# Library

ABOUT REFERENCES APPENDICES FAQs CONTACT

Africa :: Rwanda

- ## Introduction :: RWANDA

- Background:
  In 1959, three years before independence from Belgium, the majority ethnic group, the Hutus, overthrew the ruling Tutsi king. Over the next several years, thousands of Tutsis were killed, and some 150,000 driven into exile in neighboring countries. The children of these exiles later formed a rebel group, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), and began a civil war in 1990. The war, along with several political and economic upheavals, exacerbated ethnic tensions, culminating in April 1994 in a state-orchestrated genocide, in which Rwandans killed up to a million of their fellow citizens, including approximately three-quarters of the Tutsi population. The genocide ended later that same year when the predominantly Tutsi RPF, operating out of Uganda and northern Rwanda, defeated the national army and Hutu militias, and established an RPF-led government of national unity. Approximately 2 million Hutu refugees - many fearing Tutsi retribution - fled to neighboring Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, and former Zaire. Since then, most of the refugees have returned to Rwanda, but several thousand remained in the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC, the former Zaire) and formed an extremist insurgency bent on retaking Rwanda, much as the RPF did in 1990. Rwanda held its first local elections in 1999 and its first post-genocide presidential and legislative elections in 2003. Rwanda in 2009 staged a joint military operation with the Congolese Army in DRC to rout out the Hutu extremist insurgency there, and Kigali and Kinshasa restored diplomatic relations. Rwanda also joined the Commonwealth in late 2009 and assumed a nonpermanent seat on the UN Security Council for the 2013-14 term.

- ## Geography :: RWANDA

- Location:
  Central Africa, east of Democratic Republic of the Congo
  Geographic coordinates:
  2 00 S, 30 00 E
  Map references:
  Africa
  Area:
  total: 26,338 sq km
  land: 24,668 sq km
  water: 1,670 sq km
  country comparison to the world: 149
  Area - comparative:
  slightly smaller than Maryland
  Land boundaries:
  total: 930 km
  border countries (4): Burundi 315 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 221 km, Tanzania 222 km, Uganda 172 km
  Coastline:
  0 km (landlocked)
  Maritime claims:
  none (landlocked)
  Climate:
  temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible
  Terrain:
  mostly grassy uplands and hills; relief is mountainous with altitude declining from west to east
  Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Rusizi River 950 m
  highest point: Volcan Karisimbi 4,519 m
  Natural resources:
  gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), methane, hydropower, arable land
  Land use:
  agricultural land: 74.5%
  arable land 47%; permanent crops 10.1%; permanent pasture 17.4%
  forest: 18%
  other: 7.5% (2011 est.)
  Irrigated land:
  96.25 sq km (2007)
  Total renewable water resources:
  9.5 cu km (2011)
  Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
  total: 0.15 cu km/yr (33%/11%/55%)
  per capita: 17.25 cu m/yr (2005)
  Natural hazards:
  periodic droughts; the volcanic Virunga Mountains are in the northwest along the border with Democratic Republic of the Congo
  volcanism: Visoke (elev. 3,711 m), located on the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is the country's only historically active volcano
  Environment - current issues:
  deforestation results from uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; widespread poaching
  Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea
  Geography - note:
  landlocked; most of the country is savanna grassland with the population predominantly rural

