South America :: Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) (overseas territory of the UK; also claimed by Argentina)

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## Introduction ::Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

Background:
Although first sighted by an English navigator in 1592, the first landing (English) did not occur until almost a century later in 1690, and the first settlement (French) was not established until 1764. The colony was turned over to Spain two years later and the islands have since been the subject of a territorial dispute, first between Britain and Spain, then between Britain and Argentina. The UK asserted its claim to the islands by establishing a naval garrison there in 1833. Argentina invaded the islands on 2 April 1982. The British responded with an expeditionary force that landed seven weeks later and after fierce fighting forced an Argentine surrender on 14 June 1982. With hostilities ended and Argentine forces withdrawn, UK administration resumed. In response to renewed calls from Argentina for Britain to relinquish control of the islands, a referendum was held in March 2013, which resulted in 99.8% of the population voting to remain a part of the UK.

## Geography ::Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

Location:
Southern South America, islands in the South Atlantic Ocean, east of southern Argentina
Geographic coordinates:
51 45 S, 59 00 W
Map references:
South America
Area:
total: 12,173 sq km country comparison to the world: 165 land: 12,173 sq km water: 0 sq km note: includes the two main islands of East and West Falkland and about 200 small islands
Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Connecticut
Land boundaries:
0 km
Coastline:
1,288 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm continental shelf: 200 nm exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Climate:
cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than half of days in year; average annual rainfall is 24 inches in Stanley; occasional snow all year, except in January and February, but typically does not accumulate
Terrain:
rocky, hilly, mountainous with some boggy, undulating plains
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Mount Usborne 705 m
Natural resources:
fish, squid, wildlife, calcified seaweed, sphagnum moss
Land use:
arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (99% permanent pastures, 1% other) (2011)
Irrigated land:
NA
Natural hazards:
strong winds persist throughout the year
Environment - current issues:
overfishing by unlicensed vessels is a problem; reindeer were introduced to the islands in 2001 for commercial reasons; this is the only commercial reindeer herd in the world unaffected by the 1986 Chornobyl disaster
Geography - note:
deeply indented coast provides good natural harbors; short growing season

## People and Society ::Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

Nationality:
noun: Falkland Islander(s) adjective: Falkland Island
Ethnic groups:
British
Languages:
English
Religions:
Christian 67.2%, none 31.5%, other 1.3% (2006 census)
Population:
3,140 (July 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 231
Population growth rate:
0.01% (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 191
Birth rate:
NA
Net migration rate:
NA
Urbanization:
urban population: 74% of total population (2010) rate of urbanization: 0.9% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
Major urban areas - population:
STANLEY (capital) 2,000 (2009)
Infant mortality rate:
total: NA male: NA female: NA
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: NA male: NA female: NA
Total fertility rate:
NA
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA
Literacy:
NA

## Government ::Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

Country name:
conventional long form: none conventional short form: Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Dependency status:
overseas territory of the UK; also claimed by Argentina
Government type:
NA
Capital:
name: Stanley geographic coordinates: 51 42 S, 57 51 W time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, observed all year in 2013
Administrative divisions:
none (overseas territory of the UK; also claimed by Argentina)
Independence:
none (overseas territory of the UK; also claimed by Argentina)
National holiday:
Liberation Day, 14 June (1982)
Constitution:
1 January 2009
Legal system:
English common law and local statutes
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) head of government: Governor Nigel HAYWOOD (since 16 October 2010) is the Queen's representative; Chief Executive Keith PADGETT (since 1 February 2012) cabinet: Executive Council; three members elected by the Legislative Council, two ex officio members (chief executive and the financial secretary), and the governor; the governor must obey the rulings of the Executive Council on domestic affairs (For more information visit the World Leaders website ) elections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; chief executive appointed by the governor
Legislative branch:
unicameral Legislative Assembly (10 seats; 2 members are ex officio and 8 are elected by popular vote; members to serve four-year terms); presided over by the governor elections: last held on 5 November 2009 (next to be held in November 2013) election results: percent of vote - NA; seats - independents 8
Judicial branch:
highest court(s): Court of Appeal (consists of the court president, the chief justice as an ex officio, non-resident member, and 2 justices of appeal); Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice) note - appeals beyond the Court of Appeal are referred to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) judge selection and term of office: all justices appointed by the governor; tenure specified in each justice's instrument of appointment subordinate courts: Magistrate's Court (senior magistrate presides over civil and criminal divisions); Court of Summary Jurisdiction
Political parties and leaders:
none; all independents
Political pressure groups and leaders:
Falkland Islands Association (supports freedom of the people from external causes)
International organization participation:
UPU
Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (overseas territory of the UK)
Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (overseas territory of the UK; also claimed by Argentina)
Flag description:
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Falkland Island coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms contains a white ram (sheep raising was once the major economic activity) above the sailing ship Desire (whose crew discovered the islands) with a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto DESIRE THE RIGHT
National symbol(s):
ram
National anthem:
name: "Song of the Falklands"" lyrics/music: Christopher LANHAM note: adopted 1930s; the song is the local unofficial anthem; as a territory of the United Kingdom, "God Save the Queen" is official (see United Kingdom)

