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Central Asia :: Turkmenistan

- ## Introduction :: TURKMENISTAN

- Background:
  Present-day Turkmenistan covers territory that has been at the crossroads of civilizations for centuries. The area was ruled in antiquity by various Persian empires, and was conquered by Alexander the Great, Muslim armies, the Mongols, Turkic warriors, and eventually the Russians. In medieval times, Merv (located in present-day Mary province) was one of the great cities of the Islamic world and an important stop on the Silk Road. Annexed by Russia in the late 1800s, Turkmenistan later figured prominently in the anti-Bolshevik movement in Central Asia. In 1924, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic; it achieved independence upon the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. Extensive hydrocarbon/natural gas reserves, which have yet to be fully exploited, have begun to transform the country. The Government of Turkmenistan is moving to expand its extraction and delivery projects and has attempted to diversify its gas export routes beyond Russia's pipeline network. In 2010, new gas export pipelines that carry Turkmen gas to China and to northern Iran began operating, effectively ending the Russian monopoly on Turkmen gas exports. Subsequently, decreased Russian purchases, as well as limited purchases by Iran, have made China the dominant buyer of Turkmen gas. President for Life Saparmurat NYYAZOW died in December 2006, and Turkmenistan held its first multi-candidate presidential election in February 2007. Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW, a deputy cabinet chairman under NYYAZOW, emerged as the country's new president; he was reelected in February 2012 with 97% of the vote, in an election described as "a democratic sham."

- ## Geography :: TURKMENISTAN

- Location:
  Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Kazakhstan
  Geographic coordinates:
  40 00 N, 60 00 E
  Map references:
  Asia
  Area:
  total: 488,100 sq km
  land: 469,930 sq km
  water: 18,170 sq km
  country comparison to the world: 53
  Area - comparative:
  slightly larger than California
  Land boundaries:
  total: 4,158 km
  border countries (4): Afghanistan 804 km, Iran 1,148 km, Kazakhstan 413 km, Uzbekistan 1,793 km
  Coastline:
  0 km; note - Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)
  Maritime claims:
  none (landlocked)
  Climate:
  subtropical desert
  Terrain:
  flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to mountains in the south; low mountains along border with Iran; borders Caspian Sea in west
  Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Vpadina Akchanaya -81 m
  note: Sarygamysh Koli is a lake in northern Turkmenistan with a water level that fluctuates above and below the elevation of Vpadina Akchanaya (the lake has dropped as low as -110 m)
  highest point: Gora Ayribaba 3,139 m
  Natural resources:
  petroleum, natural gas, sulfur, salt
  Land use:
  agricultural land: 72%
  arable land 4.1%; permanent crops 0.1%; permanent pasture 67.8%
  forest: 8.8%
  other: 19.2% (2011 est.)
  Irrigated land:
  19,910 sq km (2006)
  Total renewable water resources:
  24.77 cu km (2011)
  Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
  total: 27.95 cu km/yr (3%/3%/94%)
  per capita: 5,752 cu m/yr (2004)
  Natural hazards:
  NA
  Environment - current issues:
  contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals, pesticides; salination, water logging of soil due to poor irrigation methods; Caspian Sea pollution; diversion of a large share of the flow of the Amu Darya into irrigation contributes to that river's inability to replenish the Aral Sea; desertification
  Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
  signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
  Geography - note:
  landlocked; the western and central low-lying desolate portions of the country make up the great Garagum (Kara-Kum) desert, which occupies over 80% of the country; eastern part is plateau

