# Library

ABOUT REFERENCES APPENDICES FAQs CONTACT

Africa :: Ethiopia

- ## Introduction :: ETHIOPIA

- Background:
  Unique among African countries, the ancient Ethiopian monarchy maintained its freedom from colonial rule with the exception of a short-lived Italian occupation from 1936-41. In 1974, a military junta, the Derg, deposed Emperor Haile SELASSIE (who had ruled since 1930) and established a socialist state. Torn by bloody coups, uprisings, wide-scale drought, and massive refugee problems, the regime was finally toppled in 1991 by a coalition of rebel forces, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front. A constitution was adopted in 1994, and Ethiopia's first multiparty elections were held in 1995. A border war with Eritrea in the late 1990s ended with a peace treaty in December 2000. In November 2007, the Eritrea-Ethiopia Border Commission (EEBC) issued specific coordinates as virtually demarcating the border and pronounced its work finished. Alleging that the EEBC acted beyond its mandate in issuing the coordinates, Ethiopia has not accepted them and has not withdrawn troops from previously contested areas pronounced by the EEBC as belonging to Eritrea. In August 2012, longtime leader Prime Minister MELES Zenawi died in office and was replaced by his Deputy Prime Minister HAILEMARIAM Desalegn, marking the first peaceful transition of power in decades.

- ## Geography :: ETHIOPIA

- Location:
  Eastern Africa, west of Somalia
  Geographic coordinates:
  8 00 N, 38 00 E
  Map references:
  Africa
  Area:
  total: 1,104,300 sq km
  land: 1 million sq km
  water: 104,300 sq km
  country comparison to the world: 27
  Area - comparative:
  slightly less than twice the size of Texas
  Area comparison map:
  Land boundaries:
  total: 5,925 km
  border countries (6): Djibouti 342 km, Eritrea 1,033 km, Kenya 867 km, Somalia 1,640 km, South Sudan 1,299 km, Sudan 744 km
  Coastline:
  0 km (landlocked)
  Maritime claims:
  none (landlocked)
  Climate:
  tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation
  Terrain:
  high plateau with central mountain range divided by Great Rift Valley
  Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Danakil Depression -125 m
  highest point: Ras Dejen 4,533 m
  Natural resources:
  small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash, natural gas, hydropower
  Land use:
  agricultural land: 36.3%
  arable land 15.2%; permanent crops 1.1%; permanent pasture 20%
  forest: 12.2%
  other: 51.5% (2011 est.)
  Irrigated land:
  2,896 sq km (2003)
  Total renewable water resources:
  122 cu km (2011)
  Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
  total: 5.56 cu km/yr (13%/1%/86%)
  per capita: 80.5 cu m/yr (2005)
  Natural hazards:
  geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions; frequent droughts
  volcanism: volcanic activity in the Great Rift Valley; Erta Ale (elev. 613 m), which has caused frequent lava flows in recent years, is the country's most active volcano; Dabbahu became active in 2005, forcing evacuations; other historically active volcanoes include Alayta, Dalaffilla, Dallol, Dama Ali, Fentale, Kone, Manda Hararo, and Manda-Inakir
  Environment - current issues:
  deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; water shortages in some areas from water-intensive farming and poor management
  Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
  signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea
  Geography - note:
  landlocked - entire coastline along the Red Sea was lost with the de jure independence of Eritrea on 24 May 1993; Ethiopia is, therefore, the most populous landlocked country in the world; the Blue Nile, the chief headstream of the Nile by water volume, rises in T'ana Hayk (Lake Tana) in northwest Ethiopia; three major crops are believed to have originated in Ethiopia: coffee, grain sorghum, and castor bean

