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Europe :: Hungary

- ## Introduction :: HUNGARY

- Background:
  Hungary became a Christian kingdom in A.D. 1000 and for many centuries served as a bulwark against Ottoman Turkish expansion in Europe. The kingdom eventually became part of the polyglot Austro-Hungarian Empire, which collapsed during World War I. The country fell under communist rule following World War II. In 1956, a revolt and an announced withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact were met with a massive military intervention by Moscow. Under the leadership of Janos KADAR in 1968, Hungary began liberalizing its economy, introducing so-called "Goulash Communism." Hungary held its first multiparty elections in 1990 and initiated a free market economy. It joined NATO in 1999 and the EU five years later.

- ## Geography :: HUNGARY

- Location:
  Central Europe, northwest of Romania
  Geographic coordinates:
  47 00 N, 20 00 E
  Map references:
  Europe
  Area:
  total: 93,028 sq km
  land: 89,608 sq km
  water: 3,420 sq km
  country comparison to the world: 110
  Area - comparative:
  slightly smaller than Virginia; about the same size as Indiana
  Area comparison map:
  Land boundaries:
  total: 2,106 km
  border countries (7): Austria 321 km, Croatia 348 km, Romania 424 km, Serbia 164 km, Slovakia 627 km, Slovenia 94 km, Ukraine 128 km
  Coastline:
  0 km (landlocked)
  Maritime claims:
  none (landlocked)
  Climate:
  temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers
  Terrain:
  mostly flat to rolling plains; hills and low mountains on the Slovakian border
  Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Tisza River 78 m
  highest point: Kekes 1,014 m
  Natural resources:
  bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils, arable land
  Land use:
  agricultural land: 58.9%
  arable land 48.5%; permanent crops 2%; permanent pasture 8.4%
  forest: 22.5%
  other: 18.6% (2011 est.)
  Irrigated land:
  1,409 sq km (2007)
  Total renewable water resources:
  104 cu km (2011)
  Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
  total: 5.58 cu km/yr (12%/83%/5%)
  per capita: 555.9 cu m/yr (2007)
  Environment - current issues:
  the upgrading of Hungary's standards in waste management, energy efficiency, and air, soil, and water pollution to meet EU requirements will require large investments
  Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
  signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
  Geography - note:
  landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between Western Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine and Mediterranean basin; the north-south flowing Duna (Danube) and Tisza Rivers divide the country into three large regions

