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Africa :: Cabo Verde

- ## Introduction :: CABO VERDE

- Background:
  The uninhabited islands were discovered and colonized by the Portuguese in the 15th century; Cabo Verde subsequently became a trading center for African slaves and later an important coaling and resupply stop for whaling and transatlantic shipping. Following independence in 1975, and a tentative interest in unification with Guinea-Bissau, a one-party system was established and maintained until multi-party elections were held in 1990. Cabo Verde continues to exhibit one of Africa's most stable democratic governments. Repeated droughts during the second half of the 20th century caused significant hardship and prompted heavy emigration. As a result, Cabo Verde's expatriate population is greater than its domestic one. Most Cabo Verdeans have both African and Portuguese antecedents.

- ## Geography :: CABO VERDE

- Location:
  Western Africa, group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Senegal
  Geographic coordinates:
  16 00 N, 24 00 W
  Map references:
  Africa
  Area:
  total: 4,033 sq km
  land: 4,033 sq km
  water: 0 sq km
  country comparison to the world: 176
  Area - comparative:
  slightly larger than Rhode Island
  Land boundaries:
  0 km
  Coastline:
  965 km
  Maritime claims:
  measured from claimed archipelagic baselines
  territorial sea: 12 nm
  contiguous zone: 24 nm
  exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
  Climate:
  temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and erratic
  Terrain:
  steep, rugged, rocky, volcanic
  Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
  highest point: Mt. Fogo 2,829 m (a volcano on Fogo Island)
  Natural resources:
  salt, basalt rock, limestone, kaolin, fish, clay, gypsum
  Land use:
  agricultural land: 18.6%
  arable land 11.7%; permanent crops 0.7%; permanent pasture 6.2%
  forest: 21%
  other: 60.4% (2011 est.)
  Irrigated land:
  34.76 sq km (2004)
  Total renewable water resources:
  0.3 cu km (2011)
  Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
  total: 0.02 cu km/yr (6%/1%/93%)
  per capita: 48.57 cu m/yr (2004)
  Natural hazards:
  prolonged droughts; seasonal harmattan wind produces obscuring dust; volcanically and seismically active
  volcanism: Fogo (elev. 2,829 m), which last erupted in 1995, is Cabo Verde's only active volcano
  Environment - current issues:
  soil erosion; deforestation due to demand for firewood; water shortages; desertification; environmental damage has threatened several species of birds and reptiles; illegal beach sand extraction; overfishing
  Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
  Geography - note:
  strategic location 500 km from west coast of Africa near major north-south sea routes; important communications station; important sea and air refueling site