- ## People and Society :: TURKMENISTAN

- Nationality:
  noun: Turkmen(s)
  adjective: Turkmen
  Ethnic groups:
  Turkmen 85%, Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%, other 6% (2003)
  Languages:
  Turkmen (official) 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%
  Religions:
  Muslim 89%, Eastern Orthodox 9%, unknown 2%
  Population:
  5,231,422 (July 2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 120
  Age structure:
  0-14 years: 26.14% (male 692,800/female 674,638)
  15-24 years: 19.66% (male 517,312/female 510,945)
  25-54 years: 42.57% (male 1,104,066/female 1,122,896)
  55-64 years: 7.25% (male 178,925/female 200,502)
  65 years and over: 4.38% (male 99,878/female 129,460) (2015 est.)
  population pyramid:
  Dependency ratios:
  total dependency ratio: 47.9%
  youth dependency ratio: 41.7%
  elderly dependency ratio: 6.1%
  potential support ratio: 16.3% (2015 est.)
  Median age:
  total: 27.1 years
  male: 26.6 years
  female: 27.5 years (2015 est.)
  Population growth rate:
  1.14% (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 106
  Birth rate:
  19.4 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 89
  Death rate:
  6.13 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 158
  Net migration rate:
  -1.84 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 163
  Urbanization:
  urban population: 50% of total population (2015)
  rate of urbanization: 1.94% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
  Major urban areas - population:
  ASHGABAT (capital) 746,000 (2015)
  Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
  0-14 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
  15-24 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
  25-54 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
  55-64 years: 0.89 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2015 est.)
  Infant mortality rate:
  total: 36.82 deaths/1,000 live births
  male: 44.13 deaths/1,000 live births
  female: 29.14 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 60
  Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 69.78 years
  male: 66.77 years
  female: 72.93 years (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 157
  Total fertility rate:
  2.09 children born/woman (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 109
  Contraceptive prevalence rate:
  48% (2006)
  Health expenditures:
  2% of GDP (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 190
  Hospital bed density:
  4 beds/1,000 population (2012)
  Drinking water source:
  improved:
  urban: 89.1% of population
  rural: 53.7% of population
  total: 71.1% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 10.9% of population
  rural: 46.3% of population
  total: 28.9% of population (2012 est.)
  Sanitation facility access:
  improved:
  urban: 100% of population
  rural: 98.2% of population
  total: 99.1% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 0% of population
  rural: 1.8% of population
  total: 0.9% of population (2012 est.)
  HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  NA
  HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  NA
  HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  NA
  Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
  18.8% (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 125
  Education expenditures:
  3% of GDP (2012)
  Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 99.7%
  male: 99.8%
  female: 99.6% (2015 est.)
  School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
  total: 11 years
  male: 11 years
  female: 11 years (2014)

- ## Government :: TURKMENISTAN

- Country name:
  conventional long form: none
  conventional short form: Turkmenistan
  local long form: none
  local short form: Turkmenistan
  former: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic
  Government type:
  defines itself as a secular democracy and a presidential republic; in actuality displays authoritarian presidential rule with power concentrated within the presidential administration
  Capital:
  name: Ashgabat (Ashkhabad)
  geographic coordinates: 37 57 N, 58 23 E
  time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
  Administrative divisions:
  5 provinces (welayatlar, singular - welayat) and 1 independent city*: Ahal Welayaty (Anew), Ashgabat*, Balkan Welayaty (Balkanabat), Dashoguz Welayaty, Lebap Welayaty (Turkmenabat), Mary Welayaty
  note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)
  Independence:
  27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
  National holiday:
  Independence Day, 27 October (1991)
  Constitution:
  adopted 18 May 1992; amended several times, last in 2008; note - sources disagree on whether the changes in 2008 are amendments or reflect a new constitution (2012)