- ## People and Society :: ETHIOPIA

- Nationality:
  noun: Ethiopian(s)
  adjective: Ethiopian
  Ethnic groups:
  Oromo 34.4%, Amhara (Amara) 27%, Somali (Somalie) 6.2%, Tigray (Tigrinya) 6.1%, Sidama 4%, Gurage 2.5%, Welaita 2.3%, Hadiya 1.7%, Afar (Affar) 1.7%, Gamo 1.5%, Gedeo 1.3%, Silte 1.3%, Kefficho 1.2%, other 10.5% (2007 est.)
  Languages:
  Oromo (official working language in the State of Oromiya) 33.8%, Amharic (official national language) 29.3%, Somali (official working language of the State of Sumale) 6.2%, Tigrigna (Tigrinya) (official working language of the State of Tigray) 5.9%, Sidamo 4%, Wolaytta 2.2%, Gurage 2%, Afar (official working language of the State of Afar) 1.7%, Hadiyya 1.7%, Gamo 1.5%, Gedeo 1.3%, Opuuo 1.2%, Kafa 1.1%, other 8.1%, English (major foreign language taught in schools), Arabic (2007 est.)
  Religions:
  Ethiopian Orthodox 43.5%, Muslim 33.9%, Protestant 18.5%, traditional 2.7%, Catholic 0.7%, other 0.6% (2007 est.)
  Population:
  99,465,819
  note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 14
  Age structure:
  0-14 years: 43.94% (male 21,900,571/female 21,809,643)
  15-24 years: 19.98% (male 9,865,976/female 10,009,596)
  25-54 years: 29.31% (male 14,487,280/female 14,667,179)
  55-64 years: 3.88% (male 1,882,315/female 1,981,762)
  65 years and over: 2.88% (male 1,289,336/female 1,572,161) (2015 est.)
  population pyramid:
  Dependency ratios:
  total dependency ratio: 81.6%
  youth dependency ratio: 75.2%
  elderly dependency ratio: 6.3%
  potential support ratio: 15.8% (2015 est.)
  Median age:
  total: 17.7 years
  male: 17.5 years
  female: 17.8 years (2015 est.)
  Population growth rate:
  2.89% (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 10
  Birth rate:
  37.27 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 13
  Death rate:
  8.19 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 90
  Net migration rate:
  -0.22 migrant(s)/1,000 population
  note: repatriation of Ethiopian refugees residing in Sudan is expected to continue for several years; some Sudanese, Somali, and Eritrean refugees, who fled to Ethiopia from the fighting or famine in their own countries, continue to return to their homes (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 119
  Urbanization:
  urban population: 19.5% of total population (2015)
  rate of urbanization: 4.89% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
  Major urban areas - population:
  ADDIS ABABA (capital) 3.238 million (2015)
  Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
  0-14 years: 1 male(s)/female
  15-24 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
  25-54 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
  55-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2015 est.)
  Infant mortality rate:
  total: 53.37 deaths/1,000 live births
  male: 61.08 deaths/1,000 live births
  female: 45.43 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 31
  Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 61.48 years
  male: 59.11 years
  female: 63.93 years (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 193
  Total fertility rate:
  5.15 children born/woman (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 14
  Contraceptive prevalence rate:
  28.6% (2010/11)
  Health expenditures:
  5.1% of GDP (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 166
  Physicians density:
  0.03 physicians/1,000 population (2009)
  Hospital bed density:
  6.3 beds/1,000 population (2011)
  Drinking water source:
  improved:
  urban: 93.1% of population
  rural: 48.6% of population
  total: 57.3% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 6.9% of population
  rural: 51.4% of population
  total: 42.7% of population (2015 est.)
  Sanitation facility access:
  improved:
  urban: 27.2% of population
  rural: 28.2% of population
  total: 28% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 72.8% of population
  rural: 71.8% of population
  total: 72% of population (2015 est.)
  HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  1.15% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 40
  HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  730,300 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 12
  HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  23,400 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 13
  Major infectious diseases:
  degree of risk: very high
  food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
  vectorborne diseases: malaria and dengue fever
  respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
  animal contact disease: rabies
  water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2013)
  Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
  3.3% (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 191
  Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
  25.2% (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 15
  Education expenditures:
  4.7% of GDP (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 85
  Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 49.1%
  male: 57.2%
  female: 41.1% (2015 est.)
  School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
  total: 7 years
  male: 8 years
  female: 6 years (2005)
  Child labor - children ages 5-14:
  total number: 10,693,164
  percentage: 53% (2005 est.)
  Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
  total: 24.9%
  male: 19.5%
  female: 29.4% (2006 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 36