## Economy ::Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

Economy - overview:
The economy was formerly based on agriculture, mainly sheep farming but fishing and tourism currently comprise the bulk of economic activity. In 1987, the government began selling fishing licenses to foreign trawlers operating within the Falkland Islands' exclusive fishing zone. These license fees net more than $40 million per year, which help support the island's health, education, and welfare system. The waters around the Falkland Islands are known for their squid, which account for around 75% of the annual 200,000 ton fish catch. Dairy farming supports domestic consumption; crops furnish winter fodder. Foreign exchange earnings come from shipments of high-grade wool to the UK and from the sale of postage stamps and coins. In 2001, the government purchased 100 reindeer with the intent to increase the number to 10,000 over the following 20 years so that venison could be exported to Scandinavia and Chile. Tourism, especially eco-tourism, is increasing rapidly, with about 69,000 visitors in 2009. The British military presence also provides a sizeable economic boost. The islands are now self-financing except for defense. In 1993 the British Geological Survey announced a 200-mile oil exploration zone around the islands, and early seismic surveys suggest substantial reserves capable of producing 500,000 barrels per day. Political tensions between the UK and Argentina remain high following the start of oil drilling activities in the waters. In September 2011, a British exploration firm announced that it plans to commence oil production in 2016.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
$164.5 million (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 222 $105.1 million (2002 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate):
$164.5 million (2007 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$55,400 (2002 est.) country comparison to the world: 10
GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
agriculture: 95% industry: NA% services: NA% (1996)
Labor force:
5,246 (2006) country comparison to the world: 220
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 95% (mostly sheepherding and fishing) industry and services: 5% (1996)
Unemployment rate:
4.1% (2010) country comparison to the world: 33
Population below poverty line:
NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%
Budget:
revenues: $67.1 million expenditures: $75.3 million (FY09/10)
Taxes and other revenues:
40.8% of GDP (FY09/10) country comparison to the world: 40
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
-5% of GDP (FY09/10) country comparison to the world: 168
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1.2% (2003) country comparison to the world: 20 3.6% (1998)
Agriculture - products:
fodder and vegetable crops; venison, sheep, dairy products; fish, squid
Industries:
fish and wool processing; tourism
Industrial production growth rate:
NA%
Exports:
$125 million (2004 est.) country comparison to the world: 188
Exports - commodities:
wool, hides, meat, venison, fish, squid
Imports:
$90 million (2004 est.) country comparison to the world: 214
Imports - commodities:
fuel, food and drink, building materials, clothing
Debt - external:
$NA
Exchange rates:
Falkland pounds (FKP) per US dollar - 0.6307 (2012) 0.6236 (2011) 0.6472 (2010) 0.6175 (2009)
Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

## Energy ::Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

Electricity - production:
19 million kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 214
Electricity - consumption:
17.67 million kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 214
Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 194
Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 186
Electricity - installed generating capacity:
10,000 kW (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 204
Electricity - from fossil fuels:
90% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 76
Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 89
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 170
Electricity - from other renewable sources:
10% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 23
Crude oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 135
Crude oil - exports:
0 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 112
Crude oil - imports:
0 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 184
Crude oil - proved reserves:
0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 133
Refined petroleum products - production:
0 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 147
Refined petroleum products - consumption:
300 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 209
Refined petroleum products - exports:
0 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 177
Refined petroleum products - imports:
312.5 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 204
Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 130
Natural gas - consumption:
0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 143
Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 99
Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 193
Natural gas - proved reserves:
0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 137
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
45,780 Mt (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 206

## Communications ::Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

Telephones - main lines in use:
2,000 (2010) country comparison to the world: 217
Telephones - mobile cellular:
3,300 (2011) country comparison to the world: 215
Telephone system:
domestic: government-operated radiotelephone and private VHF/CB radiotelephone networks provide effective service to almost all points on both islands international: country code - 500; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) with links through London to other countries (2011)
Broadcast media:
TV service provided by a multi-channel service provider; radio services provided by the public broadcaster, Falkland Islands Radio Service, broadcasting on both AM and FM frequencies, and by the British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS) (2007)
Internet country code:
.fk
Internet hosts:
110 (2012) country comparison to the world: 207
Internet users:
2,900 (2009) country comparison to the world: 209

## Transportation ::Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

Airports:
7 (2012) country comparison to the world: 170
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2012)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 5 under 914 m: 5 (2012)
Roadways:
total: 440 km country comparison to the world: 198 paved: 50 km unpaved: 390 km (2008)
Ports and terminals:
Stanley

## Military ::Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

Military branches:
no regular military forces
Military expenditures:
NA
Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of the UK

## Transnational Issues ::Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

Disputes - international:
Argentina, which claims the islands in its constitution and briefly occupied them by force in 1982, agreed in 1995 to no longer seek settlement by force; UK continues to reject Argentine requests for sovereignty talks

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