- ## People and Society :: HUNGARY

- Nationality:
  noun: Hungarian(s)
  adjective: Hungarian
  Ethnic groups:
  Hungarian 85.6%, Roma 3.2%, German 1.9%, other 2.6%, unspecified 14.1%
  note: percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic group (2011 est.)
  Languages:
  Hungarian (official) 99.6%, English 16%, German 11.2%, Russian 1.6%, Romanian 1.3%, French 1.2%, other 4.2%
  note: shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; Hungarian is the mother tongue of 98.9% of Hungarian speakers (2011 est.)
  Religions:
  Roman Catholic 37.2%, Calvinist 11.6%, Lutheran 2.2%, Greek Catholic 1.8%, other 1.9%, none 18.2%, unspecified 27.2% (2011 est.)
  Population:
  9,897,541 (July 2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 90
  Age structure:
  0-14 years: 14.8% (male 754,729/female 710,394)
  15-24 years: 11.44% (male 583,320/female 548,520)
  25-54 years: 41.65% (male 2,070,725/female 2,051,695)
  55-64 years: 13.87% (male 630,426/female 742,657)
  65 years and over: 18.24% (male 677,420/female 1,127,655) (2015 est.)
  population pyramid:
  Dependency ratios:
  total dependency ratio: 47.9%
  youth dependency ratio: 21.5%
  elderly dependency ratio: 26.3%
  potential support ratio: 3.8% (2015 est.)
  Median age:
  total: 41.4 years
  male: 39.5 years
  female: 43.8 years (2015 est.)
  Population growth rate:
  -0.22% (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 216
  Birth rate:
  9.16 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 207
  Death rate:
  12.73 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 20
  Net migration rate:
  1.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 58
  Urbanization:
  urban population: 71.2% of total population (2015)
  rate of urbanization: 0.47% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
  Major urban areas - population:
  BUDAPEST (capital) 1.714 million (2015)
  Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
  0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
  15-24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
  25-54 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
  55-64 years: 0.85 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.6 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2015 est.)
  Infant mortality rate:
  total: 5.02 deaths/1,000 live births
  male: 5.3 deaths/1,000 live births
  female: 4.74 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 176
  Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 75.69 years
  male: 71.96 years
  female: 79.62 years (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 94
  Total fertility rate:
  1.43 children born/woman (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 207
  Health expenditures:
  8% of GDP (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 61
  Physicians density:
  3.1 physicians/1,000 population (2012)
  Hospital bed density:
  7.2 beds/1,000 population (2011)
  Drinking water source:
  improved:
  urban: 100% of population
  rural: 100% of population
  total: 100% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 0% of population
  rural: 0% of population
  total: 0% of population (2015 est.)
  Sanitation facility access:
  improved:
  urban: 97.8% of population
  rural: 98.6% of population
  total: 98% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 2.2% of population
  rural: 1.4% of population
  total: 2% of population (2015 est.)
  HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  NA
  HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  NA
  HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  100 (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 107
  Major infectious diseases:
  degree of risk: intermediate
  vectorborne diseases: tickborne encephalitis (2013)
  Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
  26% (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 37
  Education expenditures:
  4.7% of GDP (2011)
  country comparison to the world: 81
  Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 99.1%
  male: 99.1%
  female: 99% (2015 est.)
  School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
  total: 15 years
  male: 15 years
  female: 16 years (2012)
  Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
  total: 28.1%
  male: 28.8%
  female: 27.3% (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 31