- ## People and Society :: RWANDA

- Nationality:
  noun: Rwandan(s)
  adjective: Rwandan
  Ethnic groups:
  Hutu (Bantu) 84%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 15%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%
  Languages:
  Kinyarwanda only (official, universal Bantu vernacular) 93.2%, Kinyarwanda and other language(s) 6.2%, French (official) and other language(s) 0.1%, English (official) and other language(s) 0.1%, Swahili (or Kiswahili, used in commercial centers) 0.02%, other 0.03%, unspecified 0.3% (2002 est.)
  Religions:
  Roman Catholic 49.5%, Protestant 39.4% (includes Adventist 12.2% and other Protestant 27.2%), other Christian 4.5%, Muslim 1.8%, animist 0.1%, other 0.6%, none 3.6% (2001), unspecified 0.5% (2002 est.)
  Population:
  12,661,733
  note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 74
  Age structure:
  0-14 years: 41.83% (male 2,670,040/female 2,626,646)
  15-24 years: 18.86% (male 1,193,523/female 1,193,953)
  25-54 years: 32.72% (male 2,077,406/female 2,065,261)
  55-64 years: 4.07% (male 239,924/female 274,829)
  65 years and over: 2.53% (male 131,613/female 188,538) (2015 est.)
  population pyramid:
  Dependency ratios:
  total dependency ratio: 78.1%
  youth dependency ratio: 73.1%
  elderly dependency ratio: 5%
  potential support ratio: 20.1% (2015 est.)
  Median age:
  total: 18.8 years
  male: 18.6 years
  female: 19 years (2015 est.)
  Population growth rate:
  2.56% (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 22
  Birth rate:
  33.75 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 30
  Death rate:
  8.96 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 69
  Net migration rate:
  0.85 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 66
  Urbanization:
  urban population: 28.8% of total population (2015)
  rate of urbanization: 6.43% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
  Major urban areas - population:
  KIGALI (capital) 1.257 million (2015)
  Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
  0-14 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
  15-24 years: 1 male(s)/female
  25-54 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
  55-64 years: 0.87 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2015 est.)
  Infant mortality rate:
  total: 58.19 deaths/1,000 live births
  male: 61.68 deaths/1,000 live births
  female: 54.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 23
  Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 59.67 years
  male: 58.11 years
  female: 61.27 years (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 199
  Total fertility rate:
  4.53 children born/woman (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 27
  Contraceptive prevalence rate:
  51.6% (2010/11)
  Health expenditures:
  11.1% of GDP (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 18
  Physicians density:
  0.06 physicians/1,000 population (2010)
  Hospital bed density:
  1.6 beds/1,000 population (2007)
  Drinking water source:
  improved:
  urban: 86.6% of population
  rural: 71.9% of population
  total: 76.1% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 13.4% of population
  rural: 28.1% of population
  total: 23.9% of population (2015 est.)
  Sanitation facility access:
  improved:
  urban: 58.5% of population
  rural: 62.9% of population
  total: 61.6% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 41.5% of population
  rural: 37.1% of population
  total: 38.4% of population (2015 est.)
  HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  2.82% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 21
  HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  210,500 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 29
  HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  3,000 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 45
  Major infectious diseases:
  degree of risk: very high
  food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
  vectorborne diseases: malaria and dengue fever
  animal contact disease: rabies (2013)
  Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
  3.3% (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 170
  Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
  11.7% (2011)
  country comparison to the world: 63
  Education expenditures:
  5.1% of GDP (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 73
  Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 70.5%
  male: 73.2%
  female: 68% (2015 est.)
  School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
  total: 10 years
  male: 10 years
  female: 10 years (2013)
  Child labor - children ages 5-14:
  total number: 783,113
  percentage: 35% (2000 est.)
  People - note:
  Rwanda is the most densely populated country in Africa

