Europe :: Hungary

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## Introduction ::Hungary

Background:
Hungary became a Christian kingdom in A.D. 1000 and for many centuries served as a bulwark against Ottoman Turkish expansion in Europe. The kingdom eventually became part of the polyglot Austro-Hungarian Empire, which collapsed during World War I. The country fell under Communist rule following World War II. In 1956, a revolt and an announced withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact were met with a massive military intervention by Moscow. Under the leadership of Janos KADAR in 1968, Hungary began liberalizing its economy, introducing so-called "Goulash Communism." Hungary held its first multiparty elections in 1990 and initiated a free market economy. It joined NATO in 1999 and the EU five years later. In 2011, Hungary assumed the six-month rotating presidency of the EU for the first time.

## Geography ::Hungary

Location:
Central Europe, northwest of Romania
Geographic coordinates:
47 00 N, 20 00 E
Map references:
Europe
Area:
total: 93,028 sq km country comparison to the world: 110 land: 89,608 sq km water: 3,420 sq km
Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Indiana
Land boundaries:
total: 2,185 km border countries: Austria 366 km, Croatia 329 km, Romania 443 km, Serbia 166 km, Slovakia 676 km, Slovenia 102 km, Ukraine 103 km
Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)
Climate:
temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers
Terrain:
mostly flat to rolling plains; hills and low mountains on the Slovakian border
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Tisza River 78 m highest point: Kekes 1,014 m
Natural resources:
bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils, arable land
Land use:
arable land: 47.24% permanent crops: 1.97% other: 50.79% (2011)
Irrigated land:
1,409 sq km (2007)
Total renewable water resources:
104 cu km (2011)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
total: 5.58 cu km/yr (12%/83%/5%) per capita: 555.9 cu m/yr (2007)
Environment - current issues:
the upgrading of Hungary's standards in waste management, energy efficiency, and air, soil, and water pollution to meet EU requirements will require large investments
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:
landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between Western Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine and Mediterranean basin; the north-south flowing Duna (Danube) and Tisza Rivers divide the country into three large regions

## People and Society ::Hungary

Nationality:
noun: Hungarian(s) adjective: Hungarian
Ethnic groups:
Hungarian 92.3%, Roma 1.9%, other or unknown 5.8% (2001 census)
Languages:
Hungarian 93.6%, other or unspecified 6.4% (2001 census)
Religions:
Roman Catholic 51.9%, Calvinist 15.9%, Lutheran 3%, Greek Catholic 2.6%, other Christian 1%, other or unspecified 11.1%, unaffiliated 14.5% (2001 census)
Population:
9,939,470 (July 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 87
Age structure:
0-14 years: 14.8% (male 760,253/female 714,868) 15-24 years: 11.9% (male 608,369/female 574,013) 25-54 years: 41.6% (male 2,074,975/female 2,063,952) 55-64 years: 14.2% (male 645,529/female 762,489) 65 years and over: 17.5% (male 646,244/female 1,088,778) (2013 est.) population pyramid:
Median age:
total: 40.8 years male: 38.6 years female: 43.2 years (2013 est.)
Population growth rate:
-0.2% (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 212
Birth rate:
9.37 births/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 203
Death rate:
12.71 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 23
Net migration rate:
1.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 50
Urbanization:
urban population: 69.5% of total population (2011) rate of urbanization: 0.51% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
Major urban areas - population:
BUDAPEST (capital) 1.705 million (2009)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 1 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.85 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.59 male(s)/female total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2013 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth:
28.2 (2010 est.)
Maternal mortality rate:
21 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) country comparison to the world: 137
Infant mortality rate:
total: 5.16 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 179 male: 5.43 deaths/1,000 live births female: 4.88 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 75.24 years country comparison to the world: 95 male: 71.5 years female: 79.19 years (2013 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.41 children born/woman (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 204
Contraceptive prevalence rate:
80.6% note: percent of women aged 18-41 (1992/93)
Health expenditures:
7.3% of GDP (2010) country comparison to the world: 75
Physicians density:
3.1 physicians/1,000 population (2008)
Hospital bed density:
7.1 beds/1,000 population (2009)
Drinking water source:
improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population (2010 est.)
Sanitation facility access:
improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population (2010 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 158
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
3,000 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 128
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
fewer than 200 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 103
Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: intermediate vectorborne diseases: tickborne encephalitis (2013)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
27.6% (2008) country comparison to the world: 37
Education expenditures:
5.1% of GDP (2009) country comparison to the world: 67
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99% male: 99.2% female: 98.9% (2010 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
total: 15 years male: 15 years female: 16 years (2011)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
total: 26.1% country comparison to the world: 36 male: 27.2% female: 24.6% (2011)