- ## Government :: HUNGARY

- Country name:
  conventional long form: none
  conventional short form: Hungary
  local long form: none
  local short form: Magyarorszag
  Government type:
  parliamentary democracy
  Capital:
  name: Budapest
  geographic coordinates: 47 30 N, 19 05 E
  time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
  daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
  Administrative divisions:
  19 counties (megyek, singular - megye), 23 cities with county rights (megyei jogu varosok, singular - megyei jogu varos), and 1 capital city (fovaros)
  counties: Bacs-Kiskun, Baranya, Bekes, Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen, Csongrad, Fejer, Gyor-Moson-Sopron, Hajdu-Bihar, Heves, Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok, Komarom-Esztergom, Nograd, Pest, Somogy, Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg, Tolna, Vas, Veszprem, Zala
  cities with county rights: Bekescsaba, Debrecen, Dunaujvaros, Eger, Erd, Gyor, Hodmezovasarhely, Kaposvar, Kecskemet, Miskolc, Nagykanizsa, Nyiregyhaza, Pecs, Salgotarjan, Sopron, Szeged, Szekesfehervar, Szekszard, Szolnok, Szombathely, Tatabanya, Veszprem, Zalaegerszeg
  capital city: Budapest
  Independence:
  16 November 1918 (republic proclaimed); notable earlier dates: 25 December 1000 (crowning of King STEPHEN I, traditional founding date); 30 March 1867 (Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy established)
  National holiday:
  Saint Stephen's Day, 20 August; note - commemorates the date when his remains were transferred to Buda (now Budapest)
  Constitution:
  previous 1949 (heavily amended in 1989 following collapse of communism); latest approved 18 April 2011, signed 25 April 2011, effective 1 January 2012; amended several times, last in 2013 (2015)
  Legal system:
  civil legal system influenced by the German model
  International law organization participation:
  accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
  Suffrage:
  18 years of age, 16 if married; universal
  Executive branch:
  chief of state: Janos ADER (since 10 May 2012)
  head of government: Prime Minister Viktor ORBAN (since 29 May 2010)
  cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers proposed by the prime minister and appointed by the president
  elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by the National Assembly with two-thirds majority vote in first round or simple majority vote in second round for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 2 May 2012 (next to be held by May 2017); prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president
  election results: Janos ADER (Fidesz) elected president; National Assembly vote - 262 to 40; Viktor ORBAN (Fidesz) elected prime minister; National Assembly vote - 130 to 57
  Legislative branch:
  description: unicameral National Assembly or Orszaggyules (199 seats; 106 members directly elected in single-member constituencies by simple majority vote and 93 members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by party list proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)
  elections: last held on 6 April 2014 (next to be held in April 2018)
  election results: percent of vote by party - Fidesz-KDNP 44.9%, Unity 25.6%, Jobbik 20.5%, LMP 5.3%; seats by party - Fidesz-KDNP 133, Unity 38, Jobbik 23, LMP 5
  Judicial branch:
  highest court(s): Curia or Supreme Judicial Court (consists of the Curia president, vice president, and approximately 76 judges organized into 16 civil chambers, 3 criminal chambers, and 4 administrative chambers); Constitutional Court (consists of 15 judges including the court president and 2 vice-presidents)
  judge selection and term of office: Curia president elected from among its members for 9 years by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president of the republic; other Curia judges appointed by the president upon the recommendation of the National Judicial Council, a separate 15-member administrative body; judge tenure based on interim evaluations until normal retirement age; Constitutional Court judges elected by two-thirds vote of the National Assembly; members serve single renewable 12-year terms with mandatory retirement at age 70
  subordinate courts: 5 regional courts of appeal; 19 regional or county courts (including Budapest Metropolitan Court); 20 administrative and labor courts; 111 district or local courts
  Political parties and leaders:
  Christian Democratic People's Party or KDNP [Zsolt SEMJEN]
  Democratic Coalition or DK [Ferenc GYURCSANY]
  Dialogue for Hungary or PM [Gergely KARACSONY, Timea SZABO, co-chairs]
  Fidesz-Hungarian Civic Alliance or Fidesz [Viktor ORBAN]
  Hungarian Liberal Party or MLP [Gabor FODOR]
  Hungarian Socialist Party or MSZP [Jozsef TOBIAS]
  Movement for a Better Hungary or Jobbik [Gabor VONA]
  Politics Can Be Different or LMP [Andras SCHIFFER, Bernadett SZEL]
  Together 2014 or Egyutt [Viktor SZIGETVARI]
  Unity [a coalition of MSZP, Egyutt, DK, PM, and MLP for the 2014 legislative elections, since dissolved]
  Political pressure groups and leaders:
  Civil Osszefogas Forum ("Civil Unity Forum," nominally independent organization that serves as the steering committee for the pro-government mass organization Bekemenet (Peace March), supporting ORBAN government's policies)
  Hungarian Civil Liberties Union (Tarsasag a Szabadsagjogokert) or TASZ (freedom of expression, information privacy)
  Hungarian Helsinki Committee (asylum seekers' rights, human rights in law enforcement and the judicial system)
  MostMi ("Now Us") [Bori TAKACS, Zsolt VARADY](Facebook group that was a major participant at anti-government demonstrations in late 2014-early 2015; pro-Europe, anti-establishment movement that blames Fidesz for the state of the country, but also blames all established political parties for perceived political and economic failures since the fall of communism)
  Okotars (empowerment of civil society in Hungary)
  other:
  Energy Club (Energia Klub)
  Greenpeace Hungary (Greenpeace Magyarorszag)
  International organization participation:
  Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
  Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Reka SZEMERKENYI (since 23 February 2015)
  chancery: 3910 Shoemaker Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
  telephone: [1] (202) 362-6730
  FAX: [1] (202) 966-8135
  consulate(s) general: Cleveland (OH), Denver (CO), Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, St. Louis (MO)
  consulate(s): Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Honolulu (HI), Miami, New Orleans, Sacramento (CA), Salt Lake City (UT), Seattle
  Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Colleen Bradley BELL (since 21 January 2015)
  embassy: Szabadsag ter 12, H-1054 Budapest
  mailing address: pouch: American Embassy Budapest, 5270 Budapest Place, US Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5270
  telephone: [36] (1) 475-4400
  FAX: [36] (1) 475-4764
  Flag description:
  three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green; the flag dates to the national movement of the 18th and 19th centuries, and fuses the medieval colors of the Hungarian coat of arms with the revolutionary tricolor form of the French flag; folklore attributes virtues to the colors: red for strength, white for faithfulness, and green for hope; alternatively, the red is seen as being for the blood spilled in defense of the land, white for freedom, and green for the pasturelands that make up so much of the country
  National symbol(s):
  Holy Crown of Hungary (Crown of Saint Stephen); national colors: red, white, green
  National anthem:
  name: "Himnusz" (Hymn)
  lyrics/music: Ferenc KOLCSEY/Ferenc ERKEL
  note: adopted 1844

