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Central America and Caribbean :: Puerto Rico (territory of the US with commonwealth status)

- ## Introduction :: PUERTO RICO

- Background:
  Populated for centuries by aboriginal peoples, the island was claimed by the Spanish Crown in 1493 following Christopher COLUMBUS' second voyage to the Americas. In 1898, after 400 years of colonial rule that saw the indigenous population nearly exterminated and African slave labor introduced, Puerto Rico was ceded to the US as a result of the Spanish-American War. Puerto Ricans were granted US citizenship in 1917. Popularly elected governors have served since 1948. In 1952, a constitution was enacted providing for internal self government. In plebiscites held in 1967, 1993, and 1998, voters chose not to alter the existing political status with the US, but the results of a 2012 vote left open the possibility of American statehood. Economic recession on the island has led to a net population loss since about 2005, as large numbers of residents moved to the US mainland. The trend has accelerated since 2010; in 2014, Puerto Rico experienced a net population loss to the mainland of 64,000, more than double the net loss of 26,000 in 2010.

- ## Geography :: PUERTO RICO

- Location:
  Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east of the Dominican Republic
  Geographic coordinates:
  18 15 N, 66 30 W
  Map references:
  Central America and the Caribbean
  Area:
  total: 13,791 sq km
  land: 8,870 sq km
  water: 4,921 sq km
  country comparison to the world: 163
  Area - comparative:
  slightly less than three times the size of Rhode Island
  Land boundaries:
  0 km
  Coastline:
  501 km
  Maritime claims:
  territorial sea: 12 nm
  exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
  Climate:
  tropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperature variation
  Terrain:
  mostly mountains with coastal plain in north; precipitous mountains to the sea on west coast; sandy beaches along most coastal areas
  Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
  highest point: Cerro de Punta 1,338 m
  Natural resources:
  some copper and nickel; potential for onshore and offshore oil
  Land use:
  agricultural land: 22%
  arable land 6.6%; permanent crops 5.6%; permanent pasture 9.8%
  forest: 63.2%
  other: 14.8% (2011 est.)
  Irrigated land:
  220.4 sq km (2005)
  Natural hazards:
  periodic droughts; hurricanes
  Environment - current issues:
  erosion; occasional drought causing water shortages
  Geography - note:
  important location along the Mona Passage - a key shipping lane to the Panama Canal; San Juan is one of the biggest and best natural harbors in the Caribbean; many small rivers and high central mountains ensure land is well watered; south coast relatively dry; fertile coastal plain belt in north

- ## People and Society :: PUERTO RICO

- Nationality:
  noun: Puerto Rican(s) (US citizens)
  adjective: Puerto Rican
  Ethnic groups:
  white 75.8%, black/African American 12.4%, other 8.5% (includes American Indian, Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian, other Pacific Islander, and others), mixed 3.3%
  note: 99% of the population is Latino (2010 est.)
  Languages:
  Spanish, English
  Religions:
  Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant and other 15%
  Population:
  3,598,357 (July 2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 131
  Age structure:
  0-14 years: 17.72% (male 325,944/female 311,520)
  15-24 years: 14.3% (male 263,337/female 251,215)
  25-54 years: 38.39% (male 661,124/female 720,160)
  55-64 years: 12.1% (male 197,073/female 238,351)
  65 years and over: 17.5% (male 271,633/female 358,000) (2015 est.)
  population pyramid:
  Dependency ratios:
  total dependency ratio: 50%
  youth dependency ratio: 28.3%
  elderly dependency ratio: 21.7%
  potential support ratio: 4.6% (2015 est.)
  Median age:
  total: 39.1 years
  male: 37.1 years
  female: 41 years (2015 est.)
  Population growth rate:
  -0.6% (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 227
  Birth rate:
  10.86 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 180
  Death rate:
  8.67 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 73
  Net migration rate:
  -8.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 208
  Urbanization:
  urban population: 93.6% of total population (2015)
  rate of urbanization: -0.21% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
  Major urban areas - population:
  SAN JUAN (capital) 2.463 million (2015)
  Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female
  0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
  15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
  25-54 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
  55-64 years: 0.83 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.92 male(s)/female (2015 est.)
  Maternal mortality rate:
  14 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 140
  Infant mortality rate:
  total: 7.57 deaths/1,000 live births
  male: 8.38 deaths/1,000 live births
  female: 6.75 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 157
  Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 79.25 years
  male: 75.62 years
  female: 82.94 years (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 48
  Total fertility rate:
  1.64 children born/woman (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 176
  Drinking water source:
  improved:
  urban: 93.6% of population
  rural: 93.6% of population
  total: 93.6% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 6.4% of population
  rural: 6.4% of population
  total: 6.4% of population (2001 est.)
  Sanitation facility access:
  improved:
  urban: 99.3% of population
  rural: 99.3% of population
  total: 99.3% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 0.7% of population
  rural: 0.7% of population
  total: 0.7% of population (2015 est.)
  HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  NA
  HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  NA
  HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  NA
  Education expenditures:
  NA
  Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 93.3%
  male: 92.8%
  female: 93.8% (2015 est.)
  School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
  total: 15 years
  male: 14 years
  female: 15 years (2013)
  Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
  total: 26.6%
  male: 28.9%
  female: 23.1% (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 33