  Legal system:
  civil law system with Islamic law influences
  International law organization participation:
  has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
  Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
  Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW (since 14 February 2007); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
  head of government: President Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW (since 14 February 2007)
  cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president
  elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 12 February 2012 (next to be held in February 2017)
  election results: Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW reelected president; percent of vote - Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW 97.1%, Annageldi YAZMYRADOW 1.1%, other candidates 1.8%
  Legislative branch:
  description: unicameral National Assembly or Mejlis (125 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote in two rounds if needed; members serve 5-year terms); note - in September 2008, a constitutional change abolished a second, 2,507-member People's Council and expanded the membership in the National Assembly to 125 from 65 ; the powers formerly held by the People's Council were divided between the president and the National Assembly
  elections: last held on 15 December 2013 (next to be held in December 2018)
  election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Democratic Party 47, Organization of Trade and Unions of Turkmenistan 33, Women's Union of Turkmenistan 16, Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs 14, Magtymguly Youth Organization 8, independents 7; note - all of these parties support President BERDIMUHAMIDOW
  Judicial branch:
  highest court(s): Supreme Court of Turkmenistan (consists of the court president and 21 associate judges)
  judge selection and term of office: judges appointed by the president; judge tenure NA
  subordinate courts: provincial, district, and city courts; High Commercial Court; military courts
  Political parties and leaders:
  Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or DPT [Kasymguly BABAYEW]
  Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs or PIE [Orazmammet MAMMEDOW] (party registered 21 August 2012)
  note: a law authorizing the registration of political parties went into effect in January 2012; unofficial, small opposition movements exist abroad; the three most prominent opposition groups-in-exile are the National Democratic Movement of Turkmenistan (NDMT), the Republican Party of Turkmenistan, and the Watan (Fatherland) Party; the NDMT was led by former Foreign Minister Boris SHIKHMURADOV until his arrest and imprisonment in the wake of the 25 November 2002 attack on President NYYAZOW's motorcade
  Political pressure groups and leaders:
  none
  International organization participation:
  ADB, CIS (associate member, has not ratified the 1993 CIS charter although it participates in meetings and held the chairmanship of the CIS in 2012), EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO
  Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Mered Bairamovich ORAZOW (since 14 February 2001)
  chancery: 2207 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
  telephone: [1] (202) 588-1500
  FAX: [1] (202) 588-0697
  Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Allan MUSTARD (since 20 January 2015)
  embassy: No. 9 1984 Street (formerly Pushkin Street), Ashgabat, Turkmenistan 744000
  mailing address: 7070 Ashgabat Place, Washington, DC 20521-7070
  telephone: [993] (12) 94-00-45
  FAX: [993] (12) 94-26-14
  Flag description:
  green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing five tribal guls (designs used in producing carpets) stacked above two crossed olive branches; five white stars and a white crescent moon appear in the upper corner of the field just to the fly side of the red stripe; the green color and crescent moon represent Islam; the five stars symbolize the regions or welayats of Turkmenistan; the guls reflect the national identity of Turkmenistan where carpet-making has long been a part of traditional nomadic life
  note: the flag of Turkmenistan is the most intricate of all national flags
  National symbol(s):
  Akhal-Teke horse; national colors: green, white
  National anthem:
  name: "Garassyz, Bitarap Turkmenistanyn" (Independent, Neutral, Turkmenistan State Anthem)
  lyrics/music: collective/Veli MUKHATOV
  note: adopted 1997, lyrics revised 2008; following the death of President Saparmurat NYYAZOW, the lyrics were altered to eliminate references to him

