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Europe :: Bosnia and Herzegovina

- ## Introduction :: BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

- Background:
  Bosnia and Herzegovina declared sovereignty in October 1991 and independence from the former Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992 after a referendum boycotted by ethnic Serbs. The Bosnian Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia and Montenegro - responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas to form a "Greater Serbia." In March 1994, Bosniaks and Croats reduced the number of warring factions from three to two by signing an agreement creating a joint Bosniak-Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties initialed a peace agreement that ended three years of interethnic civil strife (the final agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995).
  The Dayton Peace Accords retained Bosnia and Herzegovina's international boundaries and created a multiethnic and democratic government charged with conducting foreign, diplomatic, and fiscal policy. Also recognized was a second tier of government composed of two entities roughly equal in size: the Bosniak-Bosnian Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska (RS). The Federation and RS governments are responsible for overseeing most government functions. Additionally, the Dayton Accords established the Office of the High Representative to oversee the implementation of the civilian aspects of the agreement. The Peace Implementation Council at its conference in Bonn in 1997 also gave the High Representative the authority to impose legislation and remove officials, the so-called "Bonn Powers." An original NATO-led international peacekeeping force (IFOR) of 60,000 troops assembled in 1995 was succeeded over time by a smaller, NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR). In 2004, European Union peacekeeping troops (EUFOR) replaced SFOR. Currently EUFOR deploys around 600 troops in theater in a security assistance and training capacity.

- ## Geography :: BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

- Location:
  Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Croatia
  Geographic coordinates:
  44 00 N, 18 00 E
  Map references:
  Europe
  Area:
  total: 51,197 sq km
  land: 51,187 sq km
  water: 10 sq km
  country comparison to the world: 129
  Area - comparative:
  slightly smaller than West Virginia
  Land boundaries:
  total: 1,543 km
  border countries (3): Croatia 956 km, Montenegro 242 km, Serbia 345 km
  Coastline:
  20 km
  Maritime claims:
  NA
  Climate:
  hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast
  Terrain:
  mountains and valleys
  Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
  highest point: Maglic 2,386 m
  Natural resources:
  coal, iron ore, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, cobalt, manganese, nickel, clay, gypsum, salt, sand, timber, hydropower
  Land use:
  agricultural land: 42.2%
  arable land 19.7%; permanent crops 2%; permanent pasture 20.5%
  forest: 42.8%
  other: 15% (2011 est.)
  Irrigated land:
  30 sq km (2003)
  Total renewable water resources:
  37.5 cu km (2011)
  Natural hazards:
  destructive earthquakes
  Environment - current issues:
  air pollution from metallurgical plants; sites for disposing of urban waste are limited; water shortages and destruction of infrastructure because of the 1992-95 civil strife; deforestation
  Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
  Geography - note:
  within Bosnia and Herzegovina's recognized borders, the country is divided into a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation (about 51% of the territory) and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska or RS (about 49% of the territory); the region called Herzegovina is contiguous to Croatia and Montenegro, and traditionally has been settled by an ethnic Croat majority in the west and an ethnic Serb majority in the east

- ## People and Society :: BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

