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East & Southeast Asia :: Indonesia

- ## Introduction :: INDONESIA

- Background:
  The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century; Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence shortly before Japan's surrender, but it required four years of sometimes brutal fighting, intermittent negotiations, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949. A period of sometimes unruly parliamentary democracy ended in 1957 when President SOEKARNO declared martial law and instituted "Guided Democracy." After an abortive coup in 1965 by alleged communist sympathizers, SOEKARNO was gradually eased from power. From 1967 until 1988, President SUHARTO ruled Indonesia with his "New Order" government. After rioting toppled SUHARTO in 1998, free and fair legislative elections took place in 1999. Indonesia is now the world's third most populous democracy, the world's largest archipelagic state, and the world's largest Muslim-majority nation. Current issues include: alleviating poverty, improving education, preventing terrorism, consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing economic and financial reforms, stemming corruption, reforming the criminal justice system, holding the military and police accountable for human rights violations, addressing climate change, and controlling infectious diseases, particularly those of global and regional importance. In 2005, Indonesia reached a historic peace agreement with armed separatists in Aceh, which led to democratic elections in Aceh in December 2006. Indonesia continues to face low intensity armed resistance in Papua by the separatist Free Papua Movement.

- ## Geography :: INDONESIA

- Location:
  Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean
  Geographic coordinates:
  5 00 S, 120 00 E
  Map references:
  Southeast Asia
  Area:
  total: 1,904,569 sq km
  land: 1,811,569 sq km
  water: 93,000 sq km
  country comparison to the world: 15
  Area - comparative:
  slightly less than three times the size of Texas
  Area comparison map:
  Land boundaries:
  total: 2,958 km
  border countries (3): Timor-Leste 253 km, Malaysia 1,881 km, Papua New Guinea 824 km
  Coastline:
  54,716 km
  Maritime claims:
  measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines
  territorial sea: 12 nm
  exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
  Climate:
  tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
  Terrain:
  mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains
  Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
  highest point: Puncak Jaya 4,884 m
  Natural resources:
  petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver
  Land use:
  agricultural land: 31.2%
  arable land 13%; permanent crops 12.1%; permanent pasture 6.1%
  forest: 51.7%
  other: 17.1% (2011 est.)
  Irrigated land:
  67,220 sq km (2005)
  Total renewable water resources:
  2,019 cu km (2011)
  Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
  total: 113.3 cu km/yr (11%/19%/71%)
  per capita: 517.3 cu m/yr (2005)
  Natural hazards:
  occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires
  volcanism: Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world - some 76 are historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (elev. 2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano and in eruption since 2010, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung, Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, and Tambora
  Environment - current issues:
  deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires
  Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
  Geography - note:
  archipelago of 17,508 islands, some 6,000 of which are inhabited (Indonesia is the world's largest country comprised solely of islands); straddles equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean

