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South America :: Bolivia

- ## Introduction :: BOLIVIA

- Background:
  Bolivia, named after independence fighter Simon BOLIVAR, broke away from Spanish rule in 1825; much of its subsequent history has consisted of a series of nearly 200 coups and countercoups. Democratic civilian rule was established in 1982, but leaders have faced difficult problems of deep-seated poverty, social unrest, and illegal drug production.
  In December 2005, Bolivians elected Movement Toward Socialism leader Evo MORALES president - by the widest margin of any leader since the restoration of civilian rule in 1982 - after he ran on a promise to change the country's traditional political class and empower the nation's poor, indigenous majority. In December 2009 and October 2014, President MORALES easily won reelection. His party maintained control of the legislative branch of the government, which has allowed him to continue his process of change. In October 2011, the country held its first judicial elections to select judges for the four highest courts. MORALES has publicly described the elected judiciary as a failed experiment that has not resolved judicial backlogs or extended pre-trial detention. He has called for a public referendum on the judicial system.

- ## Geography :: BOLIVIA

- Location:
  Central South America, southwest of Brazil
  Geographic coordinates:
  17 00 S, 65 00 W
  Map references:
  South America
  Area:
  total: 1,098,581 sq km
  land: 1,083,301 sq km
  water: 15,280 sq km
  country comparison to the world: 28
  Area - comparative:
  slightly less than three times the size of Montana
  Land boundaries:
  total: 7,252 km
  border countries (5): Argentina 942 km, Brazil 3,403 km, Chile 942 km, Paraguay 753 km, Peru 1,212 km
  Coastline:
  0 km (landlocked)
  Maritime claims:
  none (landlocked)
  Climate:
  varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid
  Terrain:
  rugged Andes Mountains with a highland plateau (Altiplano), hills, lowland plains of the Amazon Basin
  Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Rio Paraguay 90 m
  highest point: Nevado Sajama 6,542 m
  Natural resources:
  tin, natural gas, petroleum, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver, iron, lead, gold, timber, hydropower
  Land use:
  agricultural land: 34.3%
  arable land 3.6%; permanent crops 0.2%; permanent pasture 30.5%
  forest: 52.5%
  other: 13.2% (2011 est.)
  Irrigated land:
  1,282 sq km (2003)
  Total renewable water resources:
  622.5 cu km (2011)
  Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
  total: 2.64 cu km/yr (25%/14%/61%)
  per capita: 305.8 cu m/yr (2005)
  Natural hazards:
  flooding in the northeast (March to April)
  volcanism: volcanic activity in Andes Mountains on the border with Chile; historically active volcanoes in this region are Irruputuncu (elev. 5,163 m), which last erupted in 1995, and Olca-Paruma
  Environment - current issues:
  the clearing of land for agricultural purposes and the international demand for tropical timber are contributing to deforestation; soil erosion from overgrazing and poor cultivation methods (including slash-and-burn agriculture); desertification; loss of biodiversity; industrial pollution of water supplies used for drinking and irrigation
  Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Marine Life Conservation
  Geography - note:
  landlocked; shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake (elevation 3,805 m), with Peru