- Nationality:
  noun: Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s)
  adjective: Bosnian, Herzegovinian
  Ethnic groups:
  Bosniak 48.4%, Serb 32.7%, Croat 14.6%, other 4.3%
  note: final 2013 census results are pending; Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam (2013 est.)
  Languages:
  Bosnian (official), Croatian (official), Serbian (official)
  Religions:
  Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Roman Catholic 15%, other 14%
  Population:
  3,867,055 (July 2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 129
  Age structure:
  0-14 years: 13.48% (male 269,086/female 252,189)
  15-24 years: 12.36% (male 246,849/female 231,007)
  25-54 years: 46.48% (male 902,704/female 894,787)
  55-64 years: 14.01% (male 259,579/female 282,371)
  65 years and over: 13.67% (male 206,288/female 322,195) (2015 est.)
  population pyramid:
  Dependency ratios:
  total dependency ratio: 40.7%
  youth dependency ratio: 19%
  elderly dependency ratio: 21.7%
  potential support ratio: 4.6% (2015 est.)
  Median age:
  total: 41.2 years
  male: 39.8 years
  female: 42.6 years (2015 est.)
  Population growth rate:
  -0.13% (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 207
  Birth rate:
  8.87 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 212
  Death rate:
  9.75 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 48
  Net migration rate:
  -0.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 131
  Urbanization:
  urban population: 39.8% of total population (2015)
  rate of urbanization: 0.14% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
  Major urban areas - population:
  SARAJEVO (capital) 318,000 (2015)
  Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
  0-14 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
  15-24 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
  25-54 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
  55-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.64 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2015 est.)
  Infant mortality rate:
  total: 5.72 deaths/1,000 live births
  male: 5.79 deaths/1,000 live births
  female: 5.64 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 169
  Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 76.55 years
  male: 73.54 years
  female: 79.77 years (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 85
  Total fertility rate:
  1.27 children born/woman (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 218
  Contraceptive prevalence rate:
  45.8% (2011/12)
  Health expenditures:
  9.6% of GDP (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 24
  Physicians density:
  1.93 physicians/1,000 population (2013)
  Hospital bed density:
  3.5 beds/1,000 population (2010)
  Drinking water source:
  improved:
  urban: 99.7% of population
  rural: 100% of population
  total: 99.9% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 0.3% of population
  rural: 0% of population
  total: 0.1% of population (2015 est.)
  Sanitation facility access:
  improved:
  urban: 98.9% of population
  rural: 92% of population
  total: 94.8% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 1.1% of population
  rural: 8% of population
  total: 5.2% of population (2015 est.)
  HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  NA
  HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  NA
  HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  NA
  Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
  19.2% (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 47
  Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
  1.5% (2012)
  country comparison to the world: 127
  Education expenditures:
  NA
  Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 98.5%
  male: 99.5%
  female: 97.5% (2015 est.)
  Child labor - children ages 5-14:
  total number: 24,722
  percentage: 5% (2006 est.)
  Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
  total: 62.8%
  male: 62.8%
  female: 62.8% (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 1