- ## People and Society :: INDONESIA

- Nationality:
  noun: Indonesian(s)
  adjective: Indonesian
  Ethnic groups:
  Javanese 40.1%, Sundanese 15.5%, Malay 3.7%, Batak 3.6%, Madurese 3%, Betawi 2.9%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Buginese 2.7%, Bantenese 2%, Banjarese 1.7%, Balinese 1.7%, Acehnese 1.4%, Dayak 1.4%, Sasak 1.3%, Chinese 1.2%, other 15% (2010 est.)
  Languages:
  Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (of which the most widely spoken is Javanese)
  note: more than 700 languages are used in Indonesia
  Religions:
  Muslim 87.2%, Christian 7%, Roman Catholic 2.9%, Hindu 1.7%, other 0.9% (includes Buddhist and Confucian), unspecified 0.4% (2010 est.)
  Population:
  255,993,674 (July 2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 5
  Age structure:
  0-14 years: 25.82% (male 33,651,533/female 32,442,996)
  15-24 years: 17.07% (male 22,238,735/female 21,454,563)
  25-54 years: 42.31% (male 55,196,144/female 53,124,591)
  55-64 years: 8.18% (male 9,608,548/female 11,328,421)
  65 years and over: 6.62% (male 7,368,764/female 9,579,379) (2015 est.)
  population pyramid:
  Dependency ratios:
  total dependency ratio: 49%
  youth dependency ratio: 41.2%
  elderly dependency ratio: 7.7%
  potential support ratio: 13% (2015 est.)
  Median age:
  total: 29.6 years
  male: 29 years
  female: 30.2 years (2015 est.)
  Population growth rate:
  0.92% (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 125
  Birth rate:
  16.72 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 110
  Death rate:
  6.37 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 151
  Net migration rate:
  -1.16 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 152
  Urbanization:
  urban population: 53.7% of total population (2015)
  rate of urbanization: 2.69% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
  Major urban areas - population:
  JAKARTA (capital) 10.323 million; Surabaya 2.853 million; Bandung 2.544 million; Medan 2.204 million; Semarang 1.63 million; Makassar 1.489 million (2015)
  Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
  0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
  15-24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
  25-54 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
  55-64 years: 0.85 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
  total population: 1 male(s)/female (2015 est.)
  Infant mortality rate:
  total: 24.29 deaths/1,000 live births
  male: 28.46 deaths/1,000 live births
  female: 19.92 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 71
  Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 72.45 years
  male: 69.85 years
  female: 75.17 years (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 140
  Total fertility rate:
  2.15 children born/woman (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 103
  Contraceptive prevalence rate:
  61.9% (2012)
  Health expenditures:
  3.1% of GDP (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 180
  Physicians density:
  0.2 physicians/1,000 population (2012)
  Hospital bed density:
  0.9 beds/1,000 population (2012)
  Drinking water source:
  improved:
  urban: 94.2% of population
  rural: 79.5% of population
  total: 87.4% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 5.8% of population
  rural: 20.5% of population
  total: 12.6% of population (2015 est.)
  Sanitation facility access:
  improved:
  urban: 72.3% of population
  rural: 47.5% of population
  total: 60.8% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 27.7% of population
  rural: 52.5% of population
  total: 39.2% of population (2015 est.)
  HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  0.47% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 71
  HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  660,300 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 14
  HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  33,700 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 8
  Major infectious diseases:
  degree of risk: very high
  food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
  vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
  note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)
  Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
  5.7% (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 160
  Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
  19.9% (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 31
  Education expenditures:
  3.6% of GDP (2012)
  country comparison to the world: 143
  Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 93.9%
  male: 96.3%
  female: 91.5% (2015 est.)
  School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
  total: 13 years
  male: 13 years
  female: 13 years (2012)
  Child labor - children ages 5-14:
  total number: 4,026,285
  percentage: 7%
  note: data represents children ages 5-17 (2009 est.)
  Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
  total: 22.2%
  male: 21.6%
  female: 23% (2009 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 49