## Government ::Hungary

Country name:
conventional long form: none conventional short form: Hungary local long form: none local short form: Magyarorszag
Government type:
parliamentary democracy
Capital:
name: Budapest geographic coordinates: 47 30 N, 19 05 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Administrative divisions:
19 counties (megyek, singular - megye), 23 urban counties (singular - megyei varos), and 1 capital city (fovaros) counties: Bacs-Kiskun, Baranya, Bekes, Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen, Csongrad, Fejer, Gyor-Moson-Sopron, Hajdu-Bihar, Heves, Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok, Komarom-Esztergom, Nograd, Pest, Somogy, Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg, Tolna, Vas, Veszprem, Zala urban counties: Bekescsaba, Debrecen, Dunaujvaros, Eger, Erd, Gyor, Hodmezovasarhely, Kaposvar, Kecskemet, Miskolc, Nagykanizsa, Nyiregyhaza, Pecs, Salgotarjan, Sopron, Szeged, Szekesfehervar, Szekszard, Szolnok, Szombathely, Tatabanya, Veszprem, Zalaegerszeg capital city: Budapest
Independence:
16 November 1918 (republic proclaimed); notable earlier dates: 25 December 1000 (crowning of King STEPHEN I, traditional founding date); 30 March 1867 (Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy established)
National holiday:
Saint Stephen's Day, 20 August; note - commemorates the date when his remains were transferred to Buda (now Budapest)
Constitution:
25 April 2011, effective 1 January 2012
Legal system:
civil legal system influenced by the German model
International law organization participation:
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Suffrage:
18 years of age, 16 if married; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: Janos ADER (since 10 May 2012) head of government: Prime Minister Viktor ORBAN (since 29 May 2010) cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president; other ministers proposed by the prime minister and appointed and relieved of their duties by the president (For more information visit the World Leaders website ) elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 2 May 2012 (next to be held by May 2017); prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president; election last held 29 May 2010 election results: Janos ADER elected president, National Assembly vote - 262 to 40; Viktor ORBAN elected prime minister, National Assembly vote - 261 to 107 note: to be elected, the president must win two-thirds of legislative vote in the first round or a simple majority in the second round
Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly or Orszaggyules (386 seats; members elected by popular vote under a system of proportional and direct representation to serve four-year terms) elections: last held on 11 and 25 April 2010 (next to be held in spring 2014) election results: percent of vote by party (5% or more of the vote required for parliamentary representation in the first round) - Fidesz-KNDP 52.7%, MSZP 19.3%, Jobbik 16.7%, LMP 7.5%, other 3.8%; seats by party - Fidesz-KNDP 263, MSZP 59, Jobbik 47, LMP 16, independent 1 note: composition as of mid-April 2013 - seats by party - Fidesz 226, MSZP 48, Jobbik 43, KNDP 37, Democratic Coalition 10, Dialog for Hungary 8, LMP 7, independent 7
Judicial branch:
