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Middle East :: Yemen

- ## Introduction :: YEMEN

- Background:
  North Yemen became independent from the Ottoman Empire in 1918. The British, who had set up a protectorate area around the southern port of Aden in the 19th century, withdrew in 1967 from what became South Yemen. Three years later, the southern government adopted a Marxist orientation. The massive exodus of hundreds of thousands of Yemenis from the south to the north contributed to two decades of hostility between the states. The two countries were formally unified as the Republic of Yemen in 1990. A southern secessionist movement and brief civil war in 1994 was quickly subdued. In 2000, Saudi Arabia and Yemen agreed to delineate their border. Fighting in the northwest between the government and the Huthis, a Zaydi Shia minority, began in 2004 and has since resulted in six rounds of fighting that ended in early 2010 with a cease-fire. The southern secessionist movement was revitalized in 2008. Public rallies in Sana'a against then President SALIH - inspired by similar demonstrations in Tunisia and Egypt - slowly built momentum starting in late January 2011 fueled by complaints over high unemployment, poor economic conditions, and corruption. By the following month, some protests had resulted in violence, and the demonstrations had spread to other major cities. By March the opposition had hardened its demands and was unifying behind calls for SALIH's immediate ouster. In in late April 2011. the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), in an attempt to mediate the crisis in Yemen, proposed the GGC Initiative, an agreement in which the president would step down in exchange for immunity from prosecution. SALIH's refusal to sign an agreement led to further violence. The UN Security Council passed Resolution 2014 in October 2011 calling for an end to the violence and completing a power transfer deal. In late November 2011, SALIH signed the GCC Initiative to step down and to transfer some of his powers to Vice President Abd Rabuh Mansur HADI. Following HADI's election victory in February 2012, SALIH formally transferred his powers. In accordance with the GCC initiative, Yemen launched a National Dialogue Conference (NDC) in March 2013 to discuss key constitutional, political, and social issues. HADI concluded the NDC in January 2014. Subsequent steps in the transition process include constitutional drafting, a constitutional referendum, and national elections. Since the Arab Awakening in 2011, the Huthis have expanded their influence, culminating in a major offensive against military units and tribes affiliated with their Yemeni rivals and enabling their forces to overrun the capital, Sana'a, in September 2014. In January 2015, the Huthis attacked the presidential palace and President HADI's residence and surrounded key government facilities, prompting HADI and the cabinet to submit their resignations. HADI fled to Aden, and in late February he rescinded his resignation. He subsequently escaped to Saudi Arabia and asked the GCC to intervene militarily in Yemen to protect the legitimate government from the Huthis. In late March, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia launched Operation Decisive Storm, a series of airstrikes against Huthi and Huthi-affiliated forces. In late April, the Saudi Government announced completion of the operation and initiated Operation Restoring Hope, which focuses on humanitarian aid and a return to political dialogue. As of late April 2015, the Huthis controlled much of western Yemen.

- ## Geography :: YEMEN

- Location:
  Middle East, bordering the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, and Red Sea, between Oman and Saudi Arabia
  Geographic coordinates:
  15 00 N, 48 00 E
  Map references:
  Middle East
  Area:
  total: 527,968 sq km
  land: 527,968 sq km
  water: 0 sq km
  note: includes Perim, Socotra, the former Yemen Arab Republic (YAR or North Yemen), and the former People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY or South Yemen)
  country comparison to the world: 50
  Area - comparative:
  almost four times the size of Alabama; slightly larger than twice the size of Wyoming
  Area comparison map:
  Land boundaries:
  total: 1,601 km
  border countries (2): Oman 294 km, Saudi Arabia 1,307 km
  Coastline:
  1,906 km
  Maritime claims:
  territorial sea: 12 nm
  contiguous zone: 24 nm
  exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
  continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
  Climate:
  mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert in east
  Terrain:
  narrow coastal plain backed by flat-topped hills and rugged mountains; dissected upland desert plains in center slope into the desert interior of the Arabian Peninsula
  Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Arabian Sea 0 m
  highest point: Jabal an Nabi Shu'ayb 3,760 m
  Natural resources:
  petroleum, fish, rock salt, marble; small deposits of coal, gold, lead, nickel, and copper; fertile soil in west
  Land use:
  agricultural land: 44.5%
  arable land 2.2%; permanent crops 0.6%; permanent pasture 41.7%
  forest: 1%
  other: 54.5% (2011 est.)
  Irrigated land:
  6,801 sq km (2004)
  Total renewable water resources:
  2.1 cu km (2011)
  Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
  total: 3.57 cu km/yr (7%/2%/91%)
  per capita: 162.4 cu m/yr (2005)
  Natural hazards:
  sandstorms and dust storms in summer
  volcanism: limited volcanic activity; Jebel at Tair (Jabal al-Tair, Jebel Teir, Jabal al-Tayr, Jazirat at-Tair) (elev. 244 m), which forms an island in the Red Sea, erupted in 2007 after awakening from dormancy; other historically active volcanoes include Harra of Arhab, Harras of Dhamar, Harra es-Sawad, and Jebel Zubair, although many of these have not erupted in over a century
  Environment - current issues:
  limited natural freshwater resources; inadequate supplies of potable water; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
  Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
  signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
  Geography - note:
  strategic location on Bab el Mandeb, the strait linking the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, one of world's most active shipping lanes