- ## Government :: INDONESIA

- Country name:
  conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia
  conventional short form: Indonesia
  local long form: Republik Indonesia
  local short form: Indonesia
  former: Netherlands East Indies, Dutch East Indies
  Government type:
  republic
  Capital:
  name: Jakarta
  geographic coordinates: 6 10 S, 106 49 E
  time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
  note: Indonesia has three time zones
  Administrative divisions:
  31 provinces (provinsi-provinsi, singular - provinsi), 1 autonomous province*, 1 special region** (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 national capital district*** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta Raya***, Jambi, Jawa Barat (West Java), Jawa Tengah (Central Java), Jawa Timur (East Java), Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan), Kalimantan Selatan (South Kalimantan), Kalimantan Utara (North Kalimantan), Kalimantan Tengah (Central Kalimantan), Kalimantan Timur (East Kalimantan), Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (Bangka Belitung Islands), Kepulauan Riau (Riau Islands), Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara (North Maluku), Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara), Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara), Papua, Papua Barat (West Papua), Riau, Sulawesi Barat (West Sulawesi), Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tenggara (Southeast Sulawesi), Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi), Sumatera Barat (West Sumatra), Sumatera Selatan (South Sumatra), Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra), Yogyakarta**
  note: following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, regencies and municipalities have become the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services
  Independence:
  17 August 1945 (declared)
  National holiday:
  Independence Day, 17 August (1945)
  Constitution:
  drafted July to August 1945, effective 17 August 1945, abrogated by 1949 and 1950 constitutions, 1945 constitution restored 5 July 1959; amended several times, last in 2002 (2013)
  Legal system:
  civil law system based on the Roman-Dutch model and influenced by customary law
  International law organization participation:
  has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
  Suffrage:
  17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age
  Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Joko WiDODO (since 20 October 2014); Vice President Jusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2014); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
  head of government: President Joko WIDODO (since 20 October 2014); Vice President Jusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2014)
  cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
  elections/appointments: president and vice president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 9 July 2014 (next to be held in 2019)
  election results: Joko WiDODO elected president; percent of vote - Joko WiDODO (PDI-P) 53.2%, PRABOWO Subianto (GERINDRA) 46.8%
  Legislative branch:
  description: bicameral People's Consultative Assembly or Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat consists of the Regional Representative Council or Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (132 seats; non-partisan members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms) and the House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (560 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by single non-transferable vote to serve 5-year terms)
  note: 29 other parties received less than the 2.5% vote threshold and failed to win so did not obtain any seats; because of election rules, the number of seats won does not always follow the percentage of votes received by parties
  elections: last held on 9 April 2014 (next to be held in 2019)
  election results: percent of vote by party - PDI-P 19%, Golkar 15%, Gerindra 12%, PD 10%, PKB 9%, PAN 8%, PKS 7%, NasDem 7%, PPP 7%, Hanura 5%; seats by party - PDI-P 109, Golkar 91, Gerindra 73, PD 61, PKB 47, PAN 49, PKS 40, NasDem 35, PPP 39, Hanura 16
  Judicial branch:
  highest court(s): Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (51 judges divided into 8 chambers); Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (consists of 9 judges)
  judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by Judicial Commission, appointed by president with concurrence of parliament; judges serve until retirement at age 65; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by president, 3 by Supreme Court, and 3 by parliament; judges appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70
  subordinate courts: High Courts of Appeal, district courts, religious courts
  Political parties and leaders:
  Democrat Party or PD [Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO]
  Functional Groups Party or GOLKAR [Aburizal BAKRIE]
  Great Indonesia Movement Party or GERINDRA [PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo]
  Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri]
  National Awakening Party or PKB [Muhaiman ISKANDAR]
  National Mandate Party or PAN [Hatta RAJASA]
  People's Conscience Party or HANURA [WIRANTO]
  Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [Anis MATTA]
  United Development Party or PPP [NA]
  Political pressure groups and leaders:
  Commission for the "Disappeared" and Victims of Violence or KontraS
  Indonesia Corruption Watch or ICW
  Indonesian Forum for the Environment or WALHI
  International organization participation:
  ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, CD, CICA (observer), CP, D-8, EAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-11, G-15, G-20, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OECD (Enhanced Engagement, OIC, OPCW, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
  Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Budi BOWOLEKSONO (since 21 May 2014)
  chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
  telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200
  FAX: [1] (202) 775-5365
  consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco
  Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Robert O. BLAKE, Jr. (since 30 January 2014)
  embassy: Jalan Medan Merdeka Selatan 3-5, Jakarta 10110
  mailing address: Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520
  telephone: [62] (21) 3435-9000
  FAX: [62] (21) 386-2259
  consulate general: Surabaya
  consulate: Medan
  consular agency: Bali
  Flag description:
  two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries; red symbolizes courage, white represents purity
  note: similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red
  National symbol(s):
  garuda (mythical bird); national colors: red, white
  National anthem:
  name: "Indonesia Raya" (Great Indonesia)
  lyrics/music: Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN
  note: adopted 1945

