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South Asia :: Pakistan

- ## Introduction :: PAKISTAN

- Background:
  The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world and dating back at least 5,000 years, spread over much of what is presently Pakistan. During the second millennium B.C., remnants of this culture fused with the migrating Indo-Aryan peoples. The area underwent successive invasions in subsequent centuries from the Persians, Greeks, Scythians, Arabs (who brought Islam), Afghans, and Turks. The Mughal Empire flourished in the 16th and 17th centuries; the British came to dominate the region in the 18th century. The separation in 1947 of British India into the Muslim state of Pakistan (with West and East sections) and largely Hindu India was never satisfactorily resolved, and India and Pakistan fought two wars - in 1947-48 and 1965 - over the disputed Kashmir territory. A third war between these countries in 1971 - in which India capitalized on Islamabad's marginalization of Bengalis in Pakistani politics - resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. In response to Indian nuclear weapons testing, Pakistan conducted its own tests in 1998. India-Pakistan relations have been rocky since the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, but both countries are taking steps to put relations back on track. In February 2008, Pakistan held parliamentary elections and in September 2008, after the resignation of former President MUSHARRAF, elected Asif Ali ZARDARI to the presidency. A constitutional amendment adopted in April 2010 limited many of the president’s executive powers, effectively restoring the parliamentary system. Following parliamentary elections in May 2013 in which Nawaz SHARIF’s Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz party won a majority of seats, Pakistan witnessed its first peaceful transition from one democratically elected government to another.

- ## Geography :: PAKISTAN

- Location:
  Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea, between India on the east and Iran and Afghanistan on the west and China in the north
  Geographic coordinates:
  30 00 N, 70 00 E
  Map references:
  Asia
  Area:
  total: 796,095 sq km
  land: 770,875 sq km
  water: 25,220 sq km
  country comparison to the world: 36
  Area - comparative:
  slightly more than five times the size of Georgia; slightly less than twice the size of California
  Area comparison map:
  Land boundaries:
  total: 7,257 km
  border countries (4): Afghanistan 2,670 km, China 438 km, India 3,190 km, Iran 959 km
  Coastline:
  1,046 km
  Maritime claims:
  territorial sea: 12 nm
  contiguous zone: 24 nm
  exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
  continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
  Climate:
  mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north
  Terrain:
  flat Indus plain in east; mountains in north and northwest; Balochistan plateau in west
  Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
  highest point: K2 (Mt. Godwin-Austen) 8,611 m
  Natural resources:
  arable land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone
  Land use:
  agricultural land: 35.2%
  arable land 27.6%; permanent crops 1.1%; permanent pasture 6.5%
  forest: 2.1%
  other: 62.7% (2011 est.)
  Irrigated land:
  199,900 sq km (2008)
  Total renewable water resources:
  246.8 cu km (2011)
  Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
  total: 183.5 cu km/yr (5%/1%/94%)
  per capita: 1,038 cu m/yr (2008)
  Natural hazards:
  frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August)
  Environment - current issues:
  water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff; limited natural freshwater resources; most of the population does not have access to potable water; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification
  Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
  Geography - note:
  controls Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass, traditional invasion routes between Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent

- ## People and Society :: PAKISTAN

- Nationality:
  noun: Pakistani(s)
  adjective: Pakistani
  Ethnic groups:
  Punjabi 44.68%, Pashtun (Pathan) 15.42%, Sindhi 14.1%, Sariaki 8.38%, Muhajirs 7.57%, Balochi 3.57%, other 6.28%
  Languages:
  Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Saraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashto (alternate name, Pashtu) 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English (official; lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries), Burushaski, and other 8%
  Religions:
  Muslim (official) 96.4% (Sunni 85-90%, Shia 10-15%), other (includes Christian and Hindu) 3.6% (2010 est.)
  Population:
  199,085,847 (July 2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 7
  Age structure:
  0-14 years: 32.65% (male 33,396,847/female 31,611,641)
  15-24 years: 21.44% (male 22,016,207/female 20,673,562)
  25-54 years: 36.28% (male 37,526,930/female 34,701,271)
  55-64 years: 5.28% (male 5,254,347/female 5,253,526)
  65 years and over: 4.35% (male 4,036,727/female 4,614,789) (2015 est.)
  population pyramid:
  Dependency ratios:
  total dependency ratio: 65.3%
  youth dependency ratio: 57.9%
  elderly dependency ratio: 7.4%
  potential support ratio: 13.5% (2015 est.)
  Median age:
  total: 22.6 years
  male: 22.6 years
  female: 22.6 years (2014 est.)
  Population growth rate:
  1.46% (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 80
  Birth rate:
  22.58 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 71
  Death rate:
  6.49 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 146
  Net migration rate:
  -1.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 160
  Urbanization:
  urban population: 38.8% of total population (2015)
  rate of urbanization: 2.81% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
  Major urban areas - population:
  Karachi 16.618 million; Lahore 8.741 million; Faisalabad 3.567 million; Rawalpindi 2.506 million; Multan 1.921 million; ISLAMABAD (capital) 1.365 million (2015)
  Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
  0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
  15-24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
  25-54 years: 1.08 male(s)/female
  55-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female
  total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2015 est.)
  Infant mortality rate:
  total: 55.67 deaths/1,000 live births
  male: 58.84 deaths/1,000 live births
  female: 52.35 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 25
  Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 67.39 years
  male: 65.47 years
  female: 69.4 years (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 168
  Total fertility rate:
  2.75 children born/woman (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 65
  Contraceptive prevalence rate:
  35.4% (2012/13)
  Health expenditures:
  2.8% of GDP (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 183
  Physicians density:
  0.83 physicians/1,000 population (2010)
  Hospital bed density:
  0.6 beds/1,000 population (2012)
  Drinking water source:
  improved:
  urban: 93.9% of population
  rural: 89.9% of population
  total: 91.4% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 6.1% of population
  rural: 10.1% of population
  total: 8.6% of population (2015 est.)
  Sanitation facility access:
  improved:
  urban: 83.1% of population
  rural: 51.1% of population
  total: 63.5% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 16.9% of population
  rural: 48.9% of population
  total: 36.5% of population (2015 est.)
  HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  0.07% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 110
  HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  68,000 (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 51
  HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  2,200 (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 55
  Major infectious diseases:
  degree of risk: high
  food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
  vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
  animal contact disease: rabies
  note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)
  Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
  4.8% (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 153
  Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
  31.6% (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 11
  Education expenditures:
  2.5% of GDP (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 164
  Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 57.9%
  male: 69.5%
  female: 45.8% (2015 est.)
  School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
  total: 8 years
  male: 8 years
  female: 7 years (2013)
  Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
  total: 7.7%
  male: 7%
  female: 10.5% (2008 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 115