- ## Government :: ETHIOPIA

- Country name:
  conventional long form: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
  conventional short form: Ethiopia
  local long form: Ityop'iya Federalawi Demokrasiyawi Ripeblik
  local short form: Ityop'iya
  former: Abyssinia, Italian East Africa
  abbreviation: FDRE
  Government type:
  federal republic
  Capital:
  name: Addis Ababa
  geographic coordinates: 9 02 N, 38 42 E
  time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
  Administrative divisions:
  9 ethnically based states (kililoch, singular - kilil) and 2 self-governing administrations* (astedaderoch, singular - astedader); Adis Abeba* (Addis Ababa), Afar, Amara (Amhara), Binshangul Gumuz, Dire Dawa*, Gambela Hizboch (Gambela Peoples), Hareri Hizb (Harari People), Oromiya (Oromia), Sumale (Somali), Tigray, Ye Debub Biheroch Bihereseboch na Hizboch (Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples)
  Independence:
  oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest in the world - at least 2,000 years (may be traced to the Aksumite Kingdom, which coalesced in the first century B.C.)
  National holiday:
  National Day (defeat of MENGISTU regime), 28 May (1991)
  Constitution:
  several previous; latest drafted June 1994, adopted 8 December 1994, entered into force 21 August 1995 (2013)
  Legal system:
  civil law system
  International law organization participation:
  has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
  Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
  Executive branch:
  chief of state: President MULATU Teshome Wirtu (since 7 October 2013)
  head of government: Prime Minister HAILEMARIAM Desalegn (since 21 September 2012); Deputy Prime Ministers ASTER Mamo, DEBRETSION Gebre-Michael, DEMEKE Mekonnen Hassen; note - prior to his approval as prime minister, HAILEMARIAM had been acting prime minister due to the death of former Prime Minister MELES
  cabinet: Council of Ministers selected by the prime minister and approved by the House of People's Representatives
  elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by both chambers of Parliament for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 7 October 2013 (next to be held in October 2019); prime minister designated by the majority party following legislative elections
  election results: MULATU Teshome Wirtu (OPDO) elected president by acclamation
  Legislative branch:
  bicameral Parliament consists of the House of Federation or Yefedereshein Mikir Bete (108 seats; members indirectly elected by state assemblies to serve 5-year terms) and the House of People's Representatives or Yehizb Tewokayoch Mekir Bete (547 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms); note - the House of Federation is responsible for interpreting the constitution and federal-regional issues and the House of People's Representatives is responsible for passing legislation
  elections: last held on 24 May 2015 (next to be held in 2020)
  election results: percent of vote - NA; seats by party - EPRDF 547
  Judicial branch:
  highest court(s): Federal Supreme Court or Supreme Imperial Court (consists of 11 judges); note - the Federal Supreme Court has jurisdiction for all constitutional issues
  judge selection and term of office: president and vice president of Federal Supreme Court nominated by the prime minister and appointed by the House of People's Representatives; other Supreme Court judges nominated by the Federal Judicial Administrative Council and appointed by the House of People's Representatives; judges serve until retirement at age 60