- ## Economy :: HUNGARY

- Economy - overview:
  Hungary has made the transition from a centrally planned to a market economy, with a per capita income nearly two-thirds that of the EU-28 average. In late 2008, Hungary's impending inability to service its short-term debt - brought on by the global financial crisis - led Budapest to obtain an IMF/EU/World Bank-arranged financial assistance package worth over $25 billion. The global economic downturn, declining exports, and low domestic consumption and investment, dampened by government austerity measures, resulted in a severe economic contraction in 2009. In 2010 the new government implemented a number of changes including cutting business and personal income taxes, but imposed "crisis taxes" on financial institutions, energy and telecom companies, and retailers. The IMF/EU bail-out program lapsed at the end of 2010 and was replaced by Post Program Monitoring and Article IV Consultations on overall economic and fiscal processes. At the end of 2011 the government turned to the IMF and the EU to obtain financial backstop to support its efforts to refinance foreign currency debt and bond obligations in 2012 and beyond, but Budapest's rejection of EU and IMF economic policy recommendations led to a breakdown in talks with the lenders in late 2012. Global demand for high yield has since helped Hungary to obtain funds on international markets. Hungary’s progress reducing its deficit to under 3% of GDP led the European Commission in 2013 to permit Hungary for the first time since joining the EU in 2004 to exit the Excessive Deficit Procedure.
  GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $246.4 billion (2014 est.)
  $237.7 billion (2013 est.)
  $234.1 billion (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 60
  GDP (official exchange rate):
  $137.1 billion (2014 est.)
  GDP - real growth rate:
  3.6% (2014 est.)
  1.5% (2013 est.)
  -1.5% (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 119
  GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $24,900 (2014 est.)
  $24,100 (2013 est.)
  $23,700 (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 73
  Gross national saving:
  26.2% of GDP (2014 est.)
  24% of GDP (2013 est.)
  21.1% of GDP (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 69
  GDP - composition, by end use:
  household consumption: 54.5%
  government consumption: 19.5%
  investment in fixed capital: 22%
  investment in inventories: 0.6%
  exports of goods and services: 90.1%
  imports of goods and services: -86.8%
  (2014 est.)
  GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
  agriculture: 3.4%
  industry: 31.1%
  services: 65.5% (2014 est.)
  Agriculture - products:
  wheat, corn, sunflower seed, potatoes, sugar beets; pigs, cattle, poultry, dairy products
  Industries:
  mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), motor vehicles
  Industrial production growth rate:
  3.1% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 90
  Labor force:
  4.388 million (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 89
  Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture: 7.1%
  industry: 29.7%
  services: 63.2% (2011 est.)
  Unemployment rate:
  7.8% (2014 est.)
  9.1% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 77
  Population below poverty line:
  14% (2012 est.)
  Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 3.1%
  highest 10%: 22.6% (2009)
  Distribution of family income - Gini index:
  24.7 (2009)
  24.4 (1998)
  country comparison to the world: 138
  Budget:
  revenues: $66.28 billion
  expenditures: $70.15 billion (2014 est.)
  Taxes and other revenues:
  51.1% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 12
  Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
  -3% of GDP
  note: Hungary has been under the EU Excessive Deficit Procedure since it joined the EU in 2004; in March 2012 the EU elevated its Excessive Deficit Procedure against Hungary and proposed freezing 30% of the country's Cohesion Funds because 2011 deficit reductions were not achieved in a sustainable manner; in June 2012, the EU lifted the freeze, recognizing that steps had been taken to reduce the deficit; the latest EC forecasts project the Hungarian deficit to increase above 3% both in 2013 and in 2014 due to sluggish growth and the government's fiscal tightening (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 118
  Public debt:
  78.2% of GDP (2014 est.)
  77.3% of GDP (2013 est.)
  note: general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and government, state government, local government, and social security funds.
  country comparison to the world: 29
  Fiscal year:
  calendar year
  Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  -0.3% (2014 est.)
  1.7% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 17
  Central bank discount rate:
  5.75% (19 December 2012)
  7% (31 December 2011)
  country comparison to the world: 64
  Commercial bank prime lending rate:
  4.8% (31 December 2014 est.)
  6.33% (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 156
  Stock of narrow money:
  $41.16 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $41.25 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 55
  Stock of broad money:
  $69.77 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $73.47 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 60
  Stock of domestic credit:
  $78.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $89.53 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 58
  Market value of publicly traded shares:
  $22.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
  $22.8 billion (31 December 2011)
  $27.71 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 62
  Current account balance:
  $5.824 billion (2014 est.)
  $3.903 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 40
  Exports:
  $99.54 billion (2014 est.)
  $95.19 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 39
  Exports - commodities:
  machinery and equipment 53.5%, other manufactures 31.2%, food products 8.7%, raw materials 3.4%, fuels and electricity 3.9% (2012 est.)
  Exports - partners:
  Germany 28.8%, Austria 5.8%, Romania 5.7%, Slovakia 5.1%, Italy 4.8%, France 4.7%, Poland 4%, Czech Republic 4% (2014)
  Imports:
  $96.83 billion (2014 est.)
  $91.39 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 36
  Imports - commodities:
  machinery and equipment 45.4%, other manufactures 34.3%, fuels and electricity 12.6%, food products 5.3%, raw materials 2.5% (2012)
  Imports - partners:
  Germany 25.6%, Austria 7.4%, Russia 7%, China 6.2%, Slovakia 5.5%, Poland 5.3%, France 4.8%, Czech Republic 4.6%, Italy 4.5%, Netherlands 4.1% (2014)
  Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
  $44.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $46.51 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 45
  Debt - external:
  $164.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $167.1 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 35
  Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
  $115.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $110.9 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 41
  Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
  $46.91 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $44.34 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 38
  Exchange rates:
  forints (HUF) per US dollar -
  231.7 (2014 est.)
  223.7 (2013 est.)
  225.1 (2012 est.)
  201.05 (2011 est.)
  207.94 (2010 est.)