- ## People and Society :: CABO VERDE

- Nationality:
  noun: Cabo Verdean(s)
  adjective: Cabo Verdean
  Ethnic groups:
  Creole (mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1%
  Languages:
  Portuguese (official), Crioulo (a blend of Portuguese and West African words)
  Religions:
  Roman Catholic 77.3%, Protestant 3.7% (includes Church of the Nazarene 1.7%, Adventist 1.5%, Universal Kingdom of God 0.4%, and God and Love 0.1%), other Christian 4.3% (includes Christian Rationalism 1.9%, Jehovah's Witness 1%, Assembly of God 0.9%, and New Apostolic 0.5%), Muslim 1.8%, other 1.3%, none 10.8%, unspecified 0.7% (2010 est.)
  Population:
  545,993 (July 2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 174
  Age structure:
  0-14 years: 30.1% (male 82,623/female 81,731)
  15-24 years: 20.99% (male 57,307/female 57,303)
  25-54 years: 38.53% (male 102,186/female 108,177)
  55-64 years: 5.29% (male 12,194/female 16,709)
  65 years and over: 5.08% (male 10,466/female 17,297) (2015 est.)
  population pyramid:
  Dependency ratios:
  total dependency ratio: 52%
  youth dependency ratio: 45.1%
  elderly dependency ratio: 7%
  potential support ratio: 14.4% (2015 est.)
  Median age:
  total: 24.5 years
  male: 23.6 years
  female: 25.3 years (2015 est.)
  Population growth rate:
  1.36% (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 87
  Birth rate:
  20.33 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 82
  Death rate:
  6.11 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 161
  Net migration rate:
  -0.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 140
  Urbanization:
  urban population: 65.5% of total population (2015)
  rate of urbanization: 1.99% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
  Major urban areas - population:
  PRAIA (capital) 145,000 (2014)
  Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
  0-14 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
  15-24 years: 1 male(s)/female
  25-54 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
  55-64 years: 0.73 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.61 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2015 est.)
  Maternal mortality rate:
  42 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 83
  Infant mortality rate:
  total: 23.45 deaths/1,000 live births
  male: 26.89 deaths/1,000 live births
  female: 19.91 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 76
  Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 71.85 years
  male: 69.58 years
  female: 74.19 years (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 147
  Total fertility rate:
  2.29 children born/woman (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 93
  Contraceptive prevalence rate:
  61.3% (2005)
  Health expenditures:
  4.4% of GDP (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 164
  Physicians density:
  0.31 physicians/1,000 population (2011)
  Hospital bed density:
  2.1 beds/1,000 population (2010)
  Drinking water source:
  improved:
  urban: 94% of population
  rural: 87.3% of population
  total: 91.7% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 6% of population
  rural: 12.7% of population
  total: 8.3% of population (2015 est.)
  Sanitation facility access:
  improved:
  urban: 81.6% of population
  rural: 54.3% of population
  total: 72.2% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 1.4% of population
  rural: 45.7% of population
  total: 27.8% of population (2015 est.)
  HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  1.09% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 44
  HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  3,400 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 112
  HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  100 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 125
  Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
  11.7% (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 131
  Education expenditures:
  5% of GDP (2011)
  country comparison to the world: 76
  Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 87.6%
  male: 92.1%
  female: 83.1% (2015 est.)
  School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
  total: 13 years
  male: 13 years
  female: 14 years (2013)
  Child labor - children ages 5-14:
  total number: 1,948
  percentage: 3%
  note: data represent children ages 10-14 (2001 est.)

