East & Southeast Asia :: MACAU

- ## Introduction :: MACAU

- Background:
  Colonized by the Portuguese in the 16th century, Macau was the first European settlement in the Far East. Pursuant to an agreement signed by China and Portugal on 13 April 1987, Macau became the Macau Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China on 20 December 1999. In this agreement, China promised that, under its "one country, two systems" formula, China's political and economic system would not be imposed on Macau, and that Macau would enjoy a "high degree of autonomy" in all matters except foreign affairs and defense for the subsequent 50 years.

- ## Geography :: MACAU

- Location:
  Eastern Asia, bordering the South China Sea and China
  Geographic coordinates:
  22 10 N, 113 33 E
  Map references:
  Southeast Asia
  Area:
  total: 28.2 sq km
  land: 28.2 sq km
  water: 0 sq km
  country comparison to the world: 237
  Area - comparative:
  less than one-sixth the size of Washington, DC
  Land boundaries:
  total: 3 km
  regional border (1): China 3 km
  Coastline:
  41 km
  Maritime claims:
  not specified
  Climate:
  subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers
  Terrain:
  generally flat
  Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: South China Sea 0 m
  highest point: Coloane Alto 172 m
  Natural resources:
  NEGL
  Land use:
  agricultural land: 0%
  arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; permanent pasture 0%
  forest: 0%
  other: 100% (urban area) (2011 est.)
  Irrigated land:
  NA; note - included in the total for China
  Natural hazards:
  typhoons
  Environment - current issues:
  NA
  Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Marine Dumping (associate member), Ship Pollution (associate member)
  Geography - note:
  essentially urban; an area of land reclaimed from the sea measuring 5.2 sq km and known as Cotai now connects the islands of Coloane and Taipa; the island area is connected to the mainland peninsula by three bridges

- ## People and Society :: MACAU

- Nationality:
  noun: Chinese
  adjective: Chinese
  Ethnic groups:
  Chinese 92.4%, Portuguese 0.6%, mixed 1.1%, other 5.9% (includes Macanese - mixed Portuguese and Asian ancestry) (2011 est.)
  Languages:
  Cantonese 83.3%, Mandarin 5%, Hokkien 3.7%, English 2.3%, other Chinese dialects 2%, Tagalog 1.7%, Portuguese 0.7%, other 1.3%
  note: Chinese and Portuguese are official languages (2011 est.)
  Religions:
  Buddhist 50%, Roman Catholic 15%, none or other 35% (1997 est.)
  Population:
  592,731
  note: Macau's statistical agency estimated the total population to be approximately 607,500 as of 31 December 2013 (July 2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 170
  Age structure:
  0-14 years: 14.31% (male 44,335/female 40,481)
  15-24 years: 13.02% (male 40,337/female 36,862)
  25-54 years: 50.67% (male 133,897/female 166,418)
  55-64 years: 12.42% (male 37,118/female 36,527)
  65 years and over: 9.58% (male 26,555/female 30,201) (2015 est.)
  Dependency ratios:
  total dependency ratio: 28.2%
  youth dependency ratio: 16.7%
  elderly dependency ratio: 11.5%
  potential support ratio: 8.7% (2015 est.)
  Median age:
  total: 37.7 years
  male: 38.3 years
  female: 37.3 years (2014 est.)
  Population growth rate:
  0.8% (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 133
  Birth rate:
  8.88 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 209
  Death rate:
  4.22 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 209
  Net migration rate:
  3.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 33
  Urbanization:
  urban population: 100% of total population (2015)
  rate of urbanization: 1.78% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
  Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
  0-14 years: 1.1 male(s)/female
  15-24 years: 1.09 male(s)/female
  25-54 years: 0.8 male(s)/female
  55-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2015 est.)
  Infant mortality rate:
  total: 3.12 deaths/1,000 live births
  male: 3.27 deaths/1,000 live births
  female: 2.95 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 216
  Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 84.51 years
  male: 81.55 years
  female: 87.61 years (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 2
  Total fertility rate:
  0.94 children born/woman (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 223
  HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  NA
  HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  NA
  HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  NA
  Education expenditures:
  3.3% of GDP (2012)
  country comparison to the world: 148
  Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 96.2%
  male: 98%
  female: 94.6% (2015 est.)
  Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
  total: 5.8%
  male: 7%
  female: 4.7% (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 123