- ## Energy :: HUNGARY

- Electricity - production:
  34.28 billion kWh (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 62
  Electricity - consumption:
  36.13 billion kWh (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 57
  Electricity - exports:
  4.76 billion kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 31
  Electricity - imports:
  16.64 billion kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 12
  Electricity - installed generating capacity:
  9.531 million kW (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 58
  Electricity - from fossil fuels:
  70.7% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 109
  Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
  19.8% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 9
  Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
  0.6% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 145
  Electricity - from other renewable sources:
  8.9% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 37
  Crude oil - production:
  23,000 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 70
  Crude oil - exports:
  0 bbl/day (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 129
  Crude oil - imports:
  108,200 bbl/day (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 46
  Crude oil - proved reserves:
  27.32 million bbl (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 84
  Refined petroleum products - production:
  166,900 bbl/day (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 59
  Refined petroleum products - consumption:
  134,800 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 68
  Refined petroleum products - exports:
  59,110 bbl/day (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 58
  Refined petroleum products - imports:
  46,850 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 71
  Natural gas - production:
  1.949 billion cu m (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 56
  Natural gas - consumption:
  9.603 billion cu m (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 47
  Natural gas - exports:
  1.443 billion cu m (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 39
  Natural gas - imports:
  8.176 billion cu m (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 29
  Natural gas - proved reserves:
  7.843 billion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 83
  Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
  47.9 million Mt (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 62