  subordinate courts: federal high courts and federal courts of first instance; state court systems (mirror structure of federal system); sharia courts and customary and traditional courts
  Political parties and leaders:
  Afar National Democratic Party or ANDP [Mohammed KEDIR]
  All Ethiopian Unity Organization or AEUO [Hailu SHAWEL]
  Arena Tigray [GEBRU Asrat]
  Argoba People's Democratic Organization or APDO [Abdulkader MOHAMMED]
  Benishangul Gumuz People's Democratic Party or BGPDP [Mulualem BESSE]
  Blue Party (Semayawi Party) [Yanatan TESFAYE, spokesman]
  Coalition for Unity and Democratic Party or CUDP [AYELE Chamiso]
  Ethiopian Democratic Party or EDP [MUSHE Semu]
  Ethiopian Federal Democratic Forum or FORUM [Dr. Moga FRISSA] (a UDJ-led 6-party alliance established for the 2010 parliamentary elections)
  Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front or EPRDF (including the following organizations: Amhara National Democratic Movement or ANDM; Oromo People's Democratic Organization or OPDO; Southern Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement or SEPDM; and Tigray People's Liberation Front or TPLF)
  Gambella Peoples Unity Democratic Movement or GPUDM
  Gurage Peoples Democratic Front [GIRMA Bogale]
  Harari National League or HNL [YASIN Husein]
  Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement or OFDM
  Oromo People's Congress or OPC [IMERERA Gudina]
  Somali Democratic Alliance Forces or SODAF [BUH Hussien]
  Somali People's Democratic Party or SPDP [Abdulfetah Sheck ABDULAHI]
  South Ethiopian People's Democratic Union or SEPDU [TILAHUN Endeshaw]
  United Ethiopian Democratic Forces or UEDF [BEYENE Petros]
  Unity for Democracy and Justice or UDJ [Dr. NEGASSO Gidada]
  Political pressure groups and leaders:
  Ethiopian People's Patriotic Front or EPPF
  Ogaden National Liberation Front or ONLF
  Oromo Liberation Front or OLF [DAOUD Ibsa]
  International organization participation:
  ACP, AfDB, AU, COMESA, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
  Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador GIRMA Birru (since 6 January 2011)
  chancery: 3506 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008
  telephone: [1] (202) 364-1200
  FAX: [1] (202) 587-0195
  consulate(s) general: Los Angeles, Seattle
  consulate(s): Houston, New York
  Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Patricia Marie HASLACH (since 25 September 2013)
  embassy: Entoto Street, Addis Ababa
  mailing address: P. O. Box 1014, Addis Ababa
  telephone: 130-6000
  FAX: 124-2401
  Flag description:
  three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red, with a yellow pentagram and single yellow rays emanating from the angles between the points on a light blue disk centered on the three bands; green represents hope and the fertility of the land, yellow symbolizes justice and harmony, while red stands for sacrifice and heroism in the defense of the land; the blue of the disk symbolizes peace and the pentagram represents the unity and equality of the nationalities and peoples of Ethiopia
  note: Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa, and the three main colors of her flag (adopted ca. 1895) were so often appropriated by other African countries upon independence that they became known as the Pan-African colors; the emblem in the center of the current flag was added in 1996
  National symbol(s):
  Abyssinian lion (traditional), yellow pentagram with five rays of light on a blue field (promoted by current government); national colors: green, yellow, red
  National anthem:
  name: "Whedefit Gesgeshi Woud Enat Ethiopia" (March Forward, Dear Mother Ethiopia)
  lyrics/music: DEREJE Melaku Mengesha/SOLOMON Lulu
  note: adopted 1992