- ## Economy :: INDONESIA

- Economy - overview:
  Indonesia has seen a slowdown in growth since 2012, mostly due to the end of the commodities export boom. During the global financial crisis, Indonesia outperformed its regional neighbors and joined China and India as the only G20 members posting growth. The government has promoted fiscally conservative policies, resulting in a debt-to-GDP ratio of less than 25% and historically low rates of inflation. Fitch and Moody's upgraded Indonesia's credit rating to investment grade in December 2011. Indonesia still struggles with poverty and unemployment, inadequate infrastructure, corruption, a complex regulatory environment, a current account deficit, and unequal resource distribution among regions. President Joko WIDODO - elected in July 2014 - has emphasized maritime and other infrastructure development, and especially increased electric power capacity, since taking office. Fuel subsidies were almost completely removed in early 2015, a move which could help the government increase spending on its development priorities. Indonesia, with the nine other ASEAN members, will continue to move towards participation in the ASEAN Economic Community, though full implementation of economic integration will not be completed by the previously-set deadline of year-end 2015.
  GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $2.676 trillion (2014 est.)
  $2.548 trillion (2013 est.)
  $2.413 trillion (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 10
  GDP (official exchange rate):
  $888.6 billion (2014 est.)
  GDP - real growth rate:
  5% (2014 est.)
  5.6% (2013 est.)
  6% (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 51
  GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $10,600 (2014 est.)
  $10,100 (2013 est.)
  $9,600 (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 133
  Gross national saving:
  30.9% of GDP (2014 est.)
  30.7% of GDP (2013 est.)
  32.3% of GDP (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 28
  GDP - composition, by end use:
  household consumption: 56.2%
  government consumption: 9%
  investment in fixed capital: 33.6%
  investment in inventories: 1.9%
  exports of goods and services: 23.5%
  imports of goods and services: -24.4%
  (2014 est.)
  GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
  agriculture: 14.2%
  industry: 45.5%
  services: 40.3% (2014 est.)
  Agriculture - products:
  rubber and similar products, palm oil, poultry, beef, forest products, shrimp, cocoa, coffee, medicinal herbs, essential oil, fish and its similar products, and spices
  Industries:
  petroleum and natural gas, textiles, automotive, electrical appliances, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, medical instruments and appliances, handicrafts, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, processed food, jewelry, and tourism
  Industrial production growth rate:
  4.9% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 53
  Labor force:
  124.3 million (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 5
  Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture: 38.9%
  industry: 13.2%
  services: 47.9% (2012 est.)
  Unemployment rate:
  6.1% (2014 est.)
  6.3% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 58
  Population below poverty line:
  11.3% (2014 est.)
  Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 3.4%
  highest 10%: 28.2% (2010)
  Distribution of family income - Gini index:
  36.8 (2009)
  39.4 (2005)
  country comparison to the world: 81
  Budget:
  revenues: $134.7 billion
  expenditures: $155.2 billion (2014 est.)
  Taxes and other revenues:
  15.7% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 188
  Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
  -2.4% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 93
  Public debt:
  23.9% of GDP (2014 est.)
  23.9% of GDP (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 133
  Fiscal year:
  calendar year
  Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  6.4% (2014 est.)
  6.4% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 190
  Central bank discount rate:
  6.37% (31 December 2010)
  6.46% (31 December 2009)
  note: this figure represents the 3-month SBI rate; the Bank of Indonesia has not employed the one-month SBI since September 2010
  country comparison to the world: 59
  Commercial bank prime lending rate:
  12.6% (31 December 2014 est.)
  11.7% (31 December 2013 est.)
  note: these figures represent the average annualized rate on working capital loans
  country comparison to the world: 66
  Stock of narrow money:
  $78.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $72.78 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 41
  Stock of broad money:
  $348.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $305.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 29
  Stock of domestic credit:
  $388.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $329.7 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 32
  Market value of publicly traded shares:
  $396.8 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
  $390.1 billion (31 December 2011)
  $360.4 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 25
  Current account balance:
  -$26.23 billion (2014 est.)
  -$29.13 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 184
  Exports:
  $175.3 billion (2014 est.)
  $182.1 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 29
  Exports - commodities:
  palm oil, oil and gas, ores and slags, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, rubber
  Exports - partners:
  Japan 13.1%, China 10%, Singapore 9.5%, US 9.4%, India 7%, South Korea 6%, Malaysia 5.5% (2014)
  Imports:
  $168.4 billion (2014 est.)
  $176.3 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 28
  Imports - commodities:
  machinery and equipment, electronic equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs
  Imports - partners:
  China 17.2%, Singapore 14.1%, Japan 9.6%, South Korea 6.7%, Malaysia 6.1%, Thailand 5.5%, US 4.6% (2014)
  Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
  $111.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $99.39 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 25
  Debt - external:
  $278.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $259.1 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 31
  Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
  $255 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $230.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 24
  Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
  $23.27 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $16.07 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 48
  Exchange rates:
  Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar -
  12,388 (2014 est.)
  12,210 (2013 est.)
  9,386.63 (2012 est.)
  8,770.43 (2011 est.)
  9,090.4 (2010 est.)