- ## Economy :: TURKMENISTAN

- Economy - overview:
  Turkmenistan is largely a desert country with intensive agriculture in irrigated oases and significant natural gas and some oil resources. The two largest crops are cotton, most of which is produced for export, and wheat, which is domestically consumed. Although agriculture accounts for roughly 14% of GDP, it continues to employ nearly half of the country's workforce.
  From 1998-2005, Turkmenistan suffered from the continued lack of adequate export routes for natural gas and from obligations on extensive short-term external debt. At the same time, however, total exports rose by an average of roughly 15% per year from 2003-08, largely because of higher international oil and gas prices. Additional pipelines to China, that began operation in early 2010, and increased pipeline capacity to Iran, have expanded Turkmenistan's export routes for its gas. Two other export initiatives - a trans-Caspian pipeline that would carry gas to Europe and the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) gas pipeline - are not likely to be realized any time soon.
  Since his election in 2007, President BERDIMUHAMEDOV unified the country's dual currency exchange rate, ordered the redenomination of the manat, reduced state subsidies for gasoline, electricity, natural gas, and transportation services, and initiated development of a special tourism zone on the Caspian Sea. Although foreign investment is encouraged, and some improvements in macroeconomic policy have been made, numerous bureaucratic obstacles impede international business activity.
  Turkmenistan's authoritarian regime has taken a cautious approach to economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton export revenues to sustain its inefficient and highly corrupt economy. The government introduced a privatization plan in 2012. While some small- and medium-size enterprises have been privatized since 2013, the implementation of this initiative has been slow, and privatization goals remain limited.
  Overall prospects in the near future are discouraging because of endemic corruption, a poor educational system, government misuse of oil and gas revenues, and Ashgabat's reluctance to adopt market-oriented reforms. The majority of Turkmenistan's economic statistics are state secrets. The GDP numbers and other figures that the government makes public are subject to wide margins of error. Based on government-provided data, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) reported 10.3% GDP growth in 2014. In January 2015, Turkmenistan devalued its local currency, the manat, by 19%.
  GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $82.09 billion (2014 est.)
  $74.41 billion (2013 est.)
  $67.53 billion (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 87
  GDP (official exchange rate):
  $47.93 billion (2014 est.)
  GDP - real growth rate:
  10.3% (2014 est.)
  10.2% (2013 est.)
  11.1% (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 3
  GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $14,200 (2014 est.)
  $12,800 (2013 est.)
  $11,700 (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 108
  Gross national saving:
  19.9% of GDP (2014 est.)
  11.5% of GDP (2013 est.)
  13.2% of GDP (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 81
  GDP - composition, by end use:
  household consumption: 50%
  government consumption: 12.9%
  investment in fixed capital: 44.3%
  investment in inventories: 0%
  exports of goods and services: 45.5%
  imports of goods and services: -38.2%
  (2014 est.)
  GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
  agriculture: 13.2%
  industry: 49.3%
  services: 37.4% (2014 est.)
  Agriculture - products:
  cotton, grain, melons; livestock
  Industries:
  natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food processing
  Industrial production growth rate:
  16.7% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 8
  Labor force:
  2.305 million (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 118
  Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture: 48.2%
  industry: 14%
  services: 37.8% (2004 est.)
  Unemployment rate:
  11% (2014 est.)
  10.6% (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 198
  Population below poverty line:
  0.2% (2012 est.)
  Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 2.6%
  highest 10%: 31.7% (1998)
  Distribution of family income - Gini index:
  40.8 (1998)
  country comparison to the world: 55
  Budget:
  revenues: $7.047 billion
  expenditures: $6.699 billion (2014 est.)
  Taxes and other revenues:
  16.2% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 194
  Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
  0.8% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 24
  Fiscal year:
  calendar year
  Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  6% (2014 est.)
  6.8% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 181
  Central bank discount rate:
  5% (31 December 2014)
  5% (31 December 2013)
  Stock of narrow money:
  $1.255 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $979.3 million (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 146
  Stock of broad money:
  $5.67 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $4.284 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 126
  Stock of domestic credit:
  $13.16 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $9.965 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 98
  Market value of publicly traded shares:
  $NA
  Current account balance:
  -$2.852 billion (2014 est.)
  -$2.984 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 56
  Exports:
  $19.78 billion (2014 est.)
  $18.85 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 73
  Exports - commodities:
  gas, crude oil, petrochemicals, textiles, cotton fiber
  Exports - partners:
  China 69.7%, Turkey 4.6% (2014)
  Imports:
  $16.64 billion (2014 est.)
  $16.09 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 86
  Imports - commodities:
  machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs
  Imports - partners:
  Turkey 25.1%, Russia 13%, China 10.7%, UAE 7%, US 5.1%, Ukraine 4.9% (2014)
  Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
  $27.04 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $25.85 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 52
  Debt - external:
  $578.4 million (31 December 2014 est.)
  $534.2 million (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 173
  Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
  $3.061 billion (2013 est.)
  $3.117 billion (2012 est.)
  Exchange rates:
  Turkmen manat (TMM) per US dollar -
  2.85 (2014 est.)
  2.85 (2013 est.)
  2.85 (2012 est.)
  2.85 (2011 est.)
  2.85 (2010 est.)

- ## Energy :: TURKMENISTAN

- Electricity - production:
  22.3 billion kWh (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 76
  Electricity - consumption:
  19.3 billion kWh (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 75
  Electricity - exports:
  2.9 billion kWh (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 37
  Electricity - imports:
  0 kWh (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 212
  Electricity - installed generating capacity:
  4.275 million kW (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 79
  Electricity - from fossil fuels:
  100% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 37
  Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
  0% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 193
  Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
  0% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 206
  Electricity - from other renewable sources:
  0% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 132
  Crude oil - production:
  231,000 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 36
  Crude oil - exports:
  67,000 bbl/day (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 44
  Crude oil - imports:
  0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 132
  Crude oil - proved reserves:
  600 million bbl (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 48
  Refined petroleum products - production:
  143,200 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 64
  Refined petroleum products - consumption:
  132,400 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 70
  Refined petroleum products - exports:
  64,360 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 57
  Refined petroleum products - imports:
  2,542 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 176
  Natural gas - production:
  69.2 billion cu m (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 13
  Natural gas - consumption:
  22.3 billion cu m (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 33
  Natural gas - exports:
  46.9 billion cu m (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 8
  Natural gas - imports:
  0 cu m (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 140
  Natural gas - proved reserves:
  17.5 trillion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 6
  Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
  64.98 million Mt (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 53