- ## People and Society :: BOLIVIA

- Nationality:
  noun: Bolivian(s)
  adjective: Bolivian
  Ethnic groups:
  mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian ancestry) 68%, indigenous 20%, white 5%, cholo/chola 2%, black 1%, other 1%, unspecified 3% ; 44% of respondents indicated feeling part of some indigenous group, predominantly Quechua or Aymara
  note: results among surveys vary based on the wording of the ethnicity question and the available response choices; the 2001 national census did not provide "mestizo" as a response choice, resulting in a much higher proportion of respondents identifying themselves as belonging to one of the available indigenous ethnicity choices; the use of "mestizo" and "cholo" varies among response choices in surveys, with surveys using the terms interchanageably, providing one or the other as a response choice, or providing the two as separate response choices (2009 est.)
  Languages:
  Spanish (official) 60.7%, Quechua (official) 21.2%, Aymara (official) 14.6%, foreign languages 2.4%, Guarani (official) 0.6%, other native languages 0.4%, none 0.1%
  note: Bolivia's 2009 constitution designates Spanish and all indigenous languages as official; 36 indigenous languages are specified, including some that are extinct (2001 est.)
  Religions:
  Roman Catholic 76.8%, Evangelical and Pentecostal 8.1%, Protestant 7.9%, other 1.7%, none 5.5% (2012 est.)
  Demographic profile:
  Bolivia ranks at or near the bottom among Latin American countries in several areas of health and development, including poverty, education, fertility, malnutrition, mortality, and life expectancy. On the positive side, more children are being vaccinated and more pregnant women are getting prenatal care and having skilled health practitioners attend their births. Bolivia's income inequality is the highest in Latin America and one of the highest in the world. Public education is of poor quality, and educational opportunities are among the most unevenly distributed in Latin America, with girls and indigenous and rural children less likely to be literate or to complete primary school. The lack of access to education and family planning services helps to sustain Bolivia's high fertility rate - approximately three children per woman. Bolivia's lack of clean water and basic sanitation, especially in rural areas, contributes to health problems.
  Almost 7% of Bolivia's population lives abroad, primarily to work in Argentina, Brazil, Spain, and the United States. In recent years, more restrictive immigration policies in Europe and the United States have increased the flow of Bolivian emigrants to neighboring Argentina and Brazil.
  Population:
  10,800,882 (July 2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 82
  Age structure:
  0-14 years: 32.85% (male 1,807,779/female 1,740,188)
  15-24 years: 19.65% (male 1,074,697/female 1,047,575)
  25-54 years: 36.69% (male 1,932,183/female 2,030,485)
  55-64 years: 5.75% (male 288,621/female 332,824)
  65 years and over: 5.06% (male 241,447/female 305,083) (2015 est.)
  population pyramid:
  Dependency ratios:
  total dependency ratio: 63.7%
  youth dependency ratio: 53.1%
  elderly dependency ratio: 10.6%
  potential support ratio: 9.4% (2015 est.)
  Median age:
  total: 23.4 years
  male: 22.6 years
  female: 24.1 years (2014 est.)
  Population growth rate:
  1.56% (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 76
  Birth rate:
  22.76 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 70
  Death rate:
  6.52 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 145
  Net migration rate:
  -0.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 141
  Urbanization:
  urban population: 68.5% of total population (2015)
  rate of urbanization: 2.26% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
  Major urban areas - population:
  Santa Cruz 2.107 million; LA PAZ (capital) 1.816 million; Cochabamba 1.24 million; Sucre (constitutional capital) 372,000 (2015)
  Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
  0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
  15-24 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
  25-54 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
  55-64 years: 0.87 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2015 est.)
  Infant mortality rate:
  total: 37.49 deaths/1,000 live births
  male: 41.06 deaths/1,000 live births
  female: 33.75 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 57
  Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 68.86 years
  male: 66.08 years
  female: 71.78 years (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 160
  Total fertility rate:
  2.73 children born/woman (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 67
  Contraceptive prevalence rate:
  60.5% (2008)
  Health expenditures:
  6.1% of GDP (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 122
  Physicians density:
  0.47 physicians/1,000 population (2011)
  Hospital bed density:
  1.1 beds/1,000 population (2012)
  Drinking water source:
  improved:
  urban: 96.7% of population
  rural: 75.6% of population
  total: 90% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 3.3% of population
  rural: 24.4% of population
  total: 10% of population (2015 est.)
  Sanitation facility access:
  improved:
  urban: 60.8% of population
  rural: 27.5% of population
  total: 50.3% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 39.2% of population
  rural: 72.5% of population
  total: 49.7% of population (2015 est.)
  HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  0.25% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 87
  HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  15,500 (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 83
  HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  1,200 (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 69
  Major infectious diseases:
  degree of risk: very high
  food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A
  vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and yellow fever (2013)
  Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
  15.8% (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 109
  Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
  4.5% (2008)
  country comparison to the world: 95
  Education expenditures:
  6.4% of GDP (2012)
  country comparison to the world: 24
  Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 95.7%
  male: 97.8%
  female: 93.6% (2015 est.)
  School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
  total: 13 years
  male: 13 years
  female: 13 years (2007)
  Child labor - children ages 5-14:
  total number: 757,352
  percentage: 26.4%
  note: data represents children ages 5-17 (2008 est.)
  Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
  total: 6.2%
  male: 4.8%
  female: 7.8% (2009 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 122

