAN

- Military branches:
  Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA)
  Military service age and obligation:
  18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory and voluntary military service; the Government of South Sudan signed a revised action plan with the UN in March 2012 to demobilize all child soldiers within the SPLA; UNICEF reported 250 confirmed cases of the SPLA's association with children at the end of 2012 (2012)
  Military expenditures:
  10.32% of GDP (2012)
  5.8% of GDP (2011)
  10.32% of GDP (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 1

- ## Transnational Issues :: SOUTH SUDAN

- Disputes - international:
  South Sudan-Sudan boundary represents 1 January 1956 alignment, final alignment pending negotiations and demarcation; final sovereignty status of Abyei Area pending negotiations between South Sudan and Sudan; periodic violent skirmishes with South Sudanese residents over water and grazing rights persist among related pastoral populations along the border with the Central African Republic; the boundary that separates Kenya and South Sudan's sovereignty is unclear in the "Ilemi Triangle," which Kenya has administered since colonial times
  Refugees and internally displaced persons:
  refugees (country of origin): 242,473 (Sudan); 15,689 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (2015)
  IDPs: 1,696,962 (alleged coup attempt and ethnic conflict beginning in December 2013; information is lacking on those displaced in earlier years by: fighting in Abyei between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) in May 2011; clashes between the SPLA and dissident militia groups in South Sudan; inter-ethnic conflicts over resources and cattle; attacks from the Lord's Resistance Army; floods and drought) (2015)
  Trafficking in persons:
  current situation: South Sudan is a source and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; South Sudanese women and girls, particularly those who are internally displaced, orphaned, or from rural areas, are vulnerable to forced labor and sexual exploitation, often in urban centers; the rising number of street children and child laborers are also exploited for forced labor and prostitution; women and girls from Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo are trafficked to South Sudan with promises of legitimate jobs and are forced into the sex trade; inter-ethnic abductions continue between some communities in South Sudan, with abductees subsequently faced with domestic servitude, forced herding, or sex trafficking; government security forces and armed militia groups continue to recruit children
  tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - South Sudan does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government has a written plan that, if implemented, would constitute a significant effort toward meeting the minimum standards for eliminating human trafficking; implementation of a UN-backed action plan to eliminate the use of child soldiers in the country’s armed forces continued in 2013, but no officers complicit in the ongoing recruitment of children were investigated, prosecuted, or punished; efforts to address other forms of human trafficking were negligible; South Sudanese law does not prohibit all forms of human trafficking, and authorities did not investigate or prosecute any offenders; limited protection was provided to former child soldiers in 2013, while no steps were taken to identify victims of sex or labor trafficking or to refer them to care (2014)

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