- ## People and Society :: YEMEN

- Nationality:
  noun: Yemeni(s)
  adjective: Yemeni
  Ethnic groups:
  predominantly Arab; but also Afro-Arab, South Asians, Europeans
  Languages:
  Arabic (official)
  note: a distinct Socotri language is widely used on the Socotra Archipelago; Mahri is still fairly widely spoken in eastern Yemen
  Religions:
  Muslim 99.1% (official; virtually all are citizens, an estimated 65% are Sunni and 35% are Shia), other 0.9% (includes Jewish, Baha'i, Hindu, and Christian; many are refugees or temporary foreign residents) (2010 est.)
  Population:
  26,737,317 (July 2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 48
  Age structure:
  0-14 years: 41.09% (male 5,588,316/female 5,399,365)
  15-24 years: 21.12% (male 2,865,453/female 2,782,109)
  25-54 years: 31.33% (male 4,280,258/female 4,096,280)
  55-64 years: 3.79% (male 468,869/female 543,336)
  65 years and over: 2.67% (male 330,966/female 382,365) (2015 est.)
  population pyramid:
  Dependency ratios:
  total dependency ratio: 75.6%
  youth dependency ratio: 70.7%
  elderly dependency ratio: 4.9%
  potential support ratio: 20.4% (2015 est.)
  Median age:
  total: 18.9 years
  male: 18.8 years
  female: 19 years (2015 est.)
  Population growth rate:
  2.47% (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 25
  Birth rate:
  29.98 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 42
  Death rate:
  6.28 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 154
  Net migration rate:
  1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 63
  Urbanization:
  urban population: 34.6% of total population (2015)
  rate of urbanization: 4.03% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
  Major urban areas - population:
  SANAA (capital) 2.962 million; Aden 882,000 (2015)
  Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
  0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
  15-24 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
  25-54 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
  55-64 years: 0.86 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female
  total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2015 est.)
  Infant mortality rate:
  total: 48.93 deaths/1,000 live births
  male: 53.14 deaths/1,000 live births
  female: 44.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 38
  Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 65.18 years
  male: 63.05 years
  female: 67.41 years (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 176
  Total fertility rate:
  3.91 children born/woman (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 40
  Contraceptive prevalence rate:
  27.7% (2006)
  Health expenditures:
  5.4% of GDP (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 124
  Physicians density:
  0.2 physicians/1,000 population (2010)
  Hospital bed density:
  0.7 beds/1,000 population (2012)
  Drinking water source:
  improved:
  urban: 72% of population
  rural: 46.5% of population
  total: 54.9% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 28% of population
  rural: 53.5% of population
  total: 45.1% of population (2012 est.)
  Sanitation facility access:
  improved:
  urban: 92.5% of population
  rural: 34.1% of population
  total: 53.3% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 7.5% of population
  rural: 65.9% of population
  total: 46.7% of population (2012 est.)
  HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  0.05% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 119
  HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  7,200 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 104
  HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  300 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 96
  Major infectious diseases:
  degree of risk: high
  food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
  vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
  water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2013)
  Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
  14.2% (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 121
  Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
  35.5% (2011)
  country comparison to the world: 3
  Education expenditures:
  4.6% of GDP (2008)
  country comparison to the world: 67
  Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 70.1%
  male: 85.1%
  female: 55% (2015 est.)
  School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
  total: 9 years
  male: 11 years
  female: 8 years (2011)
  Child labor - children ages 5-14:
  total number: 1,334,288
  percentage: 23% (2006 est.)
  Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
  total: 33.7%
  male: 26%
  female: 74% (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 22