- ## Government :: PAKISTAN

- Country name:
  conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Pakistan
  conventional short form: Pakistan
  local long form: Jamhuryat Islami Pakistan
  local short form: Pakistan
  former: West Pakistan
  Government type:
  federal republic
  Capital:
  name: Islamabad
  geographic coordinates: 33 41 N, 73 03 E
  time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
  Administrative divisions:
  4 provinces, 1 territory*, and 1 capital territory**; Balochistan, Federally Administered Tribal Areas*, Islamabad Capital Territory**, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (formerly North-West Frontier Province), Punjab, Sindh
  note: the Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed Jammu and Kashmir region consists of 2 administrative entities: Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan
  Independence:
  14 August 1947 (from British India)
  National holiday:
  Pakistan Day (also referred to as Pakistan Resolution Day or Republic Day), 23 March (1940); note - commemorates both the adoption of the Lahore Resolution by the All-India Muslim League during its 22-24 March 1940 session, which called for the creation of independent Muslim states, and the adoption of the first constitution of Pakistan on 23 March 1956 during the transition to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
  Constitution:
  several previous; latest endorsed 12 April 1973, passed 19 April 1973, entered into force 14 August 1973 (suspended and restored several times); amended many times, last in 2015 (2015)
  Legal system:
  common law system with Islamic law influence
  International law organization participation:
  accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; non-party state to the ICCt
  Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal; note - there are joint electorates and reserved parliamentary seats for women and non-Muslims
  Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Mamnoon HUSSAIN (since 9 September 2013)
  head of government: Prime Minister Mohammad Nawaz SHARIF (since 5 June 2013)
  cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president upon the advice of the prime minister
  elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by the Electoral College consisting of members of the Senate, National Assembly, and provincial assemblies for a 5-year term (eligible for reelection); election last held on 9 September 2013 (next to be held in 2018); prime minister selected by the National Assembly
  election results: Mamnoon HUSSAIN elected president; Mamnoon HUSSAIN (PML-N) 432 votes, Wajihuddin AHMED (PTI) 77 votes
  Legislative branch:
  description: bicameral Parliament or Majlis-e-Shoora consists of the Senate (104 seats; members indirectly elected by the 4 provincial assemblies and the territories' representatives by proportional representation vote; members serve 6-year terms with one-half of the membership renewed every 3 years) and the National Assembly (342 seats; 272 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 70 members - 60 women and 10 non-Muslims - directly elected by proportional representation vote; all members serve 5-year terms)
  elections: Senate - last held on 5 March 2015 (next to be held in March 2018); National Assembly - last held on 11 May 2013 (next to be held by 2018)
  election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PPPP 27, PML-N 26, MQM 8, ANP 7, PTI 6, JUI-F 5, PML-Q 4, BNP-A 3, NPP 1, PML-F 1, other 10, independent 6; National Assembly - percent of votes by party - NA; seats by party as of June 2013 - PML-N 126, PPPP 31, PTI 28, MQM 18, JUI-F 10, PML-F 5, other 22, independent 25, unfilled seats 7; 60 seats reserved for women, 10 seats reserved for non-Muslims; seats by party as of April 2015 (includes women and non-Muslim seats) - PML-N 188, PPPP 46, PTI 33, MQM 23, JUI-F 13, PML-F 5, other 25, independent 9