- ## Government :: BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

- Country name:
  conventional long form: none
  conventional short form: Bosnia and Herzegovina
  local long form: none
  local short form: Bosna i Hercegovina
  former: People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
  abbreviation: BiH
  Government type:
  federal democratic republic
  Capital:
  name: Sarajevo
  geographic coordinates: 43 52 N, 18 25 E
  time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
  daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
  Administrative divisions:
  2 first-order administrative divisions and 1 internationally supervised district* - the Bosniak-Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine), the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska, Brcko District (Brcko Distrikt)*; note - Brcko District is in northeastern Bosnia and is a self-governing administrative unit under the sovereignty of Bosnia and Herzegovina and formally held in condominium between the two entities
  Independence:
  1 March 1992 (from Yugoslavia; referendum for independence completed on 1 March 1992; independence declared on 3 March 1992)
  National holiday:
  National Day (Statehood Day), 25 November (1943); note - observed only in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity
  Constitution:
  14 December 1995 (constitution included as part of the Dayton Peace Accords); amended several times, last in 2003; note - each of the entities has its own constitution (2011)
  Legal system:
  civil law system; Constitutional Court review of legislative acts
  International law organization participation:
  has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
  Suffrage:
  18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal
  Executive branch:
  chief of state: Chairman of the Presidency Dragan COVIC (chairman since 17 July 2015; presidency member since 17 November 2014 - Croat) ; other members of the three-member presidency rotate every eight months
  head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Denis ZVIZDIC (since 11 February 2015)
  cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairman, approved by the state-level House of Representatives
  elections/appointments: 3-member presidency (one Bosniak, one Croat, one Serb) directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term, but then ineligible for 4 years) by constituencies of the 3 ethnic groups; the chairmanship rotates every 8 months and resumes where it left off following each general election; election last held on 12 October 2014 (next to be held in October 2018); the chairman of the Council of Ministers appointed by the presidency and confirmed by the state-level House of Representatives
  election results: percent of vote - Mladen IVANIC 48.7% - Serb seat; Dragan COVIC 52.2% - Croat seat; Bakir IZETBEGOVIC 32.9% - Bosniak seat
  note: President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Marinko CAVARA (since 11 February 2015); Vice Presidents Melika MAHMUTBEGOVIC (since 11 February 2015), Milan DUNOVIC (since 11 February 2015); President of the Republika Srpska Milorad DODIK (since 15 November 2010); Vice Presidents Ramiz SALKIC (since 24 November 2014), Josip JERKOVIC (since 24 November 2014)
  Legislative branch:
  description: bicameral Parliamentary Assembly or Skupstina consists of the House of Peoples or Dom Naroda (15 seats - 5 Bosniak, 5 Croat, 5 Serb; members designated by the Bosniak/Croat Federation's House of Peoples and the Republika Srpska's National Assembly to serve 4-year terms) and the state-level House of Representatives or Predstavnicki Dom (42 seats to include 28 seats allocated to the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 14 to the Republika Srpska; members directly elected by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms); note - the Bosniak/Croat Federation has a bicameral legislature that consists of the House of Peoples (58 seats - 17 Bosniak, 17 Croat, 17 Serb, 7 other) and the House of Representatives (98 seats; members directly elected by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms); Republika Srpska's unicameral legislature is the National Assembly (83 directly elected delegates serve four-year terms)
  elections: House of Peoples - last constituted in 11 February 2015 (next likely to be constituted in 2018); state-level House of Representatives - election last held on 12 October 2014 (next to be held in October 2018)