- ## Government :: BOLIVIA

- Country name:
  conventional long form: Plurinational State of Bolivia
  conventional short form: Bolivia
  local long form: Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia
  local short form: Bolivia
  Government type:
  republic; note - the new constitution defines Bolivia as a "Social Unitarian State"
  Capital:
  name: La Paz (administrative capital); Sucre (constitutional capital)
  geographic coordinates: 16 30 S, 68 09 W
  time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
  Administrative divisions:
  9 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Beni, Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, La Paz, Oruro, Pando, Potosi, Santa Cruz, Tarija
  Independence:
  6 August 1825 (from Spain)
  National holiday:
  Independence Day, 6 August (1825)
  Constitution:
  many previous; latest drafted 6 August 2006 - 9 December 2008, approved by referendum 25 January 2009, effective 7 February 2009; amended 2013 (2013)
  Legal system:
  civil law system with influences from Roman, Spanish, canon (religious), French, and indigenous law
  International law organization participation:
  has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
  Suffrage:
  18 years of age, universal and compulsory
  Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Juan Evo MORALES Ayma (since 22 January 2006); Vice President Alvaro GARCIA Linera (since 22 January 2006); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
  head of government: President Juan Evo MORALES Ayma (since 22 January 2006); Vice President Alvaro GARCIA Linera (since 22 January 2006)
  cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
  elections/appointments: president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 12 October 2014 (next to be held in 2019); note - a presidential candidate wins an election one of 3 ways
  election results: Juan Evo MORALES Ayma reelected president; percent of vote - Juan Evo MORALES Ayma 61%; Samuel DORIA MEDINA Arana 24.5%; Jorge QUIROGA 9.1%; other 5.4%
  Legislative branch:
  description: bicameral Plurinational Legislative Assembly or Asamblea Legislativa Plurinacional consists of the Chamber of Senators or Camara de Senadores (36 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara de Diputados (130 seats; 70 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, 53 indirectly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote, and 7 - apportioned to non-contiguous, rural areas in 7 of the 9 states - directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote; members serve 5-year terms)
  elections: Chamber of Senators and Chamber of Deputies - last held on 12 October 2014 (next to be held in 2019)
  election results: Chamber of Senators - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - MAS 25, UD 9, PDC 2; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - MAS 88, UD 32, PDC 10
  Judicial branch:
  highest court(s): Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo de Justicia (consists of 12 judges); Plurinational Constitutional Tribunal (consists of 7 primary and 7 alternate magistrates); Plurinational Electoral Organ (consists of 7 members)
  judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court and Plurinational Constitutional Tribunal judges elected by popular vote from list of candidates pre-selected by Plurinational Legislative Assembly for 6-year terms); Plurinational Electoral Organ members - 6 judges elected by the Assembly and 1 appointed by the president; judges and members serve 6-year terms; note - the 2009 constitution reformed the procedure for selecting judicial officials for the Supreme Court, Constitutional Tribunal, and the Plurinational Electoral Organ by direct national vote, which occurred in October 2011
  subordinate courts: Agro-Environmental Court; Council of the Judiciary; District Courts (in each of the 9 administrative departments)
  Political parties and leaders:
  Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Jorge Fernando QUIROGA Ramirez]
  Movement Toward Socialism or MAS [Juan Evo MORALES Ayma]
  United Democrats or UD [Samuel DORIA MEDINA Arana]
  Political pressure groups and leaders:
  Bolivian Workers Central or COB
  Federation of Neighborhood Councils of El Alto or FEJUVE
  Landless Movement or MST
  National Coordinator for Change or CONALCAM
  Sole Confederation of Campesino Workers of Bolivia or CSUTCB
  other: Cocalero groups; indigenous organizations (including Confederation of Indigenous Peoples of Eastern Bolivia or CIDOB and National Council of Ayullus and Markas of Quollasuyu or CONAMAQ); Interculturales union or CSCIB; labor unions (including the Central Bolivian Workers' Union or COB and Cooperative Miners Federation or FENCOMIN)
  International organization participation:
  CAN, CD, CELAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
  Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Freddy BERSATTI Tudela
  chancery: 3014 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
  telephone: [1] (202) 328-4155
  FAX: [1] (202) 328-3712
  consulate(s) general: Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Washington,DC
  note: as of September 2008, the US expelled the Bolivian ambassador to the US
  Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Peter Brennan (since June 2014
  embassy: Avenida Arce 2780, Casilla 425, La Paz
  mailing address: P. O. Box 425, La Paz; APO AA 34032
  telephone: [591] (2) 216-8000
  FAX: [591] (2) 216-8111
  note: in September 2008, the Bolivian Government expelled the US Ambassador to Bolivia, and the countries have yet to reinstate ambassadors
  Flag description:
  three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with the coat of arms centered on the yellow band; red stands for bravery and the blood of national heroes, yellow for the nation's mineral resources, and green for the fertility of the land
  note: similar to the flag of Ghana, which has a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; in 2009, a presidential decree made it mandatory for a so-called wiphala - a square, multi-colored flag representing the country's indigenous peoples - to be used alongside the traditional flag
  National symbol(s):
  llama, Andean condor; national colors: red, yellow, green
  National anthem:
  name: "Cancion Patriotica" (Patriotic Song)
  lyrics/music: Jose Ignacio de SANJINES/Leopoldo Benedetto VINCENTI
  note: adopted 1852