  Judicial branch:
  highest court(s): Supreme Court of Pakistan (consists of the chief justice and 16 judges)
  judge selection and term of office: justices nominated by an 8-member parliamentary committee upon the recommendation of the Judicial Commission (a 9-member body of judges and other judicial professionals), and appointed by the president of Pakistan; justices can serve until age 65
  subordinate courts: High Courts; Federal Shariat Court; provincial and district civil and criminal courts; specialized courts for issues such as taxation, banking, customs, etc.
  Political parties and leaders:
  Awami National Party or ANP [Asfandyar Wali KHAN]
  Balochistan National Party-Awami or BNP-A
  Balochistan National Party-Hayee Group or BNP-H [Dr. Abdul Hayee BALOCH]
  Balochistan National Party-Mengal or BNP-M [Sardar Akhtar Jan MENGAL]
  Jamaat-i Islami or JI [Sirajul HAQ]
  Jamhoori Watan Party or JWP [Talal Akbar BUGTI]
  Jamiat Ahle Hadith or JAH [Sajid MIR]
  Jamiat-i Ulema-i Islam Fazl-ur Rehman or JUI-F [Fazl-ur REHMAN]
  Jamiat-i Ulema-i Islam Sami-ul HAQ or JUI-S [Sami ul-HAQ]
  Jamiat-i Ulema-i Pakistan or JUP [Abul Khair ZUBAIR]
  Tehreek-e-Jafferia Pakistan [Allama Sajid NAQVI]
  Muttahida Qaumi Movement or MQM [Altaf HUSSAIN]
  Pakhtun-khwa Milli Awami Party or PKMAP [Mahmood Khan ACHAKZAI]
  Pakistan Awami Tehrik or PAT [Tahir ul QADRI]
  Pakistan Muslim League-Functional or PML-F [Pir PAGARO or Syed ShahMardan SHAH-II]
  Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz or PML-N [Nawaz SHARIF]
  Pakistan Muslim League-Quaid-i Azam or PML-Q [Chaudhry Shujaat HUSSAIN]
  Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians or PPPP [Bilawal Bhutto ZARDARI, chairman; Asif Ali ZARDARI, president]
  Pakistan Tehrik-e Insaaf or PTI [Imran KHAN]
  Quami Watan Party or QWP [Aftab Ahmed Khan SHERPAO]
  note: political alliances in Pakistan can shift frequently
  Political pressure groups and leaders:
  other: military; ulema (clergy); landowners; industrialists; small merchants
  International organization participation:
  ADB, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), C, CICA, CP, D-8, ECO, FAO, G-11, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, PCA, SAARC, SACEP, SCO (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
  Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Jalil Abbas JILANI (since 10 March 2014)
  chancery: 3517 International Court, Washington, DC 20008
  telephone: [1] (202) 243-6500
  FAX: [1] (202) 686-1544
  consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles
  consulate(s): Louisville (KY), San Francisco
  Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Richard OLSON (since 31 October 2012)
  embassy: Diplomatic Enclave, Ramna 5, Islamabad
  mailing address: 8100 Islamabad Place, Washington, DC 20521-8100
  telephone: [92] (51) 208-0000
  FAX: [92] (51) 227-6427
  consulate(s) general: Karachi
  consulate(s): Lahore, Peshawar
  Flag description:
  green with a vertical white band (symbolizing the role of religious minorities) on the hoist side; a large white crescent and star are centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam
  National symbol(s):
  star and crescent, jasmine; national colors: green, white
  National anthem:
  name: "Qaumi Tarana" (National Anthem)
  lyrics/music: Abu-Al-Asar Hafeez JULLANDHURI/Ahmed Ghulamali CHAGLA
  note: adopted 1954; also known as "Pak sarzamin shad bad" (Blessed Be the Sacred Land)