  election results: House of Peoples - percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; seats by party/coalition - NA; state-level House of Representatives - percent of vote by party/coalition - Federation votes: SDA 27.9%, DF 15.3%, SBB BiH 14.4%, HDZ BiH-HSSS-NHI-HKDU-HSP-dr. Ante Starcevic-HSP Herceg-Bosne 12.2%, SDP BiH 9.5%, HDZ-1990 4.1%, BPS-Sefer Halilovic 3.7%, A-SDA 2.3%, other 10.6%; Republika Srpska votes: SNSD 38.5%, SDS 32.6%, PDP-NDP 7.8%, DNS 5.7%, SDA 4.9%, other 10.5%; seats by party/coalition - SDA 10, SNSD 6, SDS 5, DF 5, SBB BiH 4, HDZ BiH-HSS-NHI-HKDU-HSP-Dr. Ante Starcevic-HSP Herceg-Bosne 4, SDP BiH 3, PDP-NDP 1, HDZ-1990 1, BPS-Sefer Halilovic 1, DNS 1, A-SDA 1
  Judicial branch:
  highest court(s): BiH Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members); Court of BiH (consists of 44 national judges and 7 international judges organized into 3 divisions - Administrative, Appellate, and Criminal, which includes a War Crimes Chamber)
  judge selection and term of office: BiH Constitutional Court judges - 4 selected by the Bosniak/Croat Federation's House of Representatives, 2 selected by the Republika Srpska's National Assembly, and 3 non-Bosnian judges selected by the president of the European Court of Human Rights; Court of BiH president and national judges appointed by the High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council; Court of BiH president appointed for renewable 6-year term; other national judges appointed to serve until age 70; international judges recommended by the president of the Court of BiH and appointed by the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina; international judges appointed to serve until age 70
  subordinate courts: the Federation has 10 cantonal courts plus a number of municipal courts; the Republika Srpska has a supreme court, 5 district courts, and a number of municipal courts
  Political parties and leaders:
  Alliance for a Better Future of BiH or SBB BiH [Fahrudin RADONCIC]
  Alliance of Independent Social Democrats or SNSD [Milorad DODIK]
  Bosnian-Herzegovinian Patriotic Party-Sefer Halilovic or BPS-Sefer Halilovic [Sefer HALILOVIC]
  Croat Peasants' Party-New Croat Initiative or HSS-NHI [Ante COLAK]
  Croatian Christian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HKDU [Ivan MUSA]
  Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HDZ-BiH [Dragan COVIC]
  Croatian Democratic Union 1990 or HDZ-1990 [Martin RAGUZ]
  Croatian Party of Rights dr. Ante Starcevic or HSP dr. Ante Starcevic
  Croatian Party of Rights of Herceg-Bosne or HSP Herceg-Bosne [Vesna PINJUH]
  Democratic Front of DF [Zeljko KOMSIC]
  Democratic Peoples' Alliance or DNS [Marko PAVIC]
  Party of Democratic Action or SDA [Acting President Bakir IZETBEGOVIC]
  Party of Democratic Activity or A-SDA [Nermin OGRESEVIC]
  Party of Democratic Progress or PDP [Mladen IVANIC]
  People's Democratic Movement or NDP [Dragan CAVIC] (unification of the Democratic Party or DP and the People's Democratic Party or NDS)
  Serb Democratic Party or SDS [Mladen BOSIC]
  Social Democratic Party of BiH or SDP BiH [Nermin NIKSIC]
  Political pressure groups and leaders:
  other: war veterans; displaced persons associations; family associations of missing persons; private media
  International organization participation:
  BIS, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
  Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Jadranka NEGODIC (since 19 July 2012)
  chancery: 2109 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
  telephone: [1] (202) 337-1500
  FAX: [1] (202) 337-1502
  consulate(s) general: Chicago, New York
  Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Maureen CORMACK (since 16 January 2015)
  embassy: 1 Robert C. Frasure Street, 71000 Sarajevo
  mailing address: use embassy street address
  telephone: [387] (33) 704-000
  FAX: [387] (33) 659-722
  branch office(s): Banja Luka, Mostar
  Flag description:
  a wide medium blue vertical band on the fly side with a yellow isosceles triangle abutting the band and the top of the flag; the remainder of the flag is medium blue with seven full five-pointed white stars and two half stars top and bottom along the hypotenuse of the triangle; the triangle approximates the shape of the country and its three points stand for the constituent peoples - Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs; the stars represent Europe and are meant to be continuous (thus the half stars at top and bottom); the colors (white, blue, and yellow) are often associated with neutrality and peace, and traditionally are linked with Bosnia
  National symbol(s):
  golden lily; national colors: blue, yellow, white
  National anthem:
  name: "Drzavna himna Bosne i Hercegovine" (The National Anthem of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
  lyrics/music: none officially; Dusan SESTIC and Benjamin ISOVIC/Dusan SESTIC
  note: music adopted 1999; lyrics accepted 2009 but not yet approved