- ## Economy :: ETHIOPIA

- Economy - overview:
  Ethiopia's economy is based on agriculture, but the government is pushing to diversify into manufacturing, textiles, and energy generation. Coffee is a major export crop. The agricultural sector suffers from poor cultivation practices and frequent drought, but recent joint efforts by the Government of Ethiopia and donors have strengthened Ethiopia's agricultural resilience, contributing to a reduction in the number of Ethiopians threatened with starvation. The banking, insurance, telecommunications, and micro-credit industries are restricted to domestic investors, but Ethiopia has attracted significant foreign investment in textiles, leather, commercial agriculture and manufacturing. Under Ethiopia's constitution, the state owns all land and provides long-term leases to the tenants; land use certificates are now being issued in some areas so that tenants have more recognizable rights to continued occupancy and hence make more concerted efforts to improve their leaseholds. While GDP growth has remained high, per capita income is among the lowest in the world. Ethiopia's economy continues on its state-led Growth and Transformation Plan and is scheduled to issue another development plan in 2015. Ethiopia has achieved high single-digit growth rates through government-led infrastructure expansion and commercial agriculture development. Ethiopia in late 2014 issued its first sovereign bond, generating $1 billion in revenue for a 10 year note.
  GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $144.6 billion (2014 est.)
  $131 billion (2013 est.)
  $119.3 billion (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 73
  GDP (official exchange rate):
  $52.34 billion (2014 est.)
  GDP - real growth rate:
  10.3% (2014 est.)
  9.8% (2013 est.)
  8.7% (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 11
  GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $1,600 (2014 est.)
  $1,400 (2013 est.)
  $1,300 (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 217
  Gross national saving:
  25.2% of GDP (2014 est.)
  28.3% of GDP (2013 est.)
  30.7% of GDP (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 54
  GDP - composition, by end use:
  household consumption: 83.7%
  government consumption: 8%
  investment in fixed capital: 36.8%
  investment in inventories: 0%
  exports of goods and services: 12.8%
  imports of goods and services: -41.3%
  (2014 est.)
  GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
  agriculture: 47.7%
  industry: 10.4%
  services: 41.9% (2014 est.)
  Agriculture - products:
  cereals, coffee, oilseed, cotton, sugarcane, vegetables, khat, cut flowers; hides, cattle, sheep, goats; fish
  Industries:
  food processing, beverages, textiles, leather, chemicals, metals processing, cement
  Industrial production growth rate:
  7.5% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 26
  Labor force:
  47.32 million (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 14
  Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture: 85%
  industry: 5%
  services: 10% (2009 est.)
  Unemployment rate:
  17.5% (2012 est.)
  18% (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 156
  Population below poverty line:
  39% (2012 est.)
  Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 4.1%
  highest 10%: 25.6% (2005)
  Distribution of family income - Gini index:
  33 (2011)
  30 (2000)
  country comparison to the world: 102
  Budget:
  revenues: $7.582 billion
  expenditures: $9.025 billion (2014 est.)
  Taxes and other revenues:
  15.2% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 191
  Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
  -2.9% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 113
  Public debt:
  55.1% of GDP (2014 est.)
  50.2% of GDP (2013 est.)
  note: official data cover central government debt, including debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury and treasury debt owned by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
  country comparison to the world: 62
  Fiscal year:
  8 July - 7 July
  Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  7.4% (2014 est.)
  8.1% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 198
  Central bank discount rate:
  NA%
  Commercial bank prime lending rate:
  11% (31 December 2014 est.)
  12% (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 73
  Stock of narrow money:
  $11.31 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $10.24 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 75
  Stock of broad money:
  $19.23 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $17.43 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 88
  Stock of domestic credit:
  $20.27 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $18.15 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 86
  Market value of publicly traded shares:
  $NA
  Current account balance:
  -$4.704 billion (2014 est.)
  -$2.783 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 159
  Exports:
  $4.14 billion (2014 est.)
  $3.532 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 120
  Exports - commodities:
  coffee, khat, gold, leather products, live animals, oilseeds
  Exports - partners:
  China 17.1%, Germany 7.6%, US 7.2%, Belgium 6.8%, Saudi Arabia 6.7% (2014)
  Imports:
  $12.08 billion (2014 est.)
  $11.19 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 94
  Imports - commodities:
  food and live animals, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, machinery, motor vehicles, cereals, textiles
  Imports - partners:
  China 19.2%, US 11.4%, Saudi Arabia 6.7%, India 5% (2014)
  Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
  $3.785 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $3.556 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 102
  Debt - external:
  $17.02 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $14.49 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 89
  Exchange rates:
  birr (ETB) per US dollar -
  21.13 (2014 est.)
  21.1 (2013 est.)
  17.71 (2012 est.)
  16.899 (2011 est.)
  14.41 (2010 est.)

- ## Energy :: ETHIOPIA

- Electricity - production:
  5.107 billion kWh (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 122
  Electricity - consumption:
  4.591 billion kWh (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 117
  Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 136
  Electricity - imports:
  0 kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 143
  Electricity - installed generating capacity:
  2.127 million kW (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 103
  Electricity - from fossil fuels:
  9.6% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 196
  Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
  0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 87
  Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
  88.7% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 14
  Electricity - from other renewable sources:
  1.8% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 79
  Crude oil - production:
  100 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 114
  Crude oil - exports:
  0 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 109
  Crude oil - imports:
  0 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 183
  Crude oil - proved reserves:
  430,000 bbl (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 100
  Refined petroleum products - production:
  0 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 141
  Refined petroleum products - consumption:
  56,940 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 97
  Refined petroleum products - exports:
  0 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 175
  Refined petroleum products - imports:
  42,500 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 78
  Natural gas - production:
  0 cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 129
  Natural gas - consumption:
  0 cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 141
  Natural gas - exports:
  0 cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 94
  Natural gas - imports:
  0 cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 191
  Natural gas - proved reserves:
  24.92 billion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 71
  Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
  8.213 million Mt (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 110