- ## Economy :: PAKISTAN

- Economy - overview:
  Decades of internal political disputes and low levels of foreign investment have led to slow growth and underdevelopment in Pakistan. Agriculture accounts for more than one-fourth of output and two-fifths of employment. Textiles account for most of Pakistan's export earnings, and Pakistan's failure to diversify its exportshas left the country vulnerable to shifts in world demand. Official unemployment was 6.9% in 2014, but this fails to capture the true picture, because much of the economy is informal and underemployment remains high. Pakistan’s human development continues to lag behind most of the region.. As a result of political and macroeconomic instability, the Pakistani rupee has depreciated more than 40% since 2007. The government agreed to an International Monetary Fund Standby Arrangement in November 2008 to preventa balance of payments crisis, but the IMF ended the Arrangement early because of Pakistan’s failure to implement required reforms. The economy has stabilized, it continues to underperform and foreign investment has not returned to levels seen during themid-2000’s, due to investor concerns related to governance, electricity shortages, , and a slow-down in the global economy. Remittances from overseas workers, averaging more than$1 billion a month, remain a bright spot for Pakistan. After a small current account surplus in fiscal year 2011 (July 2010/June 2011), Pakistan's current account turned to a deficit where it remained through 2014, spurred by higher prices for imported oil and lower prices for exported cotton. In September 2013, after facing balance of payments concerns, Pakistan entered into a three-year, $6.7 billion IMF Extended Fund Facility. The Sharif government has since made modest progress implementing fiscal and energy reforms, and in December 2014 the IMF described Pakistan’s progress as “broadly on track.” Pakistan remains stuck in a low-income, low-growth trap, with growth averaging about 3.5% per year from 2008 to 2014. Pakistan must address long standing issues related to government revenues and the electricity and natural gas sectorsin order to spur the amount of economic growth that will be necessary to employ its growing and rapidly urbanizing population, more than half of which is under 22. Other long term challenges include expanding investment in education and healthcare, adapting to the effects of climate change and natural disasters, and reducing dependence on foreign donors.
  GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $882.3 billion (2014 est.)
  $847.2 billion (2013 est.)
  $817 billion (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 27
  GDP (official exchange rate):
  $250.1 billion (2014 est.)
  GDP - real growth rate:
  4.1% (2014 est.)
  3.7% (2013 est.)
  3.8% (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 68
  GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $4,700 (2014 est.)
  $4,500 (2013 est.)
  $4,400 (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 174
  Gross national saving:
  12.8% of GDP (2014 est.)
  13.5% of GDP (2013 est.)
  13% of GDP (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 132
  GDP - composition, by end use:
  household consumption: 80.5%
  government consumption: 12%
  investment in fixed capital: 12.4%
  investment in inventories: 1.6%
  exports of goods and services: 12.3%
  imports of goods and services: -18.8%
  (2014 est.)
  GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
  agriculture: 25.1%
  industry: 21.3%
  services: 53.6% (2014 est.)
  Agriculture - products:
  cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; milk, beef, mutton, eggs
  Industries:
  textiles and apparel, food processing, pharmaceuticals, construction materials, paper products, fertilizer, shrimp
  Industrial production growth rate:
  5.8% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 43
  Labor force:
  62.42 million
  note: extensive export of labor, mostly to the Middle East, and use of child labor (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 10
  Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture: 44%
  industry: 22%
  services: 33% (FY2013 est.)
  Unemployment rate:
  6.8% (2014 est.)
  6.2% (2013 est.)
  note: substantial underemployment exists
  country comparison to the world: 71
  Population below poverty line:
  12.4% (FY2011 est.)
  Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 4.2%
  highest 10%: 25.6% (FY2011)
  Distribution of family income - Gini index:
  29.6 (FY2011)
  30 (FY2008)
  country comparison to the world: 121
  Budget:
  revenues: $36.92 billion
  expenditures: $51.02 billion (FY2014 est.)
  Taxes and other revenues:
  15.5% of GDP (FY2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 189
  Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
  -5.9% of GDP (FY2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 181
  Public debt:
  64.3% of GDP (FY2014 est.)
  64.8% of GDP (FY2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 50
  Fiscal year:
  1 July - 30 June
  Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  8.6% (FY2014 est.)
  7.4% (FY2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 207
  Central bank discount rate:
  9.5% (18 December 2014)
  10% (31 December 2013)
  country comparison to the world: 23
  Commercial bank prime lending rate:
  9.7% (8 December 2014 est.)
  9.98% (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 86
  Stock of narrow money:
  $76.42 billion (31 October 2014 est.)
  $77.62 billion (30 June 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 43
  Stock of broad money:
  $97.27 billion (31 October 2014 est.)
  $98.77 billion (30 June 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 55
  Stock of domestic credit:
  $102 billion (31 October 2014 est.)
  $94.67 billion (30 June 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 52
  Market value of publicly traded shares:
  $43.68 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
  $32.76 billion (31 December 2011)
  $38.17 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 54
  Current account balance:
  -$3.096 billion (2014 est.)
  -$2.496 billion (FY2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 155
  Exports:
  $25.11 billion (FY2014 est.)
  $24.46 billion (FY2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 71
  Exports - commodities:
  textiles (garments, bed linen, cotton cloth, yarn), rice, leather goods, sporting goods, chemicals, manufactures, carpets and rugs
  Exports - partners:
  US 12.9%, China 11%, UAE 9.2%, Afghanistan 8%, UK 4.3%, Germany 4.2% (2013)
  Imports:
  $45.07 billion (FY2014 est.)
  $44.95 billion (FY2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 58
  Imports - commodities:
  petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, plastics, transportation equipment, edible oils, paper and paperboard, iron and steel, tea
  Imports - partners:
  China 22.5%, Saudi Arabia 11.9%, UAE 11.7%, Kuwait 6.1%, India 4.6% (2013)
  Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
  $14.41 billion (30 June 2014 est.)
  $10.83 billion (30 June 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 72
  Debt - external:
  $62.33 billion (30 June 2014 est.)
  $57.8 billion (30 June 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 55
  Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
  $31.25 billion (30 June 2014 est.)
  $27.59 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 65
  Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
  $1.805 billion (30 June 2014 est.)
  $1.731 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 75
  Exchange rates:
  Pakistani rupees (PKR) per US dollar -
  102.89 (FY2014 est.)
  96.86 (FY2013 est.)
  93.4 (2012 est.)
  86.3434 (2011 est.)
  85.194 (2010 est.)