- ## Economy :: BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

- Economy - overview:
  Bosnia has a transitional economy with limited market reforms. The economy relies heavily on the export of metals, energy, textiles and furniture as well as on remittances and foreign aid. A highly decentralized government hampers economic policy coordination and reform, while excessive bureaucracy and a segmented market discourage foreign investment. Interethnic warfare in Bosnia and Herzegovina caused production to plummet by 80% from 1992 to 1995 and unemployment to soar, but the economy made progress until 2009, when the global economic crisis caused a downturn. Foreign banks, primarily from Austria and Italy, now control most of the banking sector. The konvertibilna marka (convertible mark or BAM) - the national currency introduced in 1998 - is pegged to the euro, and confidence in the currency and the banking sector has remained stable. Bosnia's private sector is growing slowly, but foreign investment has dropped sharply since 2007. Government spending - including transfer payments - remains high, at roughly 40% of GDP, because of redundant government offices at the national, sub-national, and municipal level. High unemployment remains the most serious macroeconomic problem. Successful implementation of a value-added tax in 2006 provided a steady source of revenue for the government and helped rein in gray-market activity. National-level statistics have also improved over time but a large share of economic activity remains unofficial and unrecorded. Bosnia and Herzegovina became a full member of the Central European Free Trade Agreement in September 2007. Bosnia and Herzegovina's top economic priorities are: acceleration of integration into the EU; strengthening the fiscal system; public administration reform; World Trade Organization (WTO) membership; and securing economic growth by fostering a dynamic, competitive private sector. Flooding caused significant damage in the spring of 2014, and Bosnia will struggle to recover from it in 2015.
  GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $38.06 billion (2014 est.)
  $37.76 billion (2013 est.)
  $36.85 billion (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 114
  GDP (official exchange rate):
  $17.98 billion (2014 est.)
  GDP - real growth rate:
  0.8% (2014 est.)
  2.5% (2013 est.)
  -1.2% (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 182
  GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $9,800 (2014 est.)
  $9,800 (2013 est.)
  $9,500 (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 134
  Gross national saving:
  11.1% of GDP (2014 est.)
  11% of GDP (2013 est.)
  8.9% of GDP (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 150
  GDP - composition, by end use:
  household consumption: 82.1%
  government consumption: 22.1%
  investment in fixed capital: 17.7%
  investment in inventories: 1.5%
  exports of goods and services: 29%
  imports of goods and services: -52.4%
  (2012 est.)
  GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
  agriculture: 8%
  industry: 26.3%
  services: 65.7% (2014 est.)
  Agriculture - products:
  wheat, corn, fruits, vegetables; livestock
  Industries:
  steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, ammunition, domestic appliances, oil refining
  Industrial production growth rate:
  0% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 147
  Labor force:
  1.281 million (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 133
  Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture: 19%
  industry: 30%
  services: 51% (2013)
  Unemployment rate:
  43.6% (2014 est.)
  44.3% (2013 est.)
  note: official rate; actual rate is lower as many technically unemployed persons work in the gray economy
  country comparison to the world: 193
  Population below poverty line:
  17.2% (2011 est.)
  Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 2.7%
  highest 10%: 27.3% (2007)
  Distribution of family income - Gini index:
  36.2 (2007)
  country comparison to the world: 86
  Budget:
  revenues: $8.672 billion
  expenditures: $9.363 billion (2014 est.)
  Taxes and other revenues:
  44.4% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 22
  Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
  -3.5% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 132
  Public debt:
  45.5% of GDP (2014 est.)
  44.7% of GDP (2013 est.)
  note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions.
  country comparison to the world: 81
  Fiscal year:
  calendar year
  Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  -0.9% (2014 est.)
  -0.1% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 9
  Commercial bank prime lending rate:
  6.39% (31 December 2014 est.)
  7.23% (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 123
  Stock of narrow money:
  $4.972 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $4.554 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 104
  Stock of broad money:
  $11.75 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $10.95 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 103
  Stock of domestic credit:
  $11.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $11.57 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 103
  Market value of publicly traded shares:
  $NA
  Current account balance:
  -$1.268 billion (2014 est.)
  -$939.5 million (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 131
  Exports:
  $5.892 billion (2014 est.)
  $5.687 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 123
  Exports - commodities:
  metals, clothing, wood products
  Exports - partners:
  Slovenia 16.4%, Italy 16.1%, Germany 12.8%, Austria 12.3%, Croatia 12% (2014)
  Imports:
  $10.99 billion (2014 est.)
  $10.3 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 105
  Imports - commodities:
  machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs
  Imports - partners:
  Croatia 20.2%, Germany 12.6%, Slovenia 12.2%, Italy 9.8%, Russia 6.8%, Austria 5.7%, Hungary 5% (2014)
  Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
  $4.75 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $4.868 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 98
  Debt - external:
  $11.37 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $11.14 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 101
  Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
  $7.92 billion (2014 est.)
  $7.721 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 92
  Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
  $0 (2014)
  Exchange rates:
  konvertibilna markas (BAM) per US dollar -
  1.47 (2014 est.)
  1.42 (2013 est.)
  1.52 (2012 est.)
  1.407 (2011 est.)
  1.4767 (2010 est.)

- ## Energy :: BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

- Electricity - production:
  16.3 billion kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 89
  Electricity - consumption:
  12.56 billion kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 84
  Electricity - exports:
  5.097 billion kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 49
  Electricity - imports:
  1.353 billion kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 63
  Electricity - installed generating capacity:
  4.3 million kW (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 78
  Electricity - from fossil fuels:
  54.8% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 164
  Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
  0% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 51
  Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
  43.6% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 43
  Electricity - from other renewable sources:
  1.5% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 63
  Crude oil - production:
  0 bbl/day (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 156
  Crude oil - exports:
  0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 84
  Crude oil - imports:
  22,140 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 69
  Crude oil - proved reserves:
  0 bbl (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 110
  Refined petroleum products - production:
  22,430 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 92
  Refined petroleum products - consumption:
  36,000 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 110
  Refined petroleum products - exports:
  10,460 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 84
  Refined petroleum products - imports:
  16,330 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 113
  Natural gas - production:
  0 cu m (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 107
  Natural gas - consumption:
  275 million cu m (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 102
  Natural gas - exports:
  0 cu m (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 64
  Natural gas - imports:
  275 million cu m (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 69
  Natural gas - proved reserves:
  0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 115
  Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
  26 million Mt (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 79