highest court(s): Curia or Supreme Judicial Court (consists of Curia president and 8 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 15 members) judge selection and term of office: Curia president elected from among its members for 9 years by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president of the republic; other Curia judges appointed by the president upon the recommendation of the National Council of Justice, a separate 15-member administrative body; all judges serve until the normal retirement age; Constitutional Court members elected by two-thirds vote of the National Assembly; members serve 12-year terms subordinate courts: regional courts of appeal; county courts, including the Municipal Court of Budapest; local courts
Political parties and leaders:
Christian Democratic People's Party or KDNP [Zsolt SEMJEN] Democratic Coalition [Ferenc GYURCSANY] Dialogue for Hungary [Benedek JAVOR, Timea SZABO, co-chairs] Fidesz-Hungarian Civic Alliance or Fidesz [Viktor ORBAN, chairman] Hungarian Socialist Party or MSZP [Attila MESTERHAZY] Movement for a Better Hungary or Jobbik [Gabor VONA] Politics Can Be Different or LMP [13-member leadership; some positions currently vacant]
Political pressure groups and leaders:
Air Work Group (works to reduce air pollution in towns and cities) Danube Circle (protests the building of the Gabchikovo-Nagymaros dam) Fourth Republic (Negyedik Koztarsasag) or 4K! (anti-Orban, pro-democracy Facebook movement emerged from a Facebook group, One Million for Freedom of the Press or "Milla," and plans to form a leftist political party) Green Future (protests the impact of lead contamination of local factory on health of the people) Hungarian Civil Liberties Union (Tarsasag a Szabadsagjogokert) or TASZ (freedom of expression, information privacy) Hungarian Helsinki Committee (asylum seekers' rights, human rights in law enforcement and the judicial system) Szolidaritas ("Solidarity," formed in October 2011 by three trade unions and an NGO - anti-Orban government) "Egyutt 2014" ("Together 2014," a political electoral alliance bringing together Milla, Szolidaritas, and "Haza es Haladas," an association headed by former PM Gordon BAJNAI, to contest Fidesz and Viktor ORBAN in the 2014 parliamentary elections) Civil Osszefogas Forum ("Civil Unity Forum," nominally independent organization that serves as pro-government mass organization, supporting ORBAN government's policies) environmentalists: Hungarian Ornithological and Nature Conservation Society (Magyar Madartani Egyesulet) or MME Green Alternative (Zold Alternativa)
International organization participation:
Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Gyorgy SZAPARY chancery: 3910 Shoemaker Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 362-6730 FAX: [1] (202) 966-8135 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Eleni Tsakopoulos KOUNALAKIS embassy: Szabadsag ter 12, H-1054 Budapest mailing address: pouch: American Embassy Budapest, 5270 Budapest Place, US Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5270 telephone: [36] (1) 475-4400 FAX: [36] (1) 475-4764
Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green; the flag dates to the national movement of the 18th and 19th centuries, and fuses the medieval colors of the Hungarian coat of arms with the revolutionary tricolor form of the French flag; folklore attributes virtues to the colors: red for strength, white for faithfulness, and green for hope; alternatively, the red is seen as being for the blood spilled in defense of the land, white for freedom, and green for the pasturelands that make up so much of the country
National symbol(s):
Holy Crown of Hungary (Crown of Saint Stephen); turul (falcon)
National anthem:
name: "Himnusz" (Hymn) lyrics/music: Ferenc KOLCSEY/Ferenc ERKEL note: adopted 1844