- ## Government :: CABO VERDE

- Country name:
  conventional long form: Republic of Cabo Verde
  conventional short form: Cabo Verde
  local long form: Republica de Cabo Verde
  local short form: Cabo Verde
  etymology: the name derives from Cap-Vert (Green Cape) on the Senegalese coast, the westernmost point of Africa and the nearest mainland to the islands
  Government type:
  republic
  Capital:
  name: Praia
  geographic coordinates: 14 55 N, 23 31 W
  time difference: UTC-1 (4 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
  Administrative divisions:
  22 municipalities (concelhos, singular - concelho); Boa Vista, Brava, Maio, Mosteiros, Paul, Porto Novo, Praia, Ribeira Brava, Ribeira Grande, Ribeira Grande de Santiago, Sal, Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina do Fogo, Santa Cruz, Sao Domingos, Sao Filipe, Sao Lourenco dos Orgaos, Sao Miguel, Sao Salvador do Mundo, Sao Vicente, Tarrafal, Tarrafal de Sao Nicolau
  Independence:
  5 July 1975 (from Portugal)
  National holiday:
  Independence Day, 5 July (1975)
  Constitution:
  previous 1981; latest effective 25 September 1992; revised 1995, 1999, 2010 (2015)
  Legal system:
  civil law system of Portugal
  International law organization participation:
  has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
  Citizenship:
  citizenship by birth: no
  citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Cabo Verde
  dual citizenship recognized: yes
  residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
  Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
  Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Jorge Carlos FONSECA (since 9 September 2011)
  head of government: Prime Minister Jose Maria Pereira NEVES (since 1 February 2001)
  cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister
  elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 7 August 2011 with a second round on 21 August 2011 (next to be held in 2016); prime minister nominated by the National Assembly and appointed by the president
  election results: percent of vote in second round - Jorge Carlos FONSECA (MPD) 53.4%, Manuel Inocencio SOUSA (PAICV) 46.6%
  Legislative branch:
  description: unicameral National Assembly or Assembleia Nacional (72 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)
  elections: last held on 6 February 2011 (next to be held by 2016)
  election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PAICV 38, MPD 32, UCID 2
  Judicial branch:
  highest court(s): Supreme Court of Justice (consists of the chief justice and at least 5 judges)
  judge selection and term of office: judges appointments - 1 by the president of the republic, 1 elected by the National Assembly, and the remainder by the Supreme Council of Magistrates, a 9-member independent body presided over by the chief justice and includes the high judicial inspector, 2 presidential appointees, 3 elected by the National Assembly, and 2 by their court peers; chief justice appointed by the president of the republic from among peers of the Supreme Court and in consultation with the Supreme Council of Magistrates; judge tenure NA
  subordinate courts: first instance (municipal) courts; audit, military, and fiscal and customs courts
  Political parties and leaders:
  African Party for Independence of Cabo Verde or PAICV [Janira Hopffer ALMADA]
  Democratic and Independent Cabo Verdean Union or UCID [Antonio MONTEIRO]
  Democratic Christian Party or PDC [Manuel RODRIGUES]
  Democratic Renovation Party or PRD [Victor FIDALGO]
  Movement for Democracy or MPD [Ulisses CORREIA e Silva]
  Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Dr. Eurico MONTEIRO]
  Party of Work and Solidarity or PTS [Anibal MEDINA]
  Social Democratic Party or PSD [Joao ALEM]
  Political pressure groups and leaders:
  other: environmentalists; political pressure groups
  International organization participation:
  ACP, AfDB, AOSIS, AU, CD, CPLP, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
  Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Jose Luis Fialho ROCHA (since 14 July 2014)
  chancery: 3415 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007
  telephone: [1] (202) 965-6820
  FAX: [1] (202) 965-1207
  consulate(s) general: Boston
  Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Donald L. HEFLIN (since 29 January 2015)
  embassy: Rua Abilio Macedo 6, Praia
  mailing address: C. P. 201, Praia
  telephone: [238] 2-60-89-00
  FAX: [238] 2-61-13-55
  Flag description:
  five unequal horizontal bands; the top-most band of blue - equal to one half the width of the flag - is followed by three bands of white, red, and white, each equal to 1/12 of the width, and a bottom stripe of blue equal to one quarter of the flag width; a circle of 10, yellow, five-pointed stars is centered on the red stripe and positioned 3/8 of the length of the flag from the hoist side; blue stands for the sea and the sky, the circle of stars represents the 10 major islands united into a nation, the stripes symbolize the road to formation of the country through peace (white) and effort (red)
  National symbol(s):
  ten, five-pointed, yellow stars; national colors: blue, white, red, yellow
  National anthem:
  name: "Cantico da Liberdade" (Song of Freedom)
  lyrics/music: Amilcar Spencer LOPES/Adalberto Higino Tavares SILVA
  note: adopted 1996