- ## Energy :: PAKISTAN

- Electricity - production:
  89.88 billion kWh (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 36
  Electricity - consumption:
  80.3 billion kWh (FY2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 37
  Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 184
  Electricity - imports:
  0 kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 188
  Electricity - installed generating capacity:
  23.66 million kW (FY2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 35
  Electricity - from fossil fuels:
  68% of total installed capacity (FY2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 114
  Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
  3.3% of total installed capacity (FY2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 25
  Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
  28.9% of total installed capacity (FY2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 79
  Electricity - from other renewable sources:
  0.2% of total installed capacity (FY2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 102
  Crude oil - production:
  59,590 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 57
  Crude oil - exports:
  0 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 168
  Crude oil - imports:
  372,800 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 25
  Crude oil - proved reserves:
  341.9 million bbl (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 54
  Refined petroleum products - production:
  210,100 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 53
  Refined petroleum products - consumption:
  437,100 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 35
  Refined petroleum products - exports:
  34,660 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 67
  Refined petroleum products - imports:
  227,100 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 25
  Natural gas - production:
  41.4 billion cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 21
  Natural gas - consumption:
  41.4 billion cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 24
  Natural gas - exports:
  0 cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 161
  Natural gas - imports:
  0 cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 117
  Natural gas - proved reserves:
  754.6 billion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 29
  Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
  146.9 million Mt (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 34

- ## Communications :: PAKISTAN

- Telephones - fixed lines:
  total subscriptions: 4.9 million
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 2 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 31
  Telephones - mobile cellular:
  total: 135.8 million
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 69 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 11
  Telephone system:
  general assessment: the telecommunications infrastructure is improving dramatically with foreign and domestic investments in fixed-line and mobile-cellular networks; system consists of microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, cellular, and satellite networks;
  domestic: mobile-cellular subscribership has skyrocketed, exceeding 110 million by the end of 2011, up from only about 300,000 in 2000; more than 90 percent of Pakistanis live within areas that have cell phone coverage, and more than half of all Pakistanis have access to a cell phone; fiber systems are being constructed throughout the country to aid in network growth; fixed line availability has risen only marginally over the same period, and there are still difficulties getting fixed-line service to rural areas
  international: country code - 92; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable systems that provide links to Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); 3 operational international gateway exchanges (1 at Karachi and 2 at Islamabad); microwave radio relay to neighboring countries (2011)
  Broadcast media:
  media is government regulated; 1 dominant state-owned TV broadcaster, Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV), operates a network consisting of 5 channels; private TV broadcasters are permitted; to date 69 foreign satellite channels are operational; the state-owned radio network operates more than 40 stations; nearly 100 commercially licensed privately owned radio stations provide programming mostly limited to music and talk shows (2007)
  Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 31, FM 68, shortwave NA (2006)
  Television broadcast stations:
  20 (5 state-run channels and 15 privately-owned satellite channels) (2006)
  Internet country code:
  .pk
  Internet users:
  total: 21.3 million
  percent of population: 10.8% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 27

- ## Transportation :: PAKISTAN

- Airports:
  151 (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 37
  Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 108
  over 3,047 m: 15
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 20
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 43
  914 to 1,523 m: 20
  under 914 m: 10 (2013)
  Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 43
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 9
  914 to 1,523 m: 9
  under 914 m:
  24 (2013)
  Heliports:
  23 (2013)
  Pipelines:
  gas 12,646 km; oil 2,576 km; refined products 1,087 km (2013)
  Railways:
  total: 7,789 km
  broad gauge: 7,477 km 1.676-m gauge (293 km electrified)
  narrow gauge: 312 km 1.000-m gauge (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 27
  Roadways:
  total: 262,256 km
  paved: 189,218 km (includes 708 km of expressways)
  unpaved: 73,038 km (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 20
  Merchant marine:
  total: 11
  by type: bulk carrier 5, cargo 3, petroleum tanker 3
  registered in other countries: 11 (Comoros 5, Marshall Islands 1, Moldova 1, Panama 3, Saint Kitts and Nevis 1) (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 111
  Ports and terminals:
  major seaport(s): Karachi, Port Muhammad Bin Qasim
  container port(s) (TEUs): Karachi (1,545,434)
  LNG terminal(s) (import): Port Qasim