- ## Communications :: ETHIOPIA

- Telephones - fixed lines:
  total subscriptions: 820,000
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 1 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 87
  Telephones - mobile cellular:
  total: 30.5 million
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 32 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 41
  Telephone system:
  general assessment: inadequate telephone system with the Ethio Telecom maintaining a monopoly over telecommunication services; open-wire, microwave radio relay; radio communication in the HF, VHF, and UHF frequencies; 2 domestic satellites provide the national trunk service
  domestic: the number of fixed lines and mobile telephones is increasing from a small base; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity is roughly 15 per 100 persons
  international: country code - 251; open-wire to Sudan and Djibouti; microwave radio relay to Kenya and Djibouti; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Pacific Ocean) (2011)
  Broadcast media:
  1 public TV station broadcasting nationally and 1 public radio broadcaster with stations in each of the 13 administrative districts; a few commercial radio stations and roughly a dozen community radio stations (2009)
  Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 8, FM 0, shortwave 1 (2001)
  Television broadcast stations:
  1 (plus 24 repeaters) (2001)
  Internet country code:
  .et
  Internet users:
  total: 1.6 million
  percent of population: 1.7% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 107

- ## Transportation :: ETHIOPIA

- Airports:
  57 (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 83
  Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 17
  over 3,047 m: 3
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 8
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
  under 914 m: 2 (2013)
  Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 40
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 9
  914 to 1,523 m: 20
  under 914 m:
  8 (2013)
  Railways:
  total: 681 km (Ethiopian segment of the 781 km Addis Ababa-Djibouti railroad)
  narrow gauge: 681 km 1.000-m gauge
  note: railway is under joint control of Djibouti and Ethiopia (2015)
  country comparison to the world: 103
  Roadways:
  total: 44,359 km
  paved: 6,064 km
  unpaved: 38,295 km (2007)
  country comparison to the world: 78
  Merchant marine:
  total: 8
  by type: cargo 8 (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 121
  Ports and terminals:
  Ethiopia is landlocked and uses the ports of Djibouti in Djibouti and Berbera in Somalia

- ## Military :: ETHIOPIA

- Military branches:
  Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF): Ground Forces, Ethiopian Air Force (Ye Ityopya Ayer Hayl, ETAF) (2013)
  Military service age and obligation:
  18 years of age for voluntary military service; no compulsory military service, but the military can conduct callups when necessary and compliance is compulsory (2012)
  Manpower available for military service:
  males age 16-49: 19,067,499
  females age 16-49: 19,726,816 (2010 est.)
  Manpower fit for military service:
  males age 16-49: 11,868,084
  females age 16-49: 12,889,260 (2010 est.)
  Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
  male: 967,411
  female: 981,714 (2010 est.)
  Military expenditures:
  0.91% of GDP (2012)
  1.1% of GDP (2011)
  0.91% of GDP (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 107

- ## Transnational Issues :: ETHIOPIA

- Disputes - international:
  Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by the 2002 Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision, but neither party responded to the revised line detailed in the November 2006 EEBC Demarcation Statement; the undemarcated former British administrative line has little meaning as a political separation to rival clans within Ethiopia's Ogaden and southern Somalia's Oromo region; Ethiopian forces invaded southern Somalia and routed Islamist courts from Mogadishu in January 2007; "Somaliland" secessionists provide port facilities in Berbera and trade ties to landlocked Ethiopia; civil unrest in eastern Sudan has hampered efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Ethiopia
  Refugees and internally displaced persons:
  refugees (country of origin): 287,939 (South Sudan); 247,706 (Somalia); 139,039 (Eritrea); 36,863 (Sudan); 10,687 (Yemen) (2015)
  IDPs: 413,400 (border war with Eritrea from 1998-2000; ethnic clashes; and ongoing fighting between the Ethiopian military and separatist rebel groups in the Sumale and Oromiya regions; natural disasters; intercommunal violence; most IDPs live in Sumale state) (2015)
  Illicit drugs:
  transit hub for heroin originating in Southwest and Southeast Asia and destined for Europe, as well as cocaine destined for markets in southern Africa; cultivates qat (khat) for local use and regional export, principally to Djibouti and Somalia (legal in all three countries); the lack of a well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a money laundering center

GO TOP