- ## Government :: RWANDA

- Country name:
  conventional long form: Republic of Rwanda
  conventional short form: Rwanda
  local long form: Republika y'u Rwanda
  local short form: Rwanda
  former: Ruanda, German East Africa
  Government type:
  republic; presidential, multiparty system
  Capital:
  name: Kigali
  geographic coordinates: 1 57 S, 30 03 E
  time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
  Administrative divisions:
  4 provinces (in French - provinces, singular - province; in Kinyarwanda - intara for singular and plural) and 1 city* (in French - ville; in Kinyarwanda - umujyi); Est (Eastern), Kigali*, Nord (Northern), Ouest (Western), Sud (Southern)
  Independence:
  1 July 1962 (from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship)
  National holiday:
  Independence Day, 1 July (1962)
  Constitution:
  several previous; latest adopted by referendum 26 May 2003, effective 4 June 2003; amended several times, last in 2010 (2013)
  Legal system:
  mixed legal system of civil law, based on German and Belgian models, and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court
  International law organization participation:
  has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
  Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
  Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Paul KAGAME (since 22 April 2000)
  head of government: Prime Minister Anastase MUREKEZI (since 24 July 2014)
  cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
  elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 9 August 2010 (next to be held in 2017); prime minister appointed by the president
  election results: Paul KAGAME reelected president; Paul KAGAME (RPF) 93.1%, Jean NTAWUKURIRYAYO (PSD) 5.1%, other 1.8%
  Legislative branch:
  description: bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate or Senat (26 seats; 12 members indirectly elected by local councils, 8 appointed by the president, 4 appointed by the Political Organizations Forum - a body of registered political parties, and 2 selected by institutions of higher learning; members serve 8-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Chambre des Deputes (80 seats; 53 members directly elected by proportional representation vote, 24 women elected by special interest groups, and 3 selected by youth and disability organizations; members serve 5-year terms)
  elections: Senate - NA; Chamber of Deputies - last held on 16-18 September 2013 (next to be held in 2018)
  election results: Chamber of Deputies percent of vote by party - RPF 76.2%, PSD 13%, PL 9.3%, other 1.5%; seats by party - RPF 41, PSD 7, PL 5, 27 members indirectly elected
  Judicial branch:
  highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and 12 judges; normally organized into 3-judge benches)
  note: the Gacaca Court was established in 2001 by the National Unity Government to try cases of genocide against the Tutsis
  judge selection and term of office: judges nominated by the president of the republic after consultation with the Cabinet and the Superior Council of the Judiciary (a 14-member body of judges, other judicial officials, and legal professionals), and approved by the Senate; court president and vice president appointed for 8-year nonrenewable terms; tenure of other judges NA
  subordinate courts: High Court of the Republic; commercial courts including the High Commercial Court; intermediate courts; primary courts; Gacaca and military specialized courts
  Political parties and leaders:
  Liberal Party or PL [Protais MITALI]
  Party for Progress and Concord or PPC [Christian MARARA]
  Rwandan Patriotic Front or RPF [Paul KAGAME]
  Social Democratic Party or PSD [Vincent BIRUTA]
  Political pressure groups and leaders:
  IBUKA (association of genocide survivors)
  International organization participation:
  ACP, AfDB, AU, C, CEPGL, COMESA, EAC, EADB, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
  Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Mathilde MUKANTABANA (since 5 July 2013)
  chancery: 1875 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 418, Washington, DC, 2000
  telephone: [1] (202) 232-2882
  FAX: [1] (202) 232-4544
  Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Erica BARKS-RUGGLES (since 26 January 2015)
  embassy: 2657 Avenue de la Gendarmerie, Kigali
  mailing address: B. P. 28, Kigali
  telephone: [250] 596-400
  FAX: [250] 596-591
  Flag description:
  three horizontal bands of sky blue (top, double width), yellow, and green, with a golden sun with 24 rays near the fly end of the blue band; blue represents happiness and peace, yellow economic development and mineral wealth, green hope of prosperity and natural resources; the sun symbolizes unity, as well as enlightenment and transparency from ignorance
  National symbol(s):
  traditional woven basket with peaked lid; national colors: blue, yellow, green
  National anthem:
  name: "Rwanda nziza" (Rwanda, Our Beautiful Country)
  lyrics/music: Faustin MURIGO/Jean-Bosco HASHAKAIMANA
  note: adopted 2001