- ## Government :: YEMEN

- Country name:
  conventional long form: Republic of Yemen
  conventional short form: Yemen
  local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Yamaniyah
  local short form: Al Yaman
  former: Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen] and People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen]
  Government type:
  republic
  Capital:
  name: Sanaa
  geographic coordinates: 15 21 N, 44 12 E
  time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
  Administrative divisions:
  21 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah) and 1 municipality*; Abyan, 'Adan (Aden), Ad Dali', Al Bayda', Al Hudaydah, Al Jawf, Al Mahrah, Al Mahwit, Amanat al 'Asimah (Sanaa City)*, 'Amran, Arkhabil Suqutra (Socotra Archipelago), Dhamar, Hadramawt, Hajjah, Ibb, Lahij, Ma'rib, Raymah, Sa'dah, San'a' (Sanaa), Shabwah, Ta'izz
  Independence:
  22 May 1990 (Republic of Yemen was established with the merger of the Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen] and the Marxist-dominated People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen]); note - previously North Yemen became independent in November 1918 (from the Ottoman Empire) and became a republic with the overthrow of the theocratic Imamate in 1962; South Yemen became independent on 30 November 1967 (from the UK)
  National holiday:
  Unification Day, 22 May (1990)
  Constitution:
  adopted by referendum 16 May 1991 (following unification); amended several times, last in 2009; note - between March 2014 and January 2015, a presidentially formed Constitutional Drafting Committee drafted a new constitution and President Hadi reviewed it; the draft was slated for final revision by the National Authority, followed by a national referendum; however, with the resignation of the government in late January 2015, constitutional formation has been stalled (2015)
  Legal system:
  mixed legal system of Islamic law, Napoleonic law, English common law, and customary law
  International law organization participation:
  has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
  Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
  Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Abd Rabuh Mansur HADI (since 21 February 2012); note - President HADI submitted his resignation in late January 2015, but Parliament did not convene to accept it; he later rescinded his resignation and remains the internationally recognized President of Yemen; he fled to Saudi Arabia in late March 2015 but returned in September after government loyalist forces aided by a Saudi-led coalition regained control of Aden from Huthi rebels in July
  head of government: Prime Minister Khalid Mahfuz BAHAH; note - BAHAH submitted his resignation in late January 2015, but Parliament did not convene to accept it; BAHAH later rescinded his resignation and remains prime minister; on 13 April he was named vice president, but continues to be the prime minister
  cabinet: appointed by the president
  elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term); last election held on 21 February 2012 (next election NA); note - a special election held on 21 February 2012 to remove Ali Abdallah SALIH under the terms of a Gulf Cooperation Council-mediated deal during the political crisis of 2011; vice president appointed by the president; prime minister appointed by the president
  election results: Abd Rabuh Mansur HADI (GPC) elected as a consensus president with about 50% popular participation; no other candidates
  Legislative branch:
  description: bicameral Parliament or Majlis consists of the Shura Council or Majlis Alshoora (111 seats; members appointed by the president; member tenure NA) and the House of Representatives or Majlis al Nuwaab (301 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 6-year terms)
  elections: last held on 27 April 2003 (scheduled April 2009 election postponed until February 2015)
  election results: House of Representatives percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - GPC 238, Islah 47, YSP 6, Nasserite Unionist Party 3, National Arab Socialist Ba'th Party 2, independents 5
  Judicial branch:
  highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of the president of the Court, 2 deputies, and nearly 50 judges; court organized into constitutional, civil, commercial, family, administrative, criminal, military, and appeals scrutiny divisions)
  judge selection and term of office: judges appointed by the Supreme Judicial Council, chaired by the president of the republic and consisting of 10 high-ranking judicial officers; judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 65
  subordinate courts: appeal courts; district or first instance courts; commercial courts
  Political parties and leaders:
  General People's Congress or GPC [Ali Abdallah SALIH]
  Islamic Reform Grouping or Islah [Muhammed Abdallah al-YADUMI, Abdul Wahab al-ANSI]
  Nasserite Unionist Party [Abdallah NU'MAN]
  Yemeni Socialist Party or YSP [Dr. Abd al-Rahman Umar al-SAQQAF]
  note: there are at least seven more active political parties
  Political pressure groups and leaders:
  Houthis
  Muslim Brotherhood
  Women National Committee
  other: conservative tribal groups; southern secessionist groups; al-Qa'ida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP)
  International organization participation:
  AFESD, AMF, CAEU, CD, EITI (temporarily suspended), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
  Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Ahmed Awad AHMED bin Mubarak (since 3 August 2015)
  chancery: 2319 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
  telephone: [1] (202) 965-4760
  FAX: [1] (202) 337-2017
  Diplomatic representation from the US:
  note: US embassy operations suspended on 10 February 2015 amid growing violence; in March 2015, a team of US diplomats established the Yemen Affairs Unit in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  chief of mission: Ambassador Matthew H. TUELLER (since 10 June 2014)
  embassy: Sa'awan Street, Sanaa
  mailing address: P. O. Box 22347, Sanaa
  telephone: [967] (1) 755-2000 ext. 2153 or 2266
  FAX: [967] (1) 303-182
  Flag description:
  three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white)
  note: similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars in the white band, and of Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt, which has a heraldic eagle centered in the white band
  National symbol(s):
  golden eagle; national colors: red, white, black
  National anthem:
  name: "al-qumhuriyatu l-muttahida" (United Republic)
  lyrics/music: Abdullah Abdulwahab NOA'MAN/Ayyoab Tarish ABSI
  note: adopted 1990; the music first served as the anthem for South Yemen before unification with North Yemen in 1990