## Economy ::Hungary

Economy - overview:
Hungary has made the transition from a centrally planned to a market economy, with a per capita income nearly two-thirds that of the EU-27 average. The private sector accounts for more than 80% of GDP. Foreign ownership of and investment in Hungarian firms are widespread, with cumulative foreign direct investment worth more than $70 billion. In late 2008, Hungary's impending inability to service its short-term debt - brought on by the global financial crisis - led Budapest to obtain an IMF/EU/World Bank-arranged financial assistance package worth over $25 billion. The global economic downturn, declining exports, and low domestic consumption and fixed asset accumulation, dampened by government austerity measures, resulted in an economic contraction of 6.8% in 2009. In 2010 the new government implemented a number of changes including cutting business and personal income taxes, but imposed "crisis taxes" on financial institutions, energy and telecom companies, and retailers. The IMF/EU bail-out program lapsed at the end of the year and was replaced by Post Program Monitoring and Article IV Consultations on overall economic and fiscal processes. The economy began to recover in 2010 with a big boost from exports, especially to Germany, and achieved growth of approximately 1.7% in 2011. At the end of 2011 the government turned to the IMF and the EU to obtain financial backstop to support its efforts to refinance foreign currency debt and bond obligations in 2012 and beyond, but Budapest's rejection of EU and IMF economic policy recommendations led to a breakdown in talks with the lenders in late 2012. Since joining the EU in 2004, Hungary has been subject to the European Commission's Excessive Deficit Procedure; Brussels has requested that the government outline measures to sustainably reduce the budget deficit to under 3% of GDP. Ongoing economic weakness in Western Europe as well as lack of domestic investment and demand caused a GDP to fall 1.7% in 2012. Unemployment remained high, at more than 11%.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
$198.8 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 57 $202.2 billion (2011 est.) $198.9 billion (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):
$126.9 billion (2012 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
-1.7% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 206 1.7% (2011 est.) 1.2% (2010 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$20,000 (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 71 $20,200 (2011 est.) $19,900 (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars
GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
agriculture: 3.3% industry: 28.5% services: 68.2% (2012 est.)
Labor force:
4.391 million (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 85
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 7.1% industry: 29.7% services: 63.2% (2011)
Unemployment rate:
10.9% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 115 11.6% (2011 est.)
Population below poverty line:
14% (2012)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 3.1% highest 10%: 22.6% (2009)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
24.7 (2009) country comparison to the world: 133 24.4 (1998)
Investment (gross fixed):
17.2% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 123
Budget:
revenues: $58.41 billion expenditures: $61.04 billion (2012 est.)
Taxes and other revenues:
46% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 22
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
-2.1% of GDP country comparison to the world: 90 note: Hungary has been under the EU Excessive Deficit Procedure since it joined the EU in 2004; in March 2012 the EU elevated its Excessive Deficit Procedure against Hungary and proposed freezing 30% of the country's Cohesion Funds because 2011 deficit reductions were not achieved in a sustainable manner; in June 2012, the EU lifted the freeze, reognizing that steps had been taken to reduce the deficit; the latest EC forecasts project the Hungarian deficit to increase above 3% both in 2013 and in 2014 due to sluggish growth and the government's fiscal tightening (2012 est.)
Public debt:
79.2% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 29 81.4% of GDP (2011 est.) note: general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and government, state government, local government, and social security funds.
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
5.7% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 159 3.9% (2011 est.)
Central bank discount rate:
5.75% (19 December 2012) country comparison to the world: 41 7% (31 December 2011)
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
9.02% (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 113 8.34% (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of narrow money:
$33.03 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 57 $30.51 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of broad money:
$74.5 billion (31 December 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 59 $86.68 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
Stock of domestic credit:
$87.29 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 55 $88.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
$22.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 60 $22.8 billion (31 December 2011) $27.71 billion (31 December 2010)
Agriculture - products:
wheat, corn, sunflower seed, potatoes, sugar beets; pigs, cattle, poultry, dairy products
Industries:
mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), motor vehicles
Industrial production growth rate:
0.7% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 125
Current account balance:
$2.146 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 38 $1.209 billion (2011 est.)
Exports:
$90.23 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 44 $98.83 billion (2011 est.)
Exports - commodities:
machinery and equipment 53.5%, other manufactures 31.2%, food products 8.7%, raw materials 3.4%, fuels and electricity 3.9% (2012)
Exports - partners:
Germany 25.6%, Romania 6.2%, Slovakia 6.1%, Austria 6%, Italy 4.8%, France 4.8%, UK 4.2% (2012)
Imports:
$87.37 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 37 $95.2 billion (2011 est.)
Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment 45.4%, other manufactures 34.3%, fuels and electricity 12.6%, food products 5.3%, raw materials 2.5% (2012)
Imports - partners:
Germany 25.1%, Russia 8.8%, China 7.4%, Austria 7.1%, Slovakia 5.6%, Poland 4.8%, Italy 4.5%, Netherlands 4.2% (2012)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$44.67 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 43 $48.84 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Debt - external:
$202 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 34 $208.7 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
$94.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 41 $100.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
$30.3 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 42 $28.74 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Exchange rates:
forints (HUF) per US dollar - 225.1 (2012 est.) 201.05 (2011 est.) 207.94 (2010 est.) 202.34 (2009) 171.8 (2008)
Fiscal year:
calendar year

