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Europe :: Monaco

- ## Introduction :: MONACO

- Background:
  The Genoese built a fortress on the site of present day Monaco in 1215. The current ruling GRIMALDI family first seized temporary control in 1297, and again in 1331, but was not able to permanently secure its holding until 1419. Economic development was spurred in the late 19th century with a railroad linkup to France and the opening of a casino. Since then, the principality's mild climate, splendid scenery, and gambling facilities have made Monaco world famous as a tourist and recreation center.

- ## Geography :: MONACO

- Location:
  Western Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea on the southern coast of France, near the border with Italy
  Geographic coordinates:
  43 44 N, 7 24 E
  Map references:
  Europe
  Area:
  total: 2 sq km
  land: 2 sq km
  water: 0 sq km
  country comparison to the world: 254
  Area - comparative:
  about three times the size of the National Mall in Washington, DC
  Land boundaries:
  total: 6 km
  border countries (1): France 6 km
  Coastline:
  4.1 km
  Maritime claims:
  territorial sea: 12 nm
  exclusive economic zone: 12 nm
  Climate:
  Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers
  Terrain:
  hilly, rugged, rocky
  Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
  highest point: Mont Agel 140 m
  Natural resources:
  none
  Land use:
  agricultural land: 1%
  arable land 0%; permanent crops 1%; permanent pasture 0%
  forest: 0%
  other: 99% (2011 est.)
  Irrigated land:
  NA
  Natural hazards:
  NA
  Environment - current issues:
  NA
  Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
  signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
  Geography - note:
  second-smallest independent state in the world (after Holy See); smallest country with a coastline; almost entirely urban

- ## People and Society :: MONACO

- Nationality:
  noun: Monegasque(s) or Monacan(s)
  adjective: Monegasque or Monacan
  Ethnic groups:
  French (official) 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%
  Languages:
  French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque
  Religions:
  Roman Catholic 90% (official), other 10%
  Population:
  30,535
  note: immigrants make up more than 60% of the total population, according to UN data (2013) (July 2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 218
  Age structure:
  0-14 years: 11.41% (male 1,793/female 1,692)
  15-24 years: 9.03% (male 1,420/female 1,337)
  25-54 years: 34.47% (male 5,239/female 5,286)
  55-64 years: 14.71% (male 2,255/female 2,238)
  65 years and over: 30.37% (male 4,146/female 5,129) (2015 est.)
  population pyramid:
  Median age:
  total: 51.7 years
  male: 50.6 years
  female: 53 years (2015 est.)
  Population growth rate:
  0.12% (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 187
  Birth rate:
  6.65 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 224
  Death rate:
  9.24 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 63
  Net migration rate:
  3.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 35
  Urbanization:
  urban population: 100% of total population (2015)
  rate of urbanization: 0.79% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
  Major urban areas - population:
  MONACO (capital) 38,000 (2014)
  Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
  0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
  15-24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
  25-54 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
  55-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2015 est.)
  Infant mortality rate:
  total: 1.82 deaths/1,000 live births
  male: 2.06 deaths/1,000 live births
  female: 1.57 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 224
  Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 89.52 years
  male: 85.63 years
  female: 93.58 years (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 1
  Total fertility rate:
  1.52 children born/woman (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 193
  Health expenditures:
  4% of GDP (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 155
  Physicians density:
  7.17 physicians/1,000 population (2012)
  Hospital bed density:
  13.8 beds/1,000 population (2012)
  Drinking water source:
  improved:
  urban: 100% of population
  total: 100% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 0% of population
  total: 0% of population (2015 est.)
  Sanitation facility access:
  improved:
  urban: 100% of population
  total: 100% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 0% of population
  total: 0% of population (2015 est.)
  HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  NA
  HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  NA
  HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  NA
  Education expenditures:
  1.6% of GDP (2011)
  country comparison to the world: 169