- ## Economy :: BOLIVIA

- Economy - overview:
  Bolivia is a resource rich country with strong growth attributed to captive markets for natural gas exports – to Brazil and Argentina. Gas accounts for roughly 50% of Bolivia’s total exports and will fund more than half of its 2015 budget. However, the country remains one of the least developed countries in Latin America because of state-oriented policies that deter investment and growth. Following a disastrous economic crisis during the early 1980s, reforms spurred private investment, stimulated economic growth, and cut poverty rates in the 1990s. The period 2003-05 was characterized by political instability, racial tensions, and violent protests against plans - subsequently abandoned - to export Bolivia's newly discovered natural gas reserves to large Northern Hemisphere markets. In 2005, the government passed a controversial hydrocarbons law that imposed significantly higher royalties and required foreign firms then operating under risk-sharing contracts to surrender all production to the state energy company in exchange for a predetermined service fee. The global recession slowed growth, but Bolivia recorded the highest growth rate in South America during 2009 and has averaged 5.3% growth each year since 2009. High commodity prices since 2010 sustained rapid growth and large trade surpluses. However, a lack of foreign investment in the key sectors of mining and hydrocarbons, along with conflict among social groups pose challenges for the Bolivian economy. President Evo MORALES passed an investment law and promised not to nationalize additional industries in an effort to improve Bolivia’s investment climate. The global decline in oil prices in late 2014 exerted downward pressure on the price Bolivia receives for exported gas and may result in lower GDP growth rates and losses in government revenue in 2015.
  GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $69.96 billion (2014 est.)
  $66.38 billion (2013 est.)
  $62.17 billion (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 94
  GDP (official exchange rate):
  $34.43 billion (2014 est.)
  GDP - real growth rate:
  5.4% (2014 est.)
  6.8% (2013 est.)
  5.2% (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 39
  GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $6,200 (2014 est.)
  $5,900 (2013 est.)
  $5,500 (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 158
  Gross national saving:
  22.7% of GDP (2014 est.)
  23.9% of GDP (2013 est.)
  25.7% of GDP (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 55
  GDP - composition, by end use:
  household consumption: 58.8%
  government consumption: 13.9%
  investment in fixed capital: 20.3%
  investment in inventories: 0.7%
  exports of goods and services: 46%
  imports of goods and services: -39.7%
  (2014 est.)
  GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
  agriculture: 13.1%
  industry: 38.9%
  services: 48% (2014 est.)
  Agriculture - products:
  soybeans, quinoa, Brazil nuts, sugarcane, coffee, corn, rice, potatoes, chia, coca
  Industries:
  mining, smelting, petroleum, food and beverages, tobacco, handicrafts, clothing, jewelry
  Industrial production growth rate:
  6% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 38
  Labor force:
  4.881 million (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 84
  Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture: 32%
  industry: 20%
  services: 47.9% (2009 est.)
  Unemployment rate:
  4% (2014 est.)
  7.4% (2013 est.)
  note: data are for urban areas; widespread underemployment
  country comparison to the world: 81
  Population below poverty line:
  45%
  note: based on percent of population living on less than the international standard of $2/day (2011 est.)
  Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 0.8%
  highest 10%: 33.6% (2012 est.)
  Distribution of family income - Gini index:
  46.6 (2012)
  57.9 (1999)
  country comparison to the world: 29
  Budget:
  revenues: $16.59 billion
  expenditures: $16.76 billion (2014 est.)
  Taxes and other revenues:
  48.7% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 17
  Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
  -0.5% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 52
  Public debt:
  35.3% of GDP (2014 est.)
  35.6% of GDP (2013 est.)
  note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities
  country comparison to the world: 111
  Fiscal year:
  calendar year
  Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  5.8% (2014 est.)
  5.7% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 176
  Central bank discount rate:
  4.5% (31 December 2013)
  4% (31 december 2012)
  country comparison to the world: 81
  Commercial bank prime lending rate:
  9.7% (31 December 2014 est.)
  11.05% (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 87
  Stock of narrow money:
  $8.362 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $7.26 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 84
  Stock of broad money:
  $20.19 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  $17.4 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 86
  Stock of domestic credit:
  $15.51 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $11.82 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 91
  Market value of publicly traded shares:
  $9.684 billion (31 December 2013)
  $7.689 billion (31 December 2012)
  $6.089 billion (31 December 2011)
  country comparison to the world: 75
  Current account balance:
  $252 million (2014 est.)
  $1.173 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 47
  Exports:
  $12.34 billion (2014 est.)
  $11.51 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 89
  Exports - commodities:
  natural gas, mineral ores, gold, soybeans and soy products, tin
  Exports - partners:
  Brazil 33.5%, Argentina 20.3%, US 10.1%, Colombia 5.4%, Peru 5.1% (2013)
  Imports:
  $9.513 billion (2014 est.)
  $9.347 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 106
  Imports - commodities:
  machinery, petroleum products, vehicles, iron and steel, plastics
  Imports - partners:
  Brazil 17.1%, China 13.5%, US 12.6%, Argentina 10.8%, Peru 6.5%, Chile 6.2%, Japan 5% (2013)
  Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
  $15.38 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $14.43 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 70
  Debt - external:
  $8.073 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $7.734 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 108
  Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
  $10.56 billion (31 December 2013)
  $8.809 billion (31 December 2012)
  country comparison to the world: 88
  Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
  $0 (31 December 2013 est.)
  $0 (31 December 2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 100
  Exchange rates:
  bolivianos (BOB) per US dollar -
  6.958 (2014 est.)
  6.96 (2013 est.)
  6.94 (2012 est.)
  6.9875 (2011 est.)
  7.0167 (2010 est.)