- ## Economy :: RWANDA

- Economy - overview:
  Rwanda is a rural country with about 90% of the population engaged in subsistence agriculture and some mineral and agro-processing. Tourism, minerals, coffee and tea are Rwanda's main sources of foreign exchange. The 1994 genocide decimated Rwanda's fragile economic base, severely impoverished the population, particularly women, and temporarily stalled the country's ability to attract private and external investment. However, Rwanda has made substantial progress in stabilizing and rehabilitating its economy to pre-1994 levels. GDP has rebounded with an average annual growth of 7%-8% since 2003 and inflation has been reduced to single digits. Nonetheless, a significant percent of the population still live below the official poverty line; 45% of the population now lives below the poverty line, compared to 57% in 2006. Despite Rwanda's fertile ecosystem, food production often does not keep pace with demand, requiring food imports In recognition of Rwanda's successful management of its macro economy, in 2010, the IMF graduated Rwanda to a Policy Support Instrument (PSI). Africa's most densely populated country is trying to overcome the limitations of its small, landlocked economy by leveraging regional trade; Rwanda joined the East African Community and is aligning its budget, trade, and immigration policies with its regional partners. The government has embraced an expansionary fiscal policy to reduce poverty by improving education, infrastructure, and foreign and domestic investment and pursuing market-oriented reforms. Energy shortages, instability in neighboring states, and lack of adequate transportation linkages to other countries continue to handicap private sector growth. The Rwandan Government is seeking to become regional leader in information and communication technologies. In 2012, Rwanda completed the first modern Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in Kigali. The SEZ seeks to attract investment in all sectors, but specifically in agribusiness, information and communications technologies, trade and logistics, mining, and construction.
  GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $18.84 billion (2014 est.)
  $17.61 billion (2013 est.)
  $16.82 billion (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 144
  GDP (official exchange rate):
  $8.012 billion (2014 est.)
  GDP - real growth rate:
  7% (2014 est.)
  4.7% (2013 est.)
  8.8% (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 34
  GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $1,700 (2014 est.)
  $1,600 (2013 est.)
  $1,500 (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 211
  Gross national saving:
  13.2% of GDP (2014 est.)
  19.4% of GDP (2013 est.)
  14.6% of GDP (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 140
  GDP - composition, by end use:
  household consumption: 82.6%
  government consumption: 9.6%
  investment in fixed capital: 24.2%
  investment in inventories: 0%
  exports of goods and services: 17%
  imports of goods and services: -33.5%
  (2014 est.)
  GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
  agriculture: 32.5%
  industry: 14.8%
  services: 52.7% (2014 est.)
  Agriculture - products:
  coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes; livestock
  Industries:
  cement, agricultural products, small-scale beverages, soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes
  Industrial production growth rate:
  7.1% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 28
  Labor force:
  6.061 million (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 68
  Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture: 90%
  industry and services: 10% (2000)
  Unemployment rate:
  NA%
  Population below poverty line:
  44.9% (2011 est.)
  Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 2.1%
  highest 10%: 43.2% (2011 est.)
  Distribution of family income - Gini index:
  46.8 (2000)
  28.9 (1985)
  country comparison to the world: 28
  Budget:
  revenues: $1.953 billion
  expenditures: $2.249 billion (2014 est.)
  Taxes and other revenues:
  24.4% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 121
  Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
  -3.7% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 133
  Public debt:
  31.4% of GDP (2014 est.)
  29.7% of GDP (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 121
  Fiscal year:
  calendar year
  Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  1.8% (2014 est.)
  4.2% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 90
  Central bank discount rate:
  7.75% (31 December 2010)
  11.25% (31 December 2008)
  country comparison to the world: 39
  Commercial bank prime lending rate:
  17.2% (31 December 2014 est.)
  17.3% (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 27
  Stock of narrow money:
  $833 million (31 December 2014 est.)
  $739.5 million (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 155
  Stock of broad money:
  $1.387 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $1.245 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 163
  Stock of domestic credit:
  $1.141 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $846.8 million (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 155
  Market value of publicly traded shares:
  $NA
  Current account balance:
  -$964 million (2014 est.)
  -$562 million (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 108
  Exports:
  $720 million (2014 est.)
  $703 million (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 168
  Exports - commodities:
  coffee, tea, hides, tin ore
  Exports - partners:
  China 18.7%, Democratic Republic of the Congo 16.1%, Malaysia 10.3%, Thailand 8.6%, US 8.2%, Swaziland 6.4%, Germany 5.8%, Pakistan 5% (2014)
  Imports:
  $1.898 billion (2014 est.)
  $1.852 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 168
  Imports - commodities:
  foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, steel, petroleum products, cement and construction material
  Imports - partners:
  Uganda 15.6%, Kenya 11.8%, India 9.8%, China 8.3%, UAE 8.3%, Tanzania 5%, Belgium 5% (2014)
  Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
  $1.128 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $1.071 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 131
  Debt - external:
  $1.901 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $1.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 147
  Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
  $1.016 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $853.9 million (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 105
  Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
  $12.9 million (31 December 2014 est.)
  $12.9 million (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 98
  Exchange rates:
  Rwandan francs (RWF) per US dollar -
  684.3 (2014 est.)
  644.4 (2013 est.)
  616.6 (2012 est.)
  601.83 (2011 est.)
  583.13 (2010 est.)

- ## Energy :: RWANDA

- Electricity - production:
  300.2 million kWh (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 178
  Electricity - consumption:
  352.2 million kWh (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 173
  Electricity - exports:
  5 million kWh (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 95
  Electricity - imports:
  78 million kWh (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 97
  Electricity - installed generating capacity:
  684,000 kW (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 134
  Electricity - from fossil fuels:
  39.9% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 169
  Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
  0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 171
  Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
  59.8% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 35
  Electricity - from other renewable sources:
  0.3% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 95
  Crude oil - production:
  10 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 122
  Crude oil - exports:
  0 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 174
  Crude oil - imports:
  0 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 114
  Crude oil - proved reserves:
  0 bbl (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 181
  Refined petroleum products - production:
  0 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 188
  Refined petroleum products - consumption:
  5,320 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 167
  Refined petroleum products - exports:
  0 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 211
  Refined petroleum products - imports:
  5,302 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 148
  Natural gas - production:
  0 cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 185
  Natural gas - consumption:
  0 cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 188
  Natural gas - exports:
  0 cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 170
  Natural gas - imports:
  0 cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 123
  Natural gas - proved reserves:
  56.63 billion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 62
  Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
  769,300 Mt (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 172