- ## Communications :: BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

- Telephones - fixed lines:
  total subscriptions: 850,000
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 22 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 84
  Telephones - mobile cellular:
  total: 3.5 million
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 90 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 129
  Telephone system:
  general assessment: post-war reconstruction of the telecommunications network, aided by an internationally sponsored program, resulting in sharp increases in fixed-line telephone availability
  domestic: fixed-line teledensity roughly 25 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscribership has been increasing rapidly and stands at roughly 80 telephones per 100 persons
  international: country code - 387; no satellite earth stations (2011)
  Broadcast media:
  3 public TV broadcasters: Radio and TV of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Federation TV (operating 2 networks), and Republika Srpska Radio-TV; a local commercial network of 5 TV stations; 3 private, near-national TV stations and dozens of small independent TV stations broadcasting; 3 large public radio broadcasters and many private radio stations (2010)
  Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 8, FM 16, shortwave 1 (1998)
  Television broadcast stations:
  33 (1995)
  Internet country code:
  .ba
  Internet users:
  total: 2.6 million
  percent of population: 67.5% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 89

- ## Transportation :: BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

- Airports:
  24 (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 130
  Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 7
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
  under 914 m: 2 (2013)
  Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 17
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
  914 to 1,523 m: 5
  under 914 m:
  11 (2013)
  Heliports:
  6 (2013)
  Pipelines:
  gas 147 km; oil 9 km (2013)
  Railways:
  total: 965 km
  standard gauge: 965 km 1.435-m gauge (565 km electrified) (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 108
  Roadways:
  total: 22,926 km
  paved: 19,426 km (4,652 km of interurban roads)
  unpaved: 3,500 km (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 102
  Waterways:
  (Sava River on northern border; open to shipping but use limited) (2011)
  Ports and terminals:
  river port(s): Bosanska Gradiska, Bosanski Brod, Bosanski Samac, Brcko, Orasje (Sava River)

- ## Military :: BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

- Military branches:
  Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Oruzanih Snaga Bosne i Hercegovine, OSBiH): Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Air Force and Air Defense (Brigada Zracnih Snaga i Protuzracne Odbrane, br ZSiPZO), Tactical Support Brigade (Brigada Takticke Podrske, br TP) (2015)
  Military service age and obligation:
  18 years of age for voluntary military service; mandatory retirement at age 35 or after 15 years of service for E-1 through E-4, mandatory retirement at age 50 and 30 years of service for E-5 through E-9, mandatory retirement at age 55 and 30 years of service for all officers (2014)
  Manpower available for military service:
  males age 16-49: 1,180,829
  females age 16-49: 1,143,919 (2010 est.)
  Manpower fit for military service:
  males age 16-49: 968,242
  females age 16-49: 937,327 (2010 est.)
  Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
  male: 26,601
  female: 24,879 (2010 est.)
  Military expenditures:
  0.98% of GDP (2014)
  1.04% of GDP (2013)
  1.35% of GDP (2012)
  1.15% of GDP (2011)
  1.35% of GDP (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 75

- ## Transnational Issues :: BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

- Disputes - international:
  Serbia delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia and Herzegovina, but sections along the Drina River remain in dispute
  Refugees and internally displaced persons:
  refugees (country of origin): 6,703 (Croatia) (2014)
  IDPs: 100,400 (Bosnian Croats, Serbs, and Bosniaks displaced by inter-ethnic violence, human rights violations, and armed conflict during the 1992-1995 war) (2014)
  stateless persons: 101 (2014)
  Trafficking in persons:
  current situation: Bosnia and Herzegovina is a source, destination, and transit country for men, women, and children (including the developmentally disabled) subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; Bosnian women and girls are sexually exploited domestically; Roma children are forced to beg and to marry by local organized crime groups; Bosnians are also trafficked to other European countries
  tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List – Bosnia and Herzegovina does not comply fully with the minimum standards for the elimination of human trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; some progress was made in 2013 in prosecuting and convicting trafficking offenders, but authorities significantly decreased their identification of victims; the national referral mechanism did not involve labor inspectors, hampering efforts to identify forced labor victims; the government has not amended all sub-national laws to criminalize all forms of trafficking consistent with national and international law (2014)
  Illicit drugs:
  increasingly a transit point for heroin being trafficked to Western Europe; minor transit point for marijuana; remains highly vulnerable to money-laundering activity given a primarily cash-based and unregulated economy, weak law enforcement, and instances of corruption

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