- ## Energy :: BOLIVIA

- Electricity - production:
  7.375 billion kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 105
  Electricity - consumption:
  6.944 billion kWh (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 102
  Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 110
  Electricity - imports:
  0 kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 122
  Electricity - installed generating capacity:
  1.365 million kW (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 119
  Electricity - from fossil fuels:
  63.6% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 125
  Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
  0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 52
  Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
  34.9% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 64
  Electricity - from other renewable sources:
  1.5% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 82
  Crude oil - production:
  63,110 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 55
  Crude oil - exports:
  60.71 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 72
  Crude oil - imports:
  0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 161
  Crude oil - proved reserves:
  209.8 million bbl (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 58
  Refined petroleum products - production:
  40,000 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 85
  Refined petroleum products - consumption:
  68,000 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 91
  Refined petroleum products - exports:
  0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 154
  Refined petroleum products - imports:
  15,560 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 118
  Natural gas - production:
  54.37 billion cu m (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 18
  Natural gas - consumption:
  9.432 billion cu m (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 48
  Natural gas - exports:
  44.94 billion cu m (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 9
  Natural gas - imports:
  0 cu m (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 162
  Natural gas - proved reserves:
  281.5 billion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 40
  Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
  17.28 million Mt (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 85

- ## Communications :: BOLIVIA

- Telephones - fixed lines:
  total subscriptions: 880,000
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 8 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 83
  Telephones - mobile cellular:
  total: 10.5 million
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 98 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 84
  Telephone system:
  general assessment: Bolivian National Telecommunications Company was privatized in 1995 but re-nationalized in 2007; the primary trunk system is being expanded and employs digital microwave radio relay; some areas are served by fiber-optic cable; system operations, reliability, and coverage have steadily improved
  domestic: most telephones are concentrated in La Paz, Santa Cruz, and other capital cities; mobile-cellular telephone use expanding rapidly and, in 2011, teledensity reached about 80 per 100 persons
  international: country code - 591; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2011)
  Broadcast media:
  large number of radio and TV stations broadcasting with private media outlets dominating; state-owned and private radio and TV stations generally operating freely, although both pro-government and anti-government groups have attacked media outlets in response to their reporting (2010)
  Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 171, FM 73, shortwave 77 (1999)
  Television broadcast stations:
  48 (1997)
  Internet country code:
  .bo
  Internet users:
  total: 3.9 million
  percent of population: 36.6% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 78