- ## Government :: MACAU

- Country name:
  conventional long form: Macau Special Administrative Region
  conventional short form: Macau
  official long form: Aomen Tebie Xingzhengqu (Chinese); Regiao Administrativa Especial de Macau (Portuguese)
  official short form: Aomen (Chinese); Macau (Portuguese)
  Dependency status:
  special administrative region of the People's Republic of China
  Government type:
  limited democracy
  Administrative divisions:
  none (special administrative region of the People's Republic of China)
  Independence:
  none (special administrative region of China)
  National holiday:
  National Day (anniversary of the Founding of the People's Republic of China), 1 October (1949); note - 20 December 1999 is celebrated as Macau Special Administrative Region Establishment Day
  Constitution:
  previous 1976 (Organic Statute of Macau, by Portugal); latest adopted 31 March 1993, effective 20 December 1999 (Basic Law of the Macau Special Administrative Region, by the People's Republic of China, serves as Macau's constitution) (2013)
  Legal system:
  civil law system based on the Portuguese model
  Suffrage:
  18 years of age in direct elections for some legislative positions, universal for permanent residents living in Macau for the past seven years; note - indirect elections are limited to organizations registered as "corporate voters" (973 were registered in the 2009 legislative elections) and a 400-member Election Committee for the Chief Executive drawn from broad regional groupings, municipal organizations, central government bodies, and elected Macau officials
  Executive branch:
  chief of state: President of China XI Jinping (since 14 March 2013)
  head of government: Chief Executive Fernando CHUI Sai On (since 20 December 2009)
  cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the chief executive
  elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by National People's Congress for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); chief executive chosen by a 400-member Election Committee for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 29 August 2014 (next to be held in 2019); note - the Legislative Assembly in August 2012 voted to expand the Election Committee to 400 from 300 seats for the 2014 election
  election results: Fernando CHUI Sai On reelected chief executive; Election Committee vote count - 380 of 396
  Legislative branch:
  description: unicameral Legislative Council or Regiao Administrativa Especial de Macau (33 seats; 14 members directly elected by proportional representation vote, 12 indirectly elected by an electoral college of professional and commercial interest groups, and 7 appointed by the chief executive; members serve 4-year terms)
  elections: last held on 15 September 2013 (next to be held in September 2017)
  election results: percent of vote - ACUM 18.0%, UMG 11.1%, UPP 10.8%, NE 9.0%, NUDM 8.9%, UPD 8.2%, APMD 7.5%, ANMD 6.0%, APM 6.0%, other 14.5%; seats by political group - ACUM 3, UMG 2, UPP 2, NE 2, NUDM 1, UPD 1, APMD 1, ANMD 1, APM 1; 12 seats filled by professional and business groups; 7 members appointed by the chief executive
  Judicial branch:
  highest court(s): Court of Final Appeal of Macau Special Administrative Region (consists of the court president and 2 associate justices)
  judge selection and term of office: justices appointed by the Macau chief executive upon the recommendation of an independent commission of judges, lawyers, and "eminent" persons; judge tenure NA
  subordinate courts: Court of Second Instance; Court of First instance; Lower Court; Administrative Court
  Political parties and leaders:
  Alliance for Change or APM [Melinda CHAN Mei-yi]
  Macau-Guangdong Union or UMG [MAK Soi-kun]
  New Democratic Macau Association or ANMD (an electoral list of the New Macau Association)
  New Hope or NE [Jose Maria Pereira COUTINHO]
  New Macau Association or ANM [Sulu SOU Ka-hou]
  New Union for Macau's Development or NUDM [Angela LEONG On-kei]
  Prosperous Democratic Macau Association or APMD (an electoral list of the New Macau Association)
  Union for Development or UPD [KWAN Tsui-hang]
  Union for Promoting Progress or UPP [HO Ion-sang]
  United Citizens Association of Macau or ACUM [CHAN Meng-kam]
  note: there is no political party ordinance, so there are no registered political parties; politically active groups register as societies or companies
  Political pressure groups and leaders:
  Bar-Bending Workers' Association [WONG Wai-Man]
  Civic Power [Agnes LAM lok-fong]
  Democratic Action [LEE Kin-yun]
  Macau New Chinese Youth Association [LEONG Sin-man]
  Macau Worker's Union [HO Heng-kuok]
  New Macau Association [Antonio NG Kuok-cheong]
  Workers' Self-Help Union [CHEONG Weng-fat]
  International organization participation:
  ICC (national committees), IHO, IMF, IMO (associate), Interpol (subbureau), ISO (correspondent), UNESCO (associate), UNWTO (associate), UPU, WCO, WMO, WTO
  Diplomatic representation in the US:
  none (Special Administrative Region of China)
  Diplomatic representation from the US:
  the US has no offices in Macau; US Consulate General in Hong Kong is accredited to Macau
  Flag description:
  green with a lotus flower above a stylized bridge and water in white, beneath an arc of five gold, five-pointed stars: one large in the center of the arc and two smaller on either side; the lotus is the floral emblem of Macau, the three petals represent the peninsula and two islands that make up Macau; the five stars echo those on the flag of China
  National symbol(s):
  lotus blossom; national colors: green, white, yellow
  National anthem:
  note: as a Special Administrative Region of China, "Yiyongjun Jinxingqu" is the official anthem (see China)