- ## Economy :: YEMEN

- Economy - overview:
  Yemen is a low-income country that is highly dependent on declining oil resources for revenue. Oil and gas revenues account for roughly 25% of GDP and 65% of government revenue. Yemen has tried to counter the effects of its declining oil resources and continuing attacks on its oil pipelines by diversifying its economy through a 2006 reform program that was designed to bolster non-oil sectors of the economy and foreign investment. In October 2009, Yemen exported its first liquefied natural gas as part of this diversification effort. In January 2010, the international community established the Friends of Yemen group that aimed to support Yemen's efforts toward economic and political reform. In 2012, the Friends of Yemen pledged nearly $7 billion in assistance to Yemen. The Yemeni Government also endorsed a Mutual Accountability Framework to facilitate the efficient implementation of donor aid. The unrest that began in early 2011 caused GDP to plunge almost 11% in that year. Progress toward achieving stability has been slow and uneven. Yemen continues to face difficult long-term challenges, including declining water resources, high unemployment, severe food scarcity, and a high population growth rate. The Yemeni Government regularly faces annual budget shortfalls. In July 2014, the government eliminated some fuel subsidies that accounted for approximately 25% of government spending in 2013; and in August 2014, the IMF approved a three-year, $570 million Extended Credit Facility for Yemen. Deteriorating security restricts economic growth and the provision of government services.
  GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $103.6 billion (2014 est.)
  $103.8 billion (2013 est.)
  $99.05 billion (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 82
  GDP (official exchange rate):
  $43.23 billion (2014 est.)
  GDP - real growth rate:
  -0.2% (2014 est.)
  4.8% (2013 est.)
  2.4% (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 153
  GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $3,800 (2014 est.)
  $3,800 (2013 est.)
  $3,600 (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 178
  Gross national saving:
  6.3% of GDP (2014 est.)
  5% of GDP (2013 est.)
  7% of GDP (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 161
  GDP - composition, by end use:
  household consumption: 70.6%
  government consumption: 15.7%
  investment in fixed capital: 19.6%
  investment in inventories: 4%
  exports of goods and services: 18.5%
  imports of goods and services: -28.5%
  (2014 est.)
  GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
  agriculture: 9.2%
  industry: 26.8%
  services: 64% (2014 est.)
  Agriculture - products:
  grain, fruits, vegetables, pulses, qat, coffee, cotton; dairy products, livestock (sheep, goats, cattle, camels), poultry; fish
  Industries:
  crude oil production and petroleum refining; small-scale production of cotton textiles, leather goods; food processing; handicrafts; aluminum products; cement; commercial ship repair; natural gas production
  Industrial production growth rate:
  -1.5% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 181
  Labor force:
  7.262 million (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 64
  Labor force - by occupation:
  note: most people are employed in agriculture and herding; services, construction, industry, and commerce account for less than one-fourth of the labor force
  Unemployment rate:
  27% (2014 est.)
  35% (2003 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 176
  Population below poverty line:
  54% (2014 est.)
  Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 2.9%
  highest 10%: 30.8% (2005)
  Distribution of family income - Gini index:
  37.7 (2005)
  33.4 (1998)
  country comparison to the world: 73
  Budget:
  revenues: $10.26 billion
  expenditures: $14.34 billion (2014 est.)
  Taxes and other revenues:
  22.6% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 141
  Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
  -9% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 198
  Public debt:
  51% of GDP (2014 est.)
  49.7% of GDP (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 68
  Fiscal year:
  calendar year
  Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  8.2% (2014 est.)
  11% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 203
  Central bank discount rate:
  NA%
  Commercial bank prime lending rate:
  20% (31 December 2014 est.)
  22% (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 14
  Stock of narrow money:
  $5.845 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $5.196 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 93
  Stock of broad money:
  $16.02 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $14.04 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 92
  Stock of domestic credit:
  $14.61 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $12.17 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 93
  Market value of publicly traded shares:
  $NA
  Current account balance:
  -$681 million (2014 est.)
  -$1.422 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 152
  Exports:
  $7.041 billion (2014 est.)
  $8.136 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 106
  Exports - commodities:
  crude oil, coffee, dried and salted fish, liquefied natural gas
  Exports - partners:
  China 28.3%, South Korea 23%, Thailand 11.2%, Japan 8.1%, UAE 5.3% (2014)
  Imports:
  $10.39 billion (2014 est.)
  $11 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 99
  Imports - commodities:
  food and live animals, machinery and equipment, chemicals
  Imports - partners:
  China 15.9%, UAE 14%, India 9.6%, Saudi Arabia 6.6%, Kuwait 5%, Turkey 4.6% (2014)
  Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
  $4.688 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $5.349 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 99
  Debt - external:
  $8.002 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $7.708 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 109
  Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
  $NA
  Exchange rates:
  Yemeni rials (YER) per US dollar -
  214.9 (2014 est.)
  214.89 (2013 est.)
  214.35 (2012 est.)
  213.8 (2011 est.)
  219.59 (2010 est.)