- ## Government :: PUERTO RICO

- Country name:
  conventional long form: Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
  conventional short form: Puerto Rico
  Dependency status:
  unincorporated, organized territory of the US with commonwealth status; policy relations between Puerto Rico and the US conducted under the jurisdiction of the Office of the President
  Government type:
  commonwealth
  Capital:
  name: San Juan
  geographic coordinates: 18 28 N, 66 07 W
  time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
  Administrative divisions:
  none (territory of the US with commonwealth status); there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 78 municipalities (municipios, singular - municipio) at the second order; Adjuntas, Aguada, Aguadilla, Aguas Buenas, Aibonito, Anasco, Arecibo, Arroyo, Barceloneta, Barranquitas, Bayamon, Cabo Rojo, Caguas, Camuy, Canovanas, Carolina, Catano, Cayey, Ceiba, Ciales, Cidra, Coamo, Comerio, Corozal, Culebra, Dorado, Fajardo, Florida, Guanica, Guayama, Guayanilla, Guaynabo, Gurabo, Hatillo, Hormigueros, Humacao, Isabela, Jayuya, Juana Diaz, Juncos, Lajas, Lares, Las Marias, Las Piedras, Loiza, Luquillo, Manati, Maricao, Maunabo, Mayaguez, Moca, Morovis, Naguabo, Naranjito, Orocovis, Patillas, Penuelas, Ponce, Quebradillas, Rincon, Rio Grande, Sabana Grande, Salinas, San German, San Juan, San Lorenzo, San Sebastian, Santa Isabel, Toa Alta, Toa Baja, Trujillo Alto, Utuado, Vega Alta, Vega Baja, Vieques, Villalba, Yabucoa, Yauco
  Independence:
  none (territory of the US with commonwealth status)
  National holiday:
  US Independence Day, 4 July (1776); Puerto Rico Constitution Day, 25 July (1952)
  Constitution:
  previous 1900 (Organic Act, or Foraker Act); latest ratified 3 March 1952, approved 3 July 1952, effective 25 July 1952; note - constitutional amendments introduced in 2012 were rejected in a referendum (2015)
  Legal system:
  civil law system based on the Spanish civil code and within the framework of the US federal system
  Citizenship:
  see United States
  Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal; note - island residents are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections
  Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Barack H. OBAMA (since 20 January 2009); Vice President Joseph R. BIDEN (since 20 January 2009)
  head of government: Governor Alejandro GARCIA Padilla (since 2 January 2013)
  cabinet: Cabinet appointed by governor with the consent of the Legislative Assembly
  elections/appointments: president and vice president indirectly elected on the same ballot by an Electoral College of 'electors' chosen from each state; president and vice president serve a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); under the US Constitution, residents of Puerto Rico do not vote in elections for US president and vice president; however, they may vote in Democratic and Republican party presidential primary elections; governor directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term (no term limits); election last held on 6 November 2012 (next to be held in November 2016)
  election results: Alejandro GARCIA Padilla elected governor; percent of vote - Alejandro GARCIA Padilla (Democratic Party) 48.2%, Luis FORTUNO (PNP) 47.1%, other 4.7%
  Legislative branch:
  description: bicameral Legislative Assembly or Asamblea Legislativa consists of the Senate or Senado (27 seats; 16 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 11 at-large members directly elected by simple majority vote to serve 4-year terms); the House of Representatives or Camara de Representantes (51 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 4-year terms)
  elections: Senate - last held on 6 November 2012 (next to be held on 8 November 2016); House of Representatives - last held on 6 November 2012 (next to be held on 8 November 2016)
  election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PPD 18, PNP 8, PIP 1; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PPD 28, PNP 23
  note: Puerto Rico directly elects 1 member by simple majority vote to serve a 4-year term as a commissioner to the US House of Representatives; the commissioner can vote when serving on a committee and when the House meets as the Committee of the Whole House, but not when legislation is submitted for a “full floor” House vote; election of commissioner last held on 6 November 2012 (next to be held on 8 November 2016)
  Judicial branch:
  highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and 8 associate justices)
  judge selection and term of office: justices appointed by the governor and confirmed by majority Senate vote; judges serve until compulsory retirement at age 70
  subordinate courts: Court of Appeals; First Instance Court comprised of superior and municipal courts
  note: the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Judiciary Act of 2003 reformed the judicial system
  Political parties and leaders:
  National Democratic Party [Roberto PRATS]
  National Republican Party of Puerto Rico [Carlos MENDEZ]
  New Progressive Party or PNP [Pedro PIERLUISI] (pro-US statehood)
  Popular Democratic Party or PPD [Alejandro Garcia PADILLA] (pro-commonwealth)
  Puerto Rican Independence Party or PIP [Ruben BERRIOS Martinez] (pro-independence)
  Political pressure groups and leaders:
  Boricua Popular Army or EPB (a revolutionary group also known as Los Macheteros)
  International organization participation:
  AOSIS (observer), Caricom (observer), Interpol (subbureau), IOC, UNWTO (associate), UPU, WFTU (NGOs)
  Diplomatic representation in the US:
  none (territory of the US)
  Diplomatic representation from the US:
  none (territory of the US with commonwealth status)
  Flag description:
  five equal horizontal bands of red (top, center, and bottom) alternating with white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large, white, five-pointed star in the center; the white star symbolizes Puerto Rico; the three sides of the triangle signify the executive, legislative and judicial parts of the government; blue stands for the sky and the coastal waters; red symbolizes the blood shed by warriors, while white represents liberty, victory, and peace
  note: design initially influenced by the US flag, but similar to the Cuban flag, with the colors of the bands and triangle reversed
  National symbol(s):
  Puerto Rican spindalis (bird), coqui (frog); national colors: red, white, blue
  National anthem:
  name: "La Borinquena" (The Puerto Rican)
  lyrics/music: Manuel Fernandez JUNCOS/Felix Astol ARTES
  note: music adopted 1952, lyrics adopted 1977; the local anthem's name is a reference to the indigenous name of the island, Borinquen; the music was originally composed as a dance in 1867 and gained popularity in the early 20th century; there is some evidence that the music was written by Francisco RAMIREZ; as a commonwealth of the United States, "The Star-Spangled Banner" is official (see United States)