- ## Communications :: RWANDA

- Telephones - fixed lines:
  total subscriptions: 49,600
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: less than 1 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 163
  Telephones - mobile cellular:
  total: 7.7 million
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 63 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 98
  Telephone system:
  general assessment: small, inadequate telephone system primarily serves business, education, and government
  domestic: the capital, Kigali, is connected to provincial centers by microwave radio relay and, recently, by cellular telephone service; much of the network depends on wire and HF radiotelephone; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular telephone density has increased and now exceeds 40 telephones per 100 persons
  international: country code - 250; international connections employ microwave radio relay to neighboring countries and satellite communications to more distant countries; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) in Kigali (includes telex and telefax service) (2010)
  Broadcast media:
  government owns and operates the only TV station; government-owned and operated Radio Rwanda has a national reach; 9 private radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2007)
  Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 0, FM 10 (two main FM programs are broadcast through a system of repeaters; international FM programming includes the BBC, VOA, and Deutchewelle) (2007)
  Television broadcast stations:
  2 (2004)
  Internet country code:
  .rw
  Internet users:
  total: 1.1 million
  percent of population: 9.2% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 120

- ## Transportation :: RWANDA

- Airports:
  7 (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 167
  Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 4
  over 3,047 m: 1
  914 to 1,523 m: 2
  under 914 m: 1 (2013)
  Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 3
  914 to 1,523 m: 2
  under 914 m:
  1 (2013)
  Roadways:
  total: 4,700 km
  paved: 1,207 km
  unpaved: 3,493 km (2012)
  country comparison to the world: 153
  Waterways:
  (Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craft) (2011)
  Ports and terminals:
  lake port(s): Cyangugu, Gisenyi, Kibuye (Lake Kivu)

- ## Military :: RWANDA

- Military branches:
  Rwanda Defense Force (RDF): Rwanda Army (Rwanda Land Force), Rwanda Air Force (Force Aerienne Rwandaise, FAR) (2013)
  Military service age and obligation:
  18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; Rwandan citizenship is required, as is a 9th-grade education for enlisted recruits and an A-level certificate for officer candidates; enlistment is either as contract (5-years, renewable twice) or career; retirement (for officers and senior NCOs) after 20 years of service or at 40-60 years of age (2012)
  Manpower available for military service:
  males age 16-49: 2,625,917
  females age 16-49: 2,608,110 (2010 est.)
  Manpower fit for military service:
  males age 16-49: 1,685,066
  females age 16-49: 1,749,580 (2010 est.)
  Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
  male: 110,736
  female: 110,328 (2010 est.)
  Military expenditures:
  1.12% of GDP (2012)
  1.19% of GDP (2011)
  1.12% of GDP (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 91

- ## Transnational Issues :: RWANDA

- Disputes - international:
  Burundi and Rwanda dispute two sq km (0.8 sq mi) of Sabanerwa, a farmed area in the Rukurazi Valley where the Akanyaru/Kanyaru River shifted its course southward after heavy rains in 1965; fighting among ethnic groups - loosely associated political rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces in Great Lakes region transcending the boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC), Rwanda, and Uganda - abated substantially from a decade ago due largely to UN peacekeeping, international mediation, and efforts by local governments to create civil societies; nonetheless, 57,000 Rwandan refugees still reside in 21 African states, including Zambia, Gabon, and 20,000 who fled to Burundi in 2005 and 2006 to escape drought and recriminations from traditional courts investigating the 1994 massacres; the 2005 DROC and Rwanda border verification mechanism to stem rebel actions on both sides of the border remains in place
  Refugees and internally displaced persons:
  refugees (country of origin): 73,915 (Democratic Republic of the Congo); 69,316 (Burundi) (2015)
  IDPs: undetermined (fighting between government and insurgency in 1998-99; returning refugees) (2012)
  Trafficking in persons:
  current situation: Rwanda is a source and, to a lesser extent, transit and destination country for women and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; Rwandan girls and, to a lesser extent, boys are exploited in domestic servitude within the country; Rwandan adults and children are forced to work in agriculture, industry, domestic servitude, and prostitution in Kenya, Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Burundi, Zambia, South Africa, UAE, Malaysia, China, the US, and Europe; women and children from neighboring countries and Somalia are subjected to prostitution and forced labor in Rwanda; until its defeat in late 2013, M23, an armed group operating in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, recruited men and children with the support of some Rwandan officials
  tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List – Rwanda does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; in 2013, the government maintained strong efforts to investigate and prosecute some trafficking crimes but convicted no offenders and remained complicit in human trafficking crimes through its support of M23; the government opened five additional centers for assisting victims of gender-based violence and provided financial support to private and NGO-run child rehabilitation centers (2014)

GO TOP