- ## Energy :: INDONESIA

- Electricity - production:
  182.4 billion kWh (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 24
  Electricity - consumption:
  156 billion kWh (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 24
  Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 153
  Electricity - imports:
  2.542 billion kWh (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 57
  Electricity - installed generating capacity:
  41.01 million kW (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 22
  Electricity - from fossil fuels:
  84.7% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 89
  Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
  0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 109
  Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
  12.4% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 110
  Electricity - from other renewable sources:
  3% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 69
  Crude oil - production:
  929,800 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 22
  Crude oil - exports:
  338,100 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 23
  Crude oil - imports:
  388,400 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 23
  Crude oil - proved reserves:
  3.591 billion bbl (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 29
  Refined petroleum products - production:
  935,300 bbl/day (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 21
  Refined petroleum products - consumption:
  1.66 million bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 15
  Refined petroleum products - exports:
  142,400 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 40
  Refined petroleum products - imports:
  473,400 bbl/day (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 12
  Natural gas - production:
  72.47 billion cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 12
  Natural gas - consumption:
  37.63 billion cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 25
  Natural gas - exports:
  34.84 billion cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 11
  Natural gas - imports:
  0 cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 208
  Natural gas - proved reserves:
  2.955 trillion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 13
  Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
  456.2 million Mt (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 15

- ## Communications :: INDONESIA

- Telephones - fixed lines:
  total subscriptions: 29.64 million
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 12 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 11
  Telephones - mobile cellular:
  total: 319 million
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 126 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 4
  Telephone system:
  general assessment: domestic service includes an interisland microwave system, an HF radio police net, and a domestic satellite communications system; international service good
  domestic: coverage provided by existing network has been expanded by use of over 200,000 telephone kiosks many located in remote areas; mobile-cellular subscribership growing rapidly
  international: country code - 62; landing point for both the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks that provide links throughout Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) (2011)
  Broadcast media:
  mixture of about a dozen national TV networks - 2 public broadcasters, the remainder private broadcasters - each with multiple transmitters; more than 100 local TV stations; widespread use of satellite and cable TV systems; public radio broadcaster operates 6 national networks, as well as regional and local stations; overall, more than 700 radio stations with more than 650 privately operated (2008)
  Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 678, FM 43, shortwave 82 (1998)
  Television broadcast stations:
  54 local TV stations (11 national TV networks; each with its group of local transmitters) (2006)
  Internet country code:
  .id
  Internet users:
  total: 42.4 million
  percent of population: 16.7% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 14