- ## Communications :: HUNGARY

- Telephones - fixed lines:
  total subscriptions: 3.01 million
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 30 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 49
  Telephones - mobile cellular:
  total: 11.7 million
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 118 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 78
  Telephone system:
  general assessment: modern telephone system is digital and highly automated; trunk services are carried by fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay; a program for fiber-optic subscriber connections was initiated in 1996
  domestic: competition among mobile-cellular service providers has led to a sharp increase in the use of mobile-cellular phones since 2000 and a decrease in the number of fixed-line connections
  international: country code - 36; Hungary has fiber-optic cable connections with all neighboring countries; the international switch is in Budapest; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean regions), 1 Inmarsat, 1 very small aperture terminal (VSAT) system of ground terminals (2011)
  Broadcast media:
  mixed system of state-supported public service broadcast media and private broadcasters; the 3 publicly owned TV channels and the 2 main privately owned TV stations are the major national broadcasters; a large number of special interest channels; highly developed market for satellite and cable TV services with about two-thirds of viewers utilizing their services; 3 state-supported public-service radio networks and 2 major national commercial stations; a large number of local stations including commercial, public service, nonprofit, and community radio stations; digital transition postponed to the end of 2014 (2007)
  Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 5, FM 90, shortwave 1 (2008)
  Television broadcast stations:
  95 (2008)
  Internet country code:
  .hu
  Internet users:
  total: 7.4 million
  percent of population: 74.4% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 50

- ## Transportation :: HUNGARY

- Airports:
  41 (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 104
  Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 20
  over 3,047 m: 2
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 6
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
  914 to 1,523 m: 5
  under 914 m: 1 (2013)
  Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 21
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
  914 to 1,523 m: 8
  under 914 m:
  11 (2013)
  Heliports:
  3 (2013)
  Pipelines:
  gas 19,028 km; oil 1,007 km; refined products 842 km (2013)
  Railways:
  total: 8,049 km
  broad gauge: 36 km 1.524-m gauge
  standard gauge: 7,794 km 1.435-m gauge (2,889 km electrified)
  narrow gauge: 219 km 0.760-m gauge (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 26
  Roadways:
  total: 199,567 km
  paved: 76,075 km (includes 1,477 km of expressways)
  unpaved: 123,492 km (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 25
  Waterways:
  1,622 km (most on Danube River) (2011)
  country comparison to the world: 47
  Ports and terminals:
  river port(s): Baja, Csepel (Budapest), Dunaujvaros, Gyor-Gonyu, Mohacs (Danube)

- ## Military :: HUNGARY

- Military branches:
  Hungarian Defense Forces: Land Forces, Hungarian Air Force (Magyar Legiero, ML) (2011)
  Military service age and obligation:
  18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; 6-month service obligation (2012)
  Manpower available for military service:
  males age 16-49: 2,349,948
  females age 16-49: 2,290,568 (2010 est.)
  Manpower fit for military service:
  males age 16-49: 1,902,639
  females age 16-49: 1,897,378 (2010 est.)
  Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
  male: 59,237
  female: 55,533 (2010 est.)
  Military expenditures:
  0.83% of GDP (2012)
  0.99% of GDP (2011)
  0.83% of GDP (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 113

- ## Transnational Issues :: HUNGARY

- Disputes - international:
  bilateral government, legal, technical and economic working group negotiations continue in 2006 with Slovakia over Hungary's failure to complete its portion of the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam project along the Danube; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Hungary has implemented the strict Schengen border rules
  Refugees and internally displaced persons:
  refugees (countries of origin): 5,950 applicants for forms of legal stay other than asylum (Ukraine) (2015)
  stateless persons: 124 (2014)
  Illicit drugs:
  transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and cannabis and for South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; limited producer of precursor chemicals, particularly for amphetamine and methamphetamine; efforts to counter money laundering, related to organized crime and drug trafficking are improving but remain vulnerable; significant consumer of ecstasy

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