- ## Energy :: YEMEN

- Electricity - production:
  5.834 billion kWh (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 117
  Electricity - consumption:
  4.137 billion kWh (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 123
  Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 217
  Electricity - imports:
  0 kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 218
  Electricity - installed generating capacity:
  1.533 million kW (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 114
  Electricity - from fossil fuels:
  100% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 2
  Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
  0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 209
  Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
  0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 153
  Electricity - from other renewable sources:
  0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 144
  Crude oil - production:
  130,700 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 43
  Crude oil - exports:
  43,000 bbl/day (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 46
  Crude oil - imports:
  0 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 146
  Crude oil - proved reserves:
  3 billion bbl (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 30
  Refined petroleum products - production:
  86,330 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 76
  Refined petroleum products - consumption:
  144,400 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 66
  Refined petroleum products - exports:
  14,330 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 78
  Refined petroleum products - imports:
  59,050 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 64
  Natural gas - production:
  7.652 billion cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 46
  Natural gas - consumption:
  968.5 million cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 91
  Natural gas - exports:
  6.684 billion cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 27
  Natural gas - imports:
  0 cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 82
  Natural gas - proved reserves:
  478.5 billion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 32
  Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
  21.28 million Mt (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 81

- ## Communications :: YEMEN

- Telephones - fixed lines:
  total subscriptions: 1.17 million
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 4 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 71
  Telephones - mobile cellular:
  total: 17.1 million
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 66 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 62
  Telephone system:
  general assessment: since unification in 1990, efforts have been made to create a national telecommunications network
  domestic: the national network consists of microwave radio relay, cable, tropospheric scatter, GSM and CDMA mobile-cellular telephone systems; fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity remains low by regional standards
  international: country code - 967; landing point for the international submarine cable Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG); satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean), 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region), and 2 Arabsat; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and Djibouti (2006)
  Broadcast media:
  state-run TV with 2 stations; state-run radio with 2 national radio stations and 5 local stations; stations from Oman and Saudi Arabia can be accessed (2007)
  Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 6, FM 1, shortwave 2 (1998)
  Television broadcast stations:
  3 (including one Egypt-based station that broadcasts in Yemen); plus several repeaters (2007)
  Internet country code:
  .ye
  Internet users:
  total: 5 million
  percent of population: 19.1% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 67