- ## Transportation :: INDONESIA

- Airports:
  673 (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 10
  Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 186
  over 3,047 m: 5
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 21
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 51
  914 to 1,523 m: 72
  under 914 m: 37 (2013)
  Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 487
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
  914 to 1,523 m: 23
  under 914 m:
  460 (2013)
  Heliports:
  76 (2013)
  Pipelines:
  condensate 1,064 km; condensate/gas 150 km; gas 11,702 km; liquid petroleum gas 119 km; oil 7,767 km; oil/gas/water 77 km; refined products 728 km; unknown 53 km; water 44 km (2013)
  Railways:
  total: 8,159 km
  narrow gauge: 8,159 km 1.067-m gauge (565 km electrified)
  note: 4,816 km operational (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 35
  Roadways:
  total: 496,607 km
  paved: 283,102 km
  unpaved: 213,505 km (2011)
  country comparison to the world: 14
  Waterways:
  21,579 km (2011)
  country comparison to the world: 7
  Merchant marine:
  total: 1,340
  by type: bulk carrier 105, cargo 618, chemical tanker 69, container 120, liquefied gas 28, passenger 49, passenger/cargo 77, petroleum tanker 244, refrigerated cargo 6, roll on/roll off 12, specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 11
  foreign-owned: 69 (China 1, France 1, Greece 1, Japan 8, Jordan 1, Malaysia 1, Norway 3, Singapore 46, South Korea 2, Taiwan 1, UK 2, US 2)
  registered in other countries: 95 (Bahamas 2, Cambodia 2, China 2, Hong Kong 10, Liberia 4, Marshall Islands 1, Mongolia 2, Panama 10, Singapore 60, Tuvalu 1, unknown 1) (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 8
  Ports and terminals:
  major seaport(s): Banjarmasin, Belawan, Kotabaru, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok
  container port(s) (TEUs): Tanjung Priok (5,617,562)
  LNG terminal(s) (export): Bontang, Tangguh
  LNG terminal(s) (import): Arun, Lampung, West Java
  Transportation - note:
  the International Maritime Bureau continues to report the territorial and offshore waters in the Strait of Malacca and South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; attacks have increased yearly since 2009; in 2012, 73 commercial vessels were boarded and 47 crew members taken hostage; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia; crews have been murdered or cast adrift

- ## Military :: INDONESIA

- Military branches:
  Indonesian Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD)), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut (TNI-AL); includes marines (Korps Marinir, KorMar), naval air arm), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU)), National Air Defense Command (Kommando Pertahanan Udara Nasional (Kohanudnas)) (2013)
  Military service age and obligation:
  18-45 years of age for voluntary military service, with selective conscription authorized; 2-year service obligation, with reserve obligation to age 45 (officers); Indonesian citizens only (2012)
  Manpower available for military service:
  males age 16-49: 65,847,171
  females age 16-49: 63,228,017 (2010 est.)
  Manpower fit for military service:
  males age 16-49: 54,264,299
  females age 16-49: 53,274,361 (2010 est.)
  Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
  male: 2,263,892
  female: 2,191,267 (2010 est.)
  Military expenditures:
  0.78% of GDP (2012)
  0.67% of GDP (2011)
  0.78% of GDP (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 116

- ## Transnational Issues :: INDONESIA

- Disputes - international:
  Indonesia has a stated foreign policy objective of establishing stable fixed land and maritime boundaries with all of its neighbors; three stretches of land borders with Timor-Leste have yet to be delimited, two of which are in the Oecussi exclave area, and no maritime or Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) boundaries have been established between the countries; many refugees from Timor-Leste who left in 2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; all borders between Indonesia and Australia have been agreed upon bilaterally, but a 1997 treaty that would settle the last of their maritime and EEZ boundary has yet to be ratified by Indonesia's legislature; Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing and placed restrictions on certain catches; land and maritime negotiations with Malaysia are ongoing, and disputed areas include the controversial Tanjung Datu and Camar Wulan border area in Borneo and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea; Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalizing their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; maritime delimitation talks continue with Palau; EEZ negotiations with Vietnam are ongoing, and the two countries in Fall 2011 agreed to work together to reduce illegal fishing along their maritime boundary
  Refugees and internally displaced persons:
  IDPs: at least 31,440 (inter-communal, inter-faith, and separatist violence between 1998 and 2004 in Aceh and Papua; religious attacks and land conflicts in 2012 and 2013; most IDPs in Aceh, Maluku, East Nusa Tengarra) (2015) (2011)
  Illicit drugs:
  illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; producer of methamphetamine and ecstasy; President WIDODO's war on drugs has led to an increase in death sentences and executions, particularly of foreign drug traffickers (2015)

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