- ## Government :: MONACO

- Country name:
  conventional long form: Principality of Monaco
  conventional short form: Monaco
  local long form: Principaute de Monaco
  local short form: Monaco
  Government type:
  constitutional monarchy
  Capital:
  name: Monaco
  geographic coordinates: 43 44 N, 7 25 E
  time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
  daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
  Administrative divisions:
  none; there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 4 quarters (quartiers, singular - quartier); Fontvieille, La Condamine, Monaco-Ville, Monte-Carlo; note - Moneghetti, a part of La Condamine, is sometimes called the 5th quarter of Monaco
  Independence:
  1419 (beginning of permanent rule by the House of GRIMALDI)
  National holiday:
  National Day (Saint Rainier's Day), 19 November (1857)
  Constitution:
  previous 1911 (suspended 1959); latest adopted 17 December 1962; amended 2002 (2015)
  Legal system:
  civil law system influenced by French legal tradition
  International law organization participation:
  has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
  Citizenship:
  citizenship by birth: no
  citizenship by descent only: the father must be a citizen of Monaco; in the case of a child born out of wedlock, the mother must be a citizen and father unknown
  dual citizenship recognized: no
  residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years
  Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
  Executive branch:
  chief of state: Prince ALBERT II (since 6 April 2005)
  head of government: Minister of State Michel ROGER (since 29 March 2010)
  cabinet: Council of Government under the authority of the monarch
  elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; minister of state appointed by the monarch from a list of three French national candidates presented by the French Government
  Legislative branch:
  description: unicameral National Council or Conseil National (24 seats; 16 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 8 directly elected by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)
  elections: last held on 10 February 2013 (next to be held in February 2018)
  election results: percent of vote by party - Horizon Monaco 50.3%, Union Monegasque 39%, Renaissance 10.7%; seats by party - Horizon Monaco 20, Union Monegasque 3, Renaissance 1
  Judicial branch:
  highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of 5 permanent members and 2 substitutes)
  judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court members appointed by the monarch upon the proposals of the National Council, State Council, Crown Council, Court of Appeal, and Trial Court
  subordinate courts: Court of Appeal; Civil Court of First Instance
  Political parties and leaders:
  Horizon Monaco [Laurent NOUVION]
  Renaissance [SBM (public corporation)]
  Union Monegasque [Jean-Francois ROBILLON]
  Political pressure groups and leaders:
  NA
  International organization participation:
  CD, CE, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IFRCS, IHO, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ITSO, ITU, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Schengen Convention (de facto member), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
  Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Maguy MACCARIO-DOYLE (since 3 December 2013)
  chancery: 3400 International Drive NW, Suite 2K-100, Washington, DC 20008
  telephone: (202) 234-1530
  FAX: (202) 244-7656
  consulate(s) general: New York
  Diplomatic representation from the US:
  the US does not have an embassy in Monaco; the US Ambassador to France is accredited to Monaco; the US Consul General in Marseille (France), under the authority of the US ambassador to France, handles diplomatic and consular matters concerning Monaco
  Flag description:
  two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors are those of the ruling House of Grimaldi and have been in use since 1339, making the flag one of the world's oldest national banners
  note: similar to the flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top) and red
  National symbol(s):
  red and white lozenges (diamond shapes); national colors: red, white
  National anthem:
  name: "A Marcia de Muneghu" (The March of Monaco)
  lyrics/music: Louis NOTARI/Charles ALBRECHT
  note: music adopted 1867, lyrics adopted 1931; although French is commonly spoken, only the Monegasque lyrics are official; the French version is known as "Hymne Monegasque" (Monegasque Anthem); the words are generally only sung on official occasions