- ## Economy :: MACAU

- Economy - overview:
  Since opening up its locally-controlled casino industry to foreign competition in 2001, Macau has attracted tens of billions of dollars in foreign investment, transforming the territory into one of the world's largest gaming centers. Macau's gaming and tourism businesses were fueled by China's decision to relax travel restrictions on Chinese citizens wishing to visit Macau. In 2014, Macau's gaming-related taxes accounted for more than 83% of total government revenue. Macau's economy slowed dramatically in 2009 as a result of the global economic slowdown, but strong growth resumed in 2010-13, largely on the back of tourism from mainland China and the gaming sectors. In 2014, this city of 636,200 hosted nearly 31.5 million visitors. Almost 67% came from mainland China. Macau's traditional manufacturing industry has slowed greatly since the termination of the Multi-Fiber Agreement in 2005. Services export—primarily gaming—increasingly has driven Macau’s economic performance. Mainland China’s ongoing anti-corruption campaign has brought Macau’s gambling boom to a halt, with spending in casinos contracting 2.6% in 2014. As a result, Macau's inflation-adjusted GDP contracted 0.4% from 2013, down from double-digit expansion rates in 2010-13. Non-inflation adjusted exports of goods and services dropped 0.4% from 2013, reflecting the slowdown in gaming exports. Macau continues to face the challenges of managing its growing casino industry, risks from money-laundering activities, and the need to diversify the economy away from heavy dependence on gaming revenues. Macau's currency, the pataca, is closely tied to the Hong Kong dollar, which is also freely accepted in the territory.
  GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $51.68 billion (2013 est.)
  $46.19 billion (2012 est.)
  $42.34 billion (2011 est.)
  note: data are in 2013 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 106
  GDP (official exchange rate):
  $51.68 billion (2013 est.)
  GDP - real growth rate:
  11.9% (2013 est.)
  9.1% (2012 est.)
  21.3% (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 1
  GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $88,700 (2013 est.)
  $79,900 (2010 est.)
  $73,900 (2009 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 4
  GDP - composition, by end use:
  household consumption: 18.5%
  government consumption: 6.5%
  investment in fixed capital: 16.7%
  investment in inventories: 0%
  exports of goods and services: 101.7%
  imports of goods and services: -43.4%
  (2014 est.)
  GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
  agriculture: 0%
  industry: 5.9%
  services: 94.1% (2014 est.)
  Agriculture - products:
  only 2% of land area is cultivated, mainly by vegetable growers; fishing, mostly for crustaceans, is important; some of the catch is exported to Hong Kong
  Industries:
  tourism, gambling, clothing, textiles, electronics, footwear, toys
  Industrial production growth rate:
  10% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 11
  Labor force:
  367,800 (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 159
  Labor force - by occupation:
  manufacturing: 2.5%
  construction: 9.8%
  transport and communications: 4.4%
  wholesale and retail trade: 12.4%
  restaurants and hotels: 15%
  gambling: 25.9%
  public sector: 7.1%
  financial services: 2.6%
  other services: 20.3% (2013)
  Unemployment rate:
  1.9% (2013 est.)
  1.9% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 11
  Population below poverty line:
  NA%
  Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: NA%
  highest 10%: NA%
  Distribution of family income - Gini index:
  35 (2013)
  38 (2008)
  country comparison to the world: 90
  Budget:
  revenues: $23.3 billion
  expenditures: $4.931 billion (2014 est.)
  Taxes and other revenues:
  45.1% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 25
  Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
  35.5% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 1
  Fiscal year:
  calendar year
  Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  6% (2014 est.)
  5.5% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 182
  Commercial bank prime lending rate:
  5.3% (31 December 2014 est.)
  5.25% (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 149
  Stock of narrow money:
  $7.17 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $7.35 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 88
  Stock of broad money:
  $64.67 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $55.29 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 63
  Stock of domestic credit:
  $-4.956 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $-5.517 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 188
  Market value of publicly traded shares:
  $85.5 billion (2 March 2012 est.)
  $46.1 billion (31 February 2011)
  $2.3 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 44
  Current account balance:
  $20.77 billion (2013 est.)
  $17.39 billion (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 20
  Exports:
  $1.137 billion (2013 est.)
  $1.384 billion (2012 est.)
  note: includes reexports
  country comparison to the world: 158
  Exports - commodities:
  clothing, textiles, footwear, toys, electronics, machinery and parts
  Exports - partners:
  Hong Kong 53.4%, China 17.6%, United States 4% (2013 est.)
  Imports:
  $10.13 billion (2013 est.)
  $8.866 billion (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 100
  Imports - commodities:
  raw materials and semi-manufactured goods, consumer goods (foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco, garments and footwear, motor vehicles), capital goods, mineral fuels and oils
  Imports - partners:
  China 53.8%, Hong Kong 21.4%, France 14.2%, Japan 9.7%, United States 8.3%, Germany 4.1% (2013 est.)
  Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
  $16.15 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  note: the Fiscal Reserves Act that came into force on 1 January 2012 requires the fiscal reserves to be separated from the foreign exchange reserves and to be managed separately; the transfer of assets took place in February 2012
  country comparison to the world: 69
  Debt - external:
  $0 (31 December 2013)
  $0 (31 December 2012)
  country comparison to the world: 205
  Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
  $18.91 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
  $14.91 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 76
  Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
  $1.166 billion (2012 est.)
  $667.8 million (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 80
  Exchange rates:
  patacas (MOP) per US dollar -
  7.99 (2014 est.)
  7.9893 (2013 est.)
  7.99 (2012 est.)
  8.0182 (2011 est.)
  8.0022 (2010 est.)