- ## Communications :: TURKMENISTAN

- Telephones - fixed lines:
  total subscriptions: 620,000
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 12 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 91
  Telephones - mobile cellular:
  total: 7.2 million
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 139 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 103
  Telephone system:
  general assessment: telecommunications network remains underdeveloped and progress toward improvement is slow; strict government control and censorship inhibits liberalization and modernization
  domestic: Turkmentelekom, in cooperation with foreign partners, has installed high-speed fiber-optic lines and has upgraded most of the country's telephone exchanges and switching centers with new digital technology; combined fixed-line and mobile teledensity is about 80 per 100 persons; Russia's Mobile Telesystems, the only foreign mobile-cellular service provider in Turkmenistan, had its operating license suspended in December 2010 but was able to resume operations in September 2012; Turkmenistan's first telecommunication satellite was launched in 2015; it is expected to greatly improve connectivity in the country
  international: country code - 993; linked by fiber-optic cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and to other countries by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; an exchange in Ashgabat switches international traffic through Turkey via Intelsat; satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1 Intelsat (2012)
  Broadcast media:
  broadcast media is government controlled and censored; 7 state-owned TV and 4 state-owned radio networks; satellite dishes and programming provide an alternative to the state-run media; officials sometimes limit access to satellite TV by removing satellite dishes (2007)
  Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 12, FM 9, shortwave 2 (2008)
  Television broadcast stations:
  4 (government-owned and programmed) (2008)
  Internet country code:
  .tm
  Internet users:
  total: 414,300
  percent of population: 8.0% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 133

- ## Transportation :: TURKMENISTAN

- Airports:
  26 (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 126
  Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 21
  over 3,047 m: 1
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 9
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 9
  914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2013)
  Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 5
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
  under 914 m:
  4 (2013)
  Heliports:
  1 (2013)
  Pipelines:
  gas 7,500 km; oil 1,501 km (2013)
  Railways:
  total: 2,980 km
  broad gauge: 2,980 km 1.520-m gauge (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 57
  Roadways:
  total: 58,592 km
  paved: 47,577 km
  unpaved: 11,015 km (2002)
  country comparison to the world: 71
  Waterways:
  1,300 km (Amu Darya and Kara Kum canal are important inland waterways) (2011)
  country comparison to the world: 55
  Merchant marine:
  total: 11
  by type: cargo 4, chemical tanker 1, petroleum tanker 5, refrigerated cargo 1 (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 110
  Ports and terminals:
  major seaport(s): Caspian Sea - Turkmenbasy

- ## Military :: TURKMENISTAN

- Military branches:
  Turkmen Armed Forces: Ground Forces, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces (2013)
  Military service age and obligation:
  18-27 years of age for compulsory male military service; 2-year conscript service obligation; 20 years of age for voluntary service; males may enroll in military schools from age 15 (2015)
  Manpower available for military service:
  males age 16-49: 1,380,794
  females age 16-49: 1,387,211 (2010 est.)
  Manpower fit for military service:
  males age 16-49: 1,066,649
  females age 16-49: 1,185,538 (2010 est.)
  Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
  male: 53,829
  female: 52,988 (2010 est.)

- ## Transnational Issues :: TURKMENISTAN

- Disputes - international:
  cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan creates water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states; field demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan commenced in 2005, but Caspian seabed delimitation remains stalled with Azerbaijan, Iran, and Kazakhstan due to Turkmenistan's indecision over how to allocate the sea's waters and seabed; bilateral talks continue with Azerbaijan on dividing the seabed and contested oilfields in the middle of the Caspian
  Refugees and internally displaced persons:
  stateless persons: 7,511 (2014)
  Trafficking in persons:
  current situation: Turkmenistan is a source country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; Turkmen in search of work in other countries are forced to work in textile sweatshops, construction, and domestic service, with women and rural inhabitants being the most vulnerable; some Turkmen women and girls are sex trafficked abroad; Turkey is the primary trafficking destination, followed by Russia, the United Arab Emirates, and, to a lesser extent, Iran, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Cyprus, the UK, Sweden, and the US; Turkmen also experience forced labor domestically in the informal construction industry; participation in the cotton harvest is still mandatory for some public sector employees
  tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List – Turkmenistan does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government has a written plan that, if implemented, would constitute a significant effort toward meeting the minimum standards for eliminating human trafficking; the denial of an internal trafficking problem by some government officials, corruption, and a lack of institutional capacity continued to impede the government’s response to trafficking in 2013; the government reported detailed anti-trafficking law enforcement data for the first time and is making an effort to support anti-trafficking training; the government did not offer services to trafficking victims in 2013 and did not fund NGOs providing care; authorities punished some victims for crimes committed as a result of being trafficked (2014)
  Illicit drugs:
  transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and Western European markets; transit point for heroin precursor chemicals bound for Afghanistan

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