- ## Economy :: MONACO

- Economy - overview:
  Monaco, bordering France on the Mediterranean coast, is a popular resort, attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate. The principality also is a banking center and has successfully sought to diversify into services and small, high-value-added, nonpolluting industries. The state has no income tax and low business taxes and thrives as a tax haven both for individuals who have established residence and for foreign companies that have set up businesses and offices. Monaco, however, is not a tax-free shelter; it charges nearly 20% value-added tax, collects stamp duties, and companies face a 33% tax on profits unless they can show that three-quarters of profits are generated within the principality. Monaco's reliance on tourism and banking for its economic growth has left it vulnerable to a downturn in France and other European economies which are the principality's main trade partners. In 2009, Monaco's GDP fell by 11.5% as the euro-zone crisis precipitated a sharp drop in tourism and retail activity and home sales. A modest recovery ensued in 2010 and intensified in 2013, with GDP growth of more than 9%, but Monaco's economic prospects remain uncertain, and tied to future euro-zone growth. Monaco was formally removed from the OECD's "grey list" of uncooperative tax jurisdictions in late 2009, but continues to face international pressure to abandon its banking secrecy laws and help combat tax evasion. In October 2014, Monaco officially became the 84th jurisdiction participating in the OECD’s Multilateral Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters, an effort to combat offshore tax avoidance and evasion. The state retains monopolies in a number of sectors, including tobacco, the telephone network, and the postal service. Living standards are high, roughly comparable to those in prosperous French metropolitan areas.
  GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $6.79 billion (2013 est.)
  $6.213 billion (2012 est.)
  $5.748 billion (2011 est.)
  note: data are in 2012 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 166
  GDP (official exchange rate):
  $6.063 billion (2013 est.)
  GDP - real growth rate:
  9.3% (2013 est.)
  1.2% (2012)
  7% (2011)
  country comparison to the world: 5
  GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $78,700 (2013 est.)
  $73,200 (2012)
  $72,600 (2011)
  country comparison to the world: 9
  GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
  agriculture: 0%
  industry: 14%
  services: 86% (2013)
  Agriculture - products:
  none
  Industries:
  banking, insurance, tourism, construction, small-scale industrial and consumer products
  Industrial production growth rate:
  20% (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 2
  Labor force:
  52,000
  note: includes all foreign workers (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 191
  Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture: 0%
  industry: 16.1%
  services: 83.9% (2012 est.)
  Unemployment rate:
  2% (2012)
  country comparison to the world: 14
  Population below poverty line:
  NA%
  Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: NA%
  highest 10%: NA%
  Budget:
  revenues: $1.06 billion
  expenditures: $1.128 billion (2011 est.)
  Taxes and other revenues:
  17.5% of GDP (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 179
  Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
  -1.1% of GDP (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 69
  Fiscal year:
  calendar year
  Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  1.5% (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 85
  Market value of publicly traded shares:
  $NA
  Exports:
  $1.115 billion (2011)
  $684.9 million (2010)
  note: full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market system through customs union with France
  country comparison to the world: 160
  Exports - partners:
  Europe 73.2%, Africa 14.6%, America 5.2%, Asia 4.9% (2013 est.)
  Imports:
  $1.162 billion (2011)
  $850.2 million (2010)
  note: full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market system through customs union with France
  country comparison to the world: 176
  Imports - partners:
  Europe 70.4%, Asia 20.8%, America 4.4%, Africa 4.1% (2013 est.)
  Debt - external:
  $NA
  Exchange rates:
  euros (EUR) per US dollar -
  0.7489 (2014 est.)
  0.7634 (2013 est.)
  0.78 (2012 est.)
  0.7185 (2011 est.)
  0.755 (2010 est.)

- ## Communications :: MONACO

- Telephones - fixed lines:
  total subscriptions: 50,600
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 166 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 162
  Telephones - mobile cellular:
  total: 33,700
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 110 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 207
  Telephone system:
  general assessment: modern automatic telephone system; the country's sole fixed-line operator offers a full range of services to residential and business customers
  domestic: combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity exceeds 200 per 100 persons
  international: country code - 377; no satellite earth stations; connected by cable into the French communications system (2011)
  Broadcast media:
  TV Monte-Carlo (TMC) operates a TV network; cable TV available; Radio Monte-Carlo has extensive radio networks in France and Italy with French-language broadcasts to France beginning in the 1960s and Italian-language broadcasts to Italy beginning in the 1970s; other radio stations include Riviera Radio and Radio Monaco (2012)
  Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 1, FM 11, shortwave 1 (2008)
  Television broadcast stations:
  5 (1998)
  Internet country code:
  .mc
  Internet users:
  total: 27,400
  percent of population: 89.9% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 199

- ## Transportation :: MONACO

- Heliports:
  1 (2012)
  Roadways:
  total: 77 km
  paved: 77 km (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 218
  Merchant marine:
  registered in other countries: 64 (Bahamas 8, Bermuda 2, Liberia 8, Malta 3, Marshall Islands 30, Panama 11, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2) (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 63
  Ports and terminals:
  major seaport(s): Monaco

- ## Military :: MONACO

- Military branches:
  no regular military forces; Directorate of Public Security (2012)
  Manpower available for military service:
  males age 16-49: 5,749 (2010 est.)
  Manpower fit for military service:
  males age 16-49: 4,629
  females age 16-49: 4,597 (2010 est.)
  Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
  male: 153
  female: 141 (2010 est.)
  Military - note:
  defense is the responsibility of France

- ## Transnational Issues :: MONACO

- Disputes - international:
  none

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