- ## Military :: PAKISTAN

- Military branches:
  Pakistan Army (includes National Guard), Pakistan Navy (includes Maritime Security Agency), Pakistan Air Force (Pakistan Fiza'ya) (2015)
  Military service age and obligation:
  16-23 years of age for voluntary military service; soldiers cannot be deployed for combat until age 18; the Pakistani Air Force and Pakistani Navy have inducted their first female pilots and sailors; the Pakistan Air Force recruits aviation technicians at age 15; service obligation (Navy) 10-18 years; retirement required after 18-30 years service or age 40-52 (2012)
  Manpower available for military service:
  males age 16-49: 48,453,305
  females age 16-49: 44,898,096 (2010 est.)
  Manpower fit for military service:
  males age 16-49: 37,945,440
  females age 16-49: 37,381,549 (2010 est.)
  Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
  male: 2,237,723
  female: 2,104,906 (2010 est.)
  Military expenditures:
  3.5% of GDP (2013)
  3.5% of GDP (2012)
  3.2% of GDP (2011)
  country comparison to the world: 21

- ## Transnational Issues :: PAKISTAN

- Disputes - international:
  various talks and confidence-building measures cautiously have begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, particularly since the October 2005 earthquake in the region; Kashmir nevertheless remains the site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; India and Pakistan have maintained their 2004 cease-fire in Kashmir and initiated discussions on defusing the armed standoff in the Siachen glacier region; Pakistan protests India's fencing the highly militarized Line of Control and construction of the Baglihar Dam on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir, which is part of the larger dispute on water sharing of the Indus River and its tributaries; to defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, India and Pakistan seek technical resolution of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani maps continue to show the Junagadh claim in India's Gujarat State; since 2002, with UN assistance, Pakistan has repatriated 3.8 million Afghan refugees, leaving about 2.6 million; Pakistan has sent troops across and built fences along some remote tribal areas of its treaty-defined Durand Line border with Afghanistan, which serve as bases for foreign terrorists and other illegal activities; Afghan, Coalition, and Pakistan military meet periodically to clarify the alignment of the boundary on the ground and on maps
  Refugees and internally displaced persons:
  refugees (country of origin): 3 million (1.6 million registered, 1.4 million undocumented) (Afghanistan) (2015)
  IDPs: more than 1.8 million (primarily those who remain displaced by counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency operations and violent conflict between armed non-state groups in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and Khyber-Paktunkwa Province; more than one million displaced in Northern Waziristan in 2014; individuals also have been displaced by repeated monsoon floods) (2015)
  Trafficking in persons:
  current situation: Pakistan is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; the country’s deteriorating security situation and weak economy have dominated the government’s resources and attention; the largest human trafficking problem is bonded labor in agriculture, brickmaking and, to a lesser extent, mining and carpet-making; children are bought, sold, rented, and placed in forced begging rings, domestic service, small shops, brick kilns, or prostitution; militant groups also force children to spy, fight, or die as suicide bombers, kidnapping the children or getting them from poor parents through sale or coercion; women and girls are forced into prostitution or marriages; Pakistani adults migrate to the Gulf States and African and European states for low-skilled jobs and sometimes become victims of forced labor, debt bondage, or prostitution; foreign adults and children from Afghanistan, Iran, Uzbekistan, Tanzania, and Bangladesh may be subject to forced labor, and foreign women may be sex trafficked in Pakistan, with refugees and minorities being most vulnerable
  tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List – Pakistan does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; officials continue to focus on trafficking as a transnational problem and lack the political will to address the issue unless pressured by the media and activists; the government does not prohibit and penalize all forms of trafficking and has not submitted a draft anti-trafficking bill to the National Assembly or Senate; authorities have yet to convict any offenders under the Bonded Labor System Act since it came into force in 1992; trafficking and smuggling continue to be conflated, with trafficking victims often prosecuted for prostitution or other crimes committed as a result of trafficking; Pakistan does not have systematic methods for identifying trafficking victims among vulnerable population and referring them to protective services (2014)
  Illicit drugs:
  significant transit area for Afghan drugs, including heroin, opium, morphine, and hashish, bound for Iran, Western markets, the Gulf States, Africa, and Asia; financial crimes related to drug trafficking, terrorism, corruption, and smuggling remain problems; opium poppy cultivation estimated to be 2,300 hectares in 2007 with 600 of those hectares eradicated; federal and provincial authorities continue to conduct anti-poppy campaigns that utilizes forced eradication, fines, and arrests

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