- ## Economy :: CABO VERDE

- Economy - overview:
  Cabo Verde’s economy is vulnerable to external shocks and depends on development aid, foreign investment, remittances, and tourism. The economy is service-oriented with commerce, transport, tourism, and public services accounting for about three-fourths of GDP. Tourism is the mainstay of the economy and depends on conditions in the euro zone countries. Although about 40% of the population lives in rural areas, the share of food production in GDP is low. The island economy suffers from a poor natural resource base, including serious water shortages, exacerbated by cycles of long-term drought, and poor soil for growing food on several of the islands, requiring it to import most of what it consumes. The fishing potential, mostly lobster and tuna, is not fully exploited. Cabo Verde annually runs a high trade deficit financed by foreign aid and remittances from its large pool of emigrants; remittances as a share of GDP are one of the highest in sub-Saharan Africa. Economic reforms are aimed at developing the private sector and attracting foreign investment to diversify the economy and mitigate high unemployment. The government’s elevated debt levels have limited its capacity to finance any shortfalls.
  GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $3.33 billion (2014 est.)
  $3.27 billion (2013 est.)
  $3.236 billion (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 181
  GDP (official exchange rate):
  $1.858 billion (2014 est.)
  GDP - real growth rate:
  1.8% (2014 est.)
  1% (2013 est.)
  1.1% (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 158
  GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $6,400 (2014 est.)
  $6,300 (2013 est.)
  $6,200 (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 156
  Gross national saving:
  30% of GDP (2014 est.)
  34.6% of GDP (2013 est.)
  27.7% of GDP (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 24
  GDP - composition, by end use:
  household consumption: 59.6%
  government consumption: 16.2%
  investment in fixed capital: 35.2%
  investment in inventories: -1.5%
  exports of goods and services: 33.9%
  imports of goods and services: -43.4%
  (2014 est.)
  GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
  agriculture: 9.9%
  industry: 18.4%
  services: 71.8% (2014 est.)
  Agriculture - products:
  bananas, corn, beans, sweet potatoes, sugarcane, coffee, peanuts; fish
  Industries:
  food and beverages, fish processing, shoes and garments, salt mining, ship repair
  Industrial production growth rate:
  2.6% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 94
  Labor force:
  196,100 (2007 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 172
  Unemployment rate:
  12% (2014 est.)
  16.4% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 131
  Population below poverty line:
  30% (2000 est.)
  Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 1.9%
  highest 10%: 40.6% (2000)
  Budget:
  revenues: $426 million
  expenditures: $567.6 million (2014 est.)
  Taxes and other revenues:
  22.9% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 142
  Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
  -7.6% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 199
  Public debt:
  113.7% of GDP (2014 est.)
  100.7% of GDP (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 9
  Fiscal year:
  calendar year
  Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  -0.2% (2014 est.)
  1.5% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 20
  Central bank discount rate:
  7.5% (31 December 2010)
  7.5% (31 December 2009)
  country comparison to the world: 41
  Commercial bank prime lending rate:
  10.9% (31 December 2014 est.)
  10.52% (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 73
  Stock of narrow money:
  $597.6 million (31 December 2014 est.)
  $597.6 million (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 163
  Stock of broad money:
  $1.606 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $1.7 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 159
  Stock of domestic credit:
  $1.449 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $1.616 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 148
  Current account balance:
  -$141 million (2014 est.)
  -$90 million (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 85
  Exports:
  $253 million (2014 est.)
  $184.2 million (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 183
  Exports - commodities:
  fuel (re-exports), shoes, garments, fish, hides
  Exports - partners:
  Spain 46.1%, Poland 22.4%, Portugal 11.8% (2014)
  Imports:
  $862 million (2014 est.)
  $808.4 million (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 185
  Imports - commodities:
  foodstuffs, industrial products, transport equipment, fuels
  Imports - partners:
  Algeria 72.5%, Portugal 10% (2014)
  Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
  $491.5 million (31 December 2015 est.)
  $510.9 million (31 December 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 151
  Debt - external:
  $1.617 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $1.484 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 153
  Exchange rates:
  Cabo Verdean escudos (CVE) per US dollar -
  83.114 (2014 est.)
  83.114 (2013 est.)
  85.82 (2012 est.)
  79.32 (2011 est.)
  83.259 (2010 est.)