- ## Transportation :: YEMEN

- Airports:
  57 (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 84
  Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 17
  over 3,047 m: 4
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 9
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
  914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2013)
  Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 40
  over 3,047 m: 3
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 5
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 7
  914 to 1,523 m: 16
  under 914 m:
  9 (2013)
  Pipelines:
  gas 641 km; liquid petroleum gas 22 km; oil 1,370 km (2013)
  Roadways:
  total: 71,300 km
  paved: 6,200 km
  unpaved: 65,100 km (2005)
  country comparison to the world: 66
  Merchant marine:
  total: 5
  by type: chemical tanker 2, petroleum tanker 2, roll on/roll off 1
  registered in other countries: 14 (Moldova 4, Panama 4, Sierra Leone 2, Togo 1, unknown 3) (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 126
  Ports and terminals:
  major seaport(s): Aden, Al Hudaydah, Al Mukalla
  Transportation - note:
  the International Maritime Bureau reports offshore waters in the Gulf of Aden are high risk for piracy; numerous vessels, including commercial shipping and pleasure craft, have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; crew, passengers, and cargo are held for ransom; the presence of several naval task forces in the Gulf of Aden and additional anti-piracy measures on the part of ship operators reduced the incidence of piracy in that body of water by more than half in 2010

- ## Military :: YEMEN

- Military branches:
  Land Forces, Naval and Coastal Defense Forces (includes Marines), Air and Air Defense Force (al-Quwwat al-Jawwiya al-Yemeniya), Border Guards, Strategic Reserve Forces (2013)
  Military service age and obligation:
  18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription; 2-year service obligation (2012)
  Manpower available for military service:
  males age 16-49: 5,652,256
  females age 16-49: 5,387,160 (2010 est.)
  Manpower fit for military service:
  males age 16-49: 4,056,944
  females age 16-49: 4,116,895 (2010 est.)
  Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
  male: 287,141
  female: 277,612 (2010 est.)
  Military expenditures:
  4.02% of GDP (2012)
  3.48% of GDP (2011)
  4.02% of GDP (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 12
  Military - note:

- ## Transnational Issues :: YEMEN

- Disputes - international:
  Saudi Arabia has reinforced its concrete-filled security barrier along sections of the fully demarcated border with Yemen to stem illegal cross-border activities
  Refugees and internally displaced persons:
  refugees (country of origin): 5,934 (Ethiopia) (2014); 244,404 (Somalia) (2015)
  IDPs: 1,439,118 (conflict in Sa'ada governorate; clashes between AQAP and government forces) (2015)
  Trafficking in persons:
  current situation: Yemen is a source and, to a lesser extent, transit and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and women and children subjected to sex trafficking; some Yemeni children, mostly boys, migrate to Yemeni cities or across the border to Saudi Arabia and, less frequently Oman, where they end up as beggars, prostitutes, or forced laborers in domestic service or small shops; other Yemeni children were recruited as combatants or checkpoint guards by armed groups and continues to be used in the government’s military forces; Yemen is also a source country for girls sex trafficked within country or to Saudi Arabia; thousands of Yemeni migrant workers deported from Saudi Arabia and Syrian refugees are vulnerable to trafficking; additionally, Yemen is a destination and transit country for women and children from the Horn of Africa who are looking for work or receive fraudulent job offers in the Gulf states but are subjected to sexual exploitation or forced labor upon arrival; reports indicate that adults and children are still sold or inherited as slaves in Yemen
  tier rating: Tier 3 – Yemen does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; prolonged political, economic, and security crises, as well as the continued conflation of trafficking and smuggling, impeded the government’s modest anti-trafficking efforts; authorities did not institute formal procedures to identify and protect trafficking victims in 2013, nor did they investigate or prosecute officials complicit in trafficking-related crimes; the government did not report efforts to investigate, prosecute, or convict trafficking offenses, and no known efforts were made to investigate or punish persons practicing chattel slavery; officials acknowledged the use of child soldiers and agreed to a UN action plan to eliminate it but did not make efforts to remove child soldiers from the military; draft anti-trafficking legislation still awaits parliamentary endorsement (2014)

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