- ## Transportation :: BOLIVIA

- Airports:
  855 (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 7
  Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 21
  over 3,047 m: 5
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
  914 to 1,523 m: 6 (2013)
  Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 834
  over 3,047 m: 1
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 47
  914 to 1,523 m: 151
  under 914 m:
  631 (2013)
  Pipelines:
  gas 5,457 km; liquid petroleum gas 51 km; oil 2,511 km; refined products 1,627 km (2013)
  Railways:
  total: 3,504 km
  narrow gauge: 3,504 km 1.000-m gauge (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 48
  Roadways:
  total: 80,488 km
  paved: 11,993 km
  unpaved: 68,495 km (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 59
  Waterways:
  10,000 km (commercially navigable almost exclusively in the northern and eastern parts of the country) (2012)
  country comparison to the world: 13
  Merchant marine:
  total: 18
  by type: bulk carrier 1, cargo 14, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 2
  foreign-owned: 5 (Syria 4, UK 1, (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 98
  Ports and terminals:
  river port(s): Puerto Aguirre (Paraguay/Parana)
  note: Bolivia has free port privileges in maritime ports in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Paraguay

- ## Military :: BOLIVIA

- Military branches:
  Bolivian Armed Forces: Bolivian Army (Ejercito Boliviano, EB), Bolivian Naval Force (Fuerza Naval Boliviana, FNB; includes Marines), Bolivian Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Boliviana, FAB) (2013)
  Military service age and obligation:
  18-49 years of age for 12-month compulsory male and female military service; Bolivian citizenship required; 17 years of age for voluntary service; when annual number of volunteers falls short of goal, compulsory recruitment is effected, including conscription of boys as young as 14; 15-19 years of age for voluntary premilitary service, provides exemption from further military service (2013)
  Manpower available for military service:
  males age 16-49: 2,472,490
  females age 16-49: 2,535,768 (2010 est.)
  Manpower fit for military service:
  males age 16-49: 1,762,260
  females age 16-49: 2,013,281 (2010 est.)
  Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
  male: 108,334
  female: 104,945 (2010 est.)
  Military expenditures:
  1.47% of GDP (2012)
  1.47% of GDP (2011)
  1.47% of GDP (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 64

- ## Transnational Issues :: BOLIVIA

- Disputes - international:
  Chile and Peru rebuff Bolivia's reactivated claim to restore the Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, but Chile offers instead unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile for Bolivian natural gas; contraband smuggling, human trafficking, and illegal narcotic trafficking are problems in the porous areas of the border with Argentina
  Trafficking in persons:
  current situation: Bolivia is a source country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking domestically and abroad; indigenous children are particularly vulnerable; Bolivian adults and children perform forced labor in domestic service, mining, ranching, agriculture, and food processing; Bolivian women and girls are sex trafficked in neighboring countries, while other Bolivians are found in forced labor in neighboring countries, Spain, and the US; a limited number of women from nearby countries are forced into prostitution in Bolivia
  tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List – Bolivia does not comply fully with the minimum standards for the elimination of human trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government did not demonstrate increasing anti-trafficking efforts during the reporting period; investigations decreased and convictions remained very low compared to the number of potential trafficking victims identified; the government did not offer adequate protective services for trafficking victims, leaving civil society organizations to provide most of the care without government support; trafficking prevention efforts were limited (2014)
  Illicit drugs:
  world's third-largest cultivator of coca (after Colombia and Peru) with an estimated 30,000 hectares under cultivation in 2011, a decrease of 13 percent over 2010; third largest producer of cocaine, estimated at 265 metric tons potential pure cocaine in 2011, a 29 percent increase over 2010; transit country for Peruvian and Colombian cocaine destined for Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Europe; weak border controls; some money-laundering activity related to narcotics trade; major cocaine consumption (2013)

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