- ## Energy :: MACAU

- Electricity - production:
  413.7 million kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 166
  Electricity - consumption:
  4.291 billion kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 120
  Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 165
  Electricity - imports:
  3.855 billion kWh (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 44
  Electricity - installed generating capacity:
  472,000 kW (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 144
  Electricity - from fossil fuels:
  100% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 22
  Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
  0% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 132
  Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
  0% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 182
  Electricity - from other renewable sources:
  0% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 198
  Crude oil - production:
  0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 195
  Crude oil - exports:
  0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 148
  Crude oil - imports:
  0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 87
  Crude oil - proved reserves:
  0 bbl (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 160
  Refined petroleum products - production:
  0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 168
  Refined petroleum products - consumption:
  11,600 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 152
  Refined petroleum products - exports:
  0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 194
  Refined petroleum products - imports:
  5,780 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 145
  Natural gas - production:
  0 cu m (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 159
  Natural gas - consumption:
  355,000 cu m (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 114
  Natural gas - exports:
  0 cu m (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 137
  Natural gas - imports:
  371,000 cu m (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 76
  Natural gas - proved reserves:
  0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 163
  Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
  1.694 million Mt (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 155

- ## Communications :: MACAU

- Telephones - fixed lines:
  total: 160,000
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 28 (2012)
  country comparison to the world: 133
  Telephones - mobile cellular:
  total: 1.6 million
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 279 (2012)
  country comparison to the world: 154
  Telephone system:
  general assessment: fairly modern communication facilities maintained for domestic and international services
  domestic: termination of monopoly over mobile-cellular telephone services in 2001 spurred sharp increase in subscriptions with mobile-cellular teledensity exceeding 200 per 100 persons; fixed-line subscribership appears to have peaked and is now in decline
  international: country code - 853; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 submarine cable network that provides links to Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; HF radiotelephone communication facility; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2011)
  Broadcast media:
  local government dominates broadcast media; 2 television stations operated by the government with one broadcasting in Portuguese and the other in Cantonese and Mandarin; 1 cable TV and 4 satellite TV services available; 3 radio stations broadcasting, of which 2 are government-operated (2012)
  Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 0 (2009)
  Television broadcast stations:
  1 (2009)
  Internet country code:
  .mo
  Internet users:
  total: 270,200
  percent of population: 48.3% (2009)
  country comparison to the world: 150

- ## Transportation :: MACAU

- Airports:
  1 (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 224
  Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 1
  over 3,047 m: 1 (2013)
  Heliports:
  2 (2013)
  Roadways:
  total: 421 km
  paved: 421 km (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 200
  Ports and terminals:
  major seaport(s): Macau

- ## Military :: MACAU

- Military branches:
  no regular indigenous military forces
  Manpower available for military service:
  males age 16-49: 150,780 (2010 est.)
  Manpower fit for military service:
  males age 16-49: 124,189
  females age 16-49: 149,514 (2010 est.)
  Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
  male: 4,274
  female: 3,674 (2010 est.)
  Military - note:
  defense is the responsibility of China

- ## Transnational Issues :: MACAU

- Disputes - international:
  none
  Illicit drugs:
  transshipment point for drugs going into mainland China; consumer of opiates and amphetamines