- ## Economy :: PUERTO RICO

- Economy - overview:
  Puerto Rico had one of the most dynamic economies in the Caribbean region until 2006, however, growth has been negative for each of the last nine years. The down-turn coincided with the phase-out of tax preferences that had led US firms to invest heavily in the Commonwealth since the 1950s, and a steep rise in the price of oil, which generates most of the island's electricity. Diminished job opportunities prompted a sharp rise in outmigration, as many Puerto Ricans sought jobs on the US mainland. Unemployment reached 16% in 2011, but declined to 13.7% in December 2014. US minimum wage laws apply in Puerto Rico, hampering job expansion. Per capita income is about half that of the US mainland. The industrial sector greatly exceeds agriculture as the locus of economic activity and income. Tourism has traditionally been an important source of income with estimated arrivals of more than 3.6 million tourists in 2008. Puerto Rico's merchandise trade surplus is exceptionally strong, with exports nearly 50% greater than imports, and its current account surplus amounts to about 10% of GDP. Closing the budget deficit while restoring economic growth and employment remain the central concerns of the government. The gap between revenues and expenditures narrowed to 0.2% of GDP in 2014, although analysts believe that not all expenditures have been accounted for in the budget and a better accounting of costs would yield an overall deficit of roughly 5% of GDP in 2014. Public debt rose to nearly 94% of GDP in 2014, the equivalent of $15,600 per person, or nearly three times the per capita debt of the State of Connecticut, the highest in the US. Much of that debt was issued by state-run schools and public corporations, including water and electric utilities. In June 2015, Governor Alejandro GARCIA Padilla announced that the island could not pay back at least $73 billion in debt and that it would seek a deal with its creditors.
  GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $61.46 billion (2013 est.)
  $61.83 billion (2012 est.)
  $63.61 billion (2011 est.)
  note: data are in 2010 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 101
  GDP (official exchange rate):
  $61.46 billion (2013 est.)
  GDP - real growth rate:
  -0.6% (2013 est.)
  -2.8% (2012 est.)
  -1.9% (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 209
  GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $28,500 (2013 est.)
  $28,700 (2012 est.)
  $29,500 (2011 est.)
  note: data are in 2010 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 62
  GDP - composition, by end use:
  household consumption: 90.1%
  government consumption: 15.8%
  investment in fixed capital: 12.9%
  investment in inventories: 0.2%
  exports of goods and services: 108.4%
  imports of goods and services: -127.4%
  (2014 est.)
  GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
  agriculture: 0.8%
  industry: 50.7%
  services: 48.3% (2014 est.)
  Agriculture - products:
  sugarcane, coffee, pineapples, plantains, bananas; livestock products, chickens
  Industries:
  pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, food products, tourism
  Industrial production growth rate:
  1.5% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 123
  Labor force:
  1.139 million (December 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 141
  Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture: 2.1%
  industry: 19%
  services: 79% (2005)
  Unemployment rate:
  13.7% (December 2014 est.)
  15% (December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 145
  Population below poverty line:
  NA%
  Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: NA%
  highest 10%: NA%
  Budget:
  revenues: $8.733 billion
  expenditures: $9.128 billion (2014 est.)
  Taxes and other revenues:
  14.2% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 201
  Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
  -0.6% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 64
  Public debt:
  97.2% of GDP (2014 est.)
  94.5% of GDP (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 17
  Fiscal year:
  1 July - 30 June
  Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  0.9% (2014 est.)
  0.9% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 55
  Commercial bank prime lending rate:
  3.3% (31 December 2014 est.)
  3.3% (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 168
  Market value of publicly traded shares:
  $NA
  Exports:
  $68.2 billion (2014 est.)
  $68.01 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 50
  Exports - commodities:
  chemicals, electronics, apparel, canned tuna, rum, beverage concentrates, medical equipment
  Imports:
  $47.92 billion (2014 est.)
  $49 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 54
  Imports - commodities:
  chemicals, machinery and equipment, clothing, food, fish, petroleum products
  Debt - external:
  $56.82 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
  $52.98 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 62
  Exchange rates:
  the US dollar is used

