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Africa :: Togo

- ## Introduction :: TOGO

- Background:
  French Togoland became Togo in 1960. Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA, installed as military ruler in 1967, ruled Togo with a heavy hand for almost four decades. Despite the facade of multi-party elections instituted in the early 1990s, the government was largely dominated by President EYADEMA, whose Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) party has been in