- ## Energy :: CABO VERDE

- Electricity - production:
  307 million kWh (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 177
  Electricity - consumption:
  285.5 million kWh (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 181
  Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 128
  Electricity - imports:
  0 kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 138
  Electricity - installed generating capacity:
  108,500 kW (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 172
  Electricity - from fossil fuels:
  76.5% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 98
  Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
  0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 75
  Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
  0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 167
  Electricity - from other renewable sources:
  23.5% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 9
  Crude oil - production:
  0 bbl/day (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 122
  Crude oil - exports:
  0 bbl/day (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 113
  Crude oil - imports:
  0 bbl/day (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 178
  Crude oil - proved reserves:
  0 bbl (1 January 2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 121
  Refined petroleum products - production:
  0 bbl/day (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 171
  Refined petroleum products - consumption:
  2,600 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 184
  Refined petroleum products - exports:
  0 bbl/day (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 169
  Refined petroleum products - imports:
  2,646 bbl/day (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 177
  Natural gas - production:
  0 cu m (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 175
  Natural gas - consumption:
  0 cu m (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 134
  Natural gas - exports:
  0 cu m (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 84
  Natural gas - imports:
  0 cu m (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 185
  Natural gas - proved reserves:
  0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 128
  Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
  385,700 Mt (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 187

- ## Communications :: CABO VERDE

- Telephones - fixed lines:
  total subscriptions: 58,500
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 11 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 156
  Telephones - mobile cellular:
  total: 613,400
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 114 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 166
  Telephone system:
  general assessment: effective system, extensive modernization from 1996-2000 following partial privatization in 1995
  domestic: major service provider is Cabo Verde Telecom; fiber-optic ring, completed in 2001, links all islands providing Internet access and ISDN services; cellular service introduced in 1998; broadband services launched in 2004
  international: country code - 238; landing point for the Atlantis-2 fiber-optic transatlantic telephone cable that provides links to South America, Senegal, and Europe; HF radiotelephone to Senegal and Guinea-Bissau; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2011)
  Broadcast media:
  state-run TV and radio broadcast network plus a growing number of private broadcasters; Portuguese public TV and radio services for Africa are available; transmissions of a few international broadcasters are available (2007)
  Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 0, FM 22 (plus 12 repeaters), shortwave 0 (2001)
  Television broadcast stations:
  1 (plus 7 repeaters) (2001)
  Internet country code:
  .cv
  Internet users:
  total: 213,900
  percent of population: 39.7% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 153

- ## Transportation :: CABO VERDE

- Airports:
  9 (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 157
  Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 9
  over 3,047 m: 1
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
  914 to 1,523 m: 3
  under 914 m: 2 (2013)
  Roadways:
  total: 1,350 km
  paved: 932 km
  unpaved: 418 km (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 180
  Merchant marine:
  total: 13
  by type: cargo 3, chemical tanker 2, passenger/cargo 7, petroleum tanker 1
  foreign-owned: 3 (Greece 1, Spain 1, UK 1)
  registered in other countries: 1 (unknown 1) (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 104
  Ports and terminals:
  major seaport(s): Porto Grande

- ## Military :: CABO VERDE

- Military branches:
  Armed Forces: Army (also called the National Guard, GN), Cabo Verde Coast Guard (Guardia Costeira de Cabo Verde, GCCV; includes naval infantry) (2013)
  Military service age and obligation:
  18-35 years of age for male and female selective compulsory military service; 2-yearsconscript service obligation; 17 years of age for voluntary service (with parental consent) (2013)
  Manpower available for military service:
  males age 16-49: 132,087
  females age 16-49: 136,956 (2010 est.)
  Manpower fit for military service:
  males age 16-49: 106,864
  females age 16-49: 117,518 (2010 est.)
  Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
  male: 6,029
  female: 6,026 (2010 est.)
  Military expenditures:
  NA% (2012)
  0.51% of GDP (2011)
  NA% (2010)

- ## Transnational Issues :: CABO VERDE

- Disputes - international:
  none
  Refugees and internally displaced persons:
  stateless persons: 115 (2014)
  Illicit drugs:
  used as a transshipment point for Latin American cocaine destined for Western Europe, particularly because of Lusophone links to Brazil, Portugal, and Guinea-Bissau; has taken steps to deter drug money laundering, including a 2002 anti-money laundering reform that criminalizes laundering the proceeds of narcotics trafficking and other crimes and the establishment in 2008 of a Financial Intelligence Unit (2008)

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