## Energy ::Hungary

Electricity - production:
34.28 billion kWh (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 64
Electricity - consumption:
36.13 billion kWh (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 56
Electricity - exports:
9 billion kWh (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 23
Electricity - imports:
16.97 billion kWh (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 10
Electricity - installed generating capacity:
9.9 million kW (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 57
Electricity - from fossil fuels:
72% of total installed capacity (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 103
Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
20% of total installed capacity (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 12
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
1% of total installed capacity (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 142
Electricity - from other renewable sources:
7% of total installed capacity (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 29
Crude oil - production:
22,560 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 70
Crude oil - exports:
0 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 127
Crude oil - imports:
108,500 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 48
Crude oil - proved reserves:
31.72 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 84
Refined petroleum products - production:
167,900 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 60
Refined petroleum products - consumption:
141,100 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 71
Refined petroleum products - exports:
49,010 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 61
Refined petroleum products - imports:
171,600 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 32
Natural gas - production:
2.072 billion cu m (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 56
Natural gas - consumption:
11.9 billion cu m (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 45
Natural gas - exports:
835 million cu m (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 41
Natural gas - imports:
8.173 billion cu m (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 29
Natural gas - proved reserves:
3.014 billion cu m (1 January 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 94
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
50.39 million Mt (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 61

## Communications ::Hungary

Telephones - main lines in use:
2.933 million (2011) country comparison to the world: 52
Telephones - mobile cellular:
11.69 million (2011) country comparison to the world: 67
Telephone system:
general assessment: the telephone system has been modernized; the system is digital and highly automated; trunk services are carried by fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay; a program for fiber-optic subscriber connections was initiated in 1996 domestic: competition among mobile-cellular service providers has led to a sharp increase in the use of mobile-cellular phones since 2000 and a decrease in the number of fixed-line connections international: country code - 36; Hungary has fiber-optic cable connections with all neighboring countries; the international switch is in Budapest; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean regions), 1 Inmarsat, 1 very small aperture terminal (VSAT) system of ground terminals (2011)
Broadcast media:
mixed system of state-supported public service broadcast media and private broadcasters; the 3 publicly owned TV channels and the 2 main privately owned TV stations are the major national broadcasters; a large number of special interest channels; highly developed market for satellite and cable TV services with about two-thirds of viewers utilizing their services; 3 state-supported public-service radio networks and 2 major national commercial stations; a large number of local stations including commercial, public service, nonprofit, and community radio stations; digital transition postponed to the end of 2014 (2007)
Internet country code:
.hu
Internet hosts:
3.145 million (2012) country comparison to the world: 33
Internet users:
6.176 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 41

## Transportation ::Hungary

Airports:
41 (2012) country comparison to the world: 104
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 20 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 6 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 6 under 914 m: 1 (2012)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 21 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 8 under 914 m: 11 (2012)
Heliports:
3 (2012)
Pipelines:
gas 19,028 km; oil 1,007 km; refined products 842 km (2013)
Railways:
total: 8,057 km country comparison to the world: 26 broad gauge: 36 km 1.524-m gauge standard gauge: 7,802 km 1.435-m gauge (2,911 km electrified) narrow gauge: 219 km 0.760-m gauge (2009)
Roadways:
total: 197,519 km country comparison to the world: 24 paved: 74,993 km (43,898 km of interurban roads including 911 km of expressways) unpaved: 112,526 km (2010)
Waterways:
1,622 km (most on Danube River) (2011) country comparison to the world: 48
Ports and terminals:
Budapest, Dunaujvaros, Gyor-Gonyu, Csepel, Baja, Mohacs

## Military ::Hungary

Military branches:
Hungarian Defense Forces: Land Forces, Hungarian Air Force (Magyar Legiero, ML) (2011)
Military service age and obligation:
18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; 6-month service obligation (2012)
Manpower available for military service:
males age 16-49: 2,349,948 females age 16-49: 2,290,568 (2010 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16-49: 1,902,639 females age 16-49: 1,897,378 (2010 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
male: 59,237 female: 55,533 (2010 est.)
Military expenditures:
1.75% of GDP (2005 est.) country comparison to the world: 83

## Transnational Issues ::Hungary

Disputes - international:
bilateral government, legal, technical and economic working group negotiations continue in 2006 with Slovakia over Hungary's failure to complete its portion of the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam project along the Danube; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Hungary has implemented the strict Schengen border rules
Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and cannabis and for South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; limited producer of precursor chemicals, particularly for amphetamine and methamphetamine; efforts to counter money laundering, related to organized crime and drug trafficking are improving but remain vulnerable; significant consumer of ecstasy

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