- ## Energy :: PUERTO RICO

- Electricity - production:
  20.03 billion kWh (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 75
  Electricity - consumption:
  18.62 billion kWh (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 72
  Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 188
  Electricity - imports:
  0 kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 194
  Electricity - installed generating capacity:
  5.616 million kW (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 75
  Electricity - from fossil fuels:
  96.4% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 61
  Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
  0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 172
  Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
  1.8% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 137
  Electricity - from other renewable sources:
  1.8% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 83
  Crude oil - production:
  0 bbl/day (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 183
  Crude oil - exports:
  0 bbl/day (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 180
  Crude oil - imports:
  0 bbl/day (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 117
  Crude oil - proved reserves:
  0 bbl (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 181
  Refined petroleum products - production:
  0 bbl/day (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 124
  Refined petroleum products - consumption:
  133,700 bbl/day (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 72
  Refined petroleum products - exports:
  2,520 bbl/day (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 103
  Refined petroleum products - imports:
  149,700 bbl/day (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 37
  Natural gas - production:
  0 cu m (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 121
  Natural gas - consumption:
  1.663 billion cu m (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 82
  Natural gas - exports:
  0 cu m (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 169
  Natural gas - imports:
  1.663 billion cu m (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 52
  Natural gas - proved reserves:
  0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 186
  Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
  26.81 million Mt (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 77

- ## Communications :: PUERTO RICO

- Telephones - fixed lines:
  total subscriptions: 820,000
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 23 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 86
  Telephones - mobile cellular:
  total: 3.2 million
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 89 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 137
  Telephone system:
  general assessment: modern system integrated with that of the US by high-capacity submarine cable and Intelsat with high-speed data capability
  domestic: digital telephone system; mobile-cellular services
  international: country code - 1-787, 939; submarine cables provide connectivity to the US, Caribbean, Central and South America; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (2011)
  Broadcast media:
  more than 30 TV stations operating; cable TV subscription services are available; roughly 125 radio stations (2007)
  Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 74, FM 53, shortwave 0 (2008)
  Television broadcast stations:
  34 (2008)
  Internet country code:
  .pr
  Internet users:
  total: 2 million
  percent of population: 55.0% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 98

- ## Transportation :: PUERTO RICO

- Airports:
  29 (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 119
  Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 17
  over 3,047 m: 2
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
  914 to 1,523 m: 7
  under 914 m: 5 (2013)
  Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 12
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
  914 to 1,523 m: 1
  under 914 m:
  10 (2013)
  Roadways:
  total: 26,862 km (includes 454 km of expressways) (2012)
  country comparison to the world: 99
  Ports and terminals:
  major seaport(s): Ensenada Honda, Mayaguez, Playa de Guayanilla, Playa de Ponce, San Juan
  container port(s) (TEUs): San Juan (1,484,595)
  LNG terminal(s) (import): Guayanilla Bay

- ## Military :: PUERTO RICO

- Military branches:
  no regular indigenous military forces; paramilitary National Guard, Police Force
  Manpower fit for military service:
  males age 16-49: 700,443
  females age 16-49: 786,035 (2010 est.)
  Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
  male: 30,517
  female: 29,010 (2010 est.)
  Military - note:
  defense is the responsibility of the US

- ## Transnational Issues :: PUERTO RICO

- Disputes - international:
  increasing numbers of illegal migrants from the Dominican Republic cross the Mona Passage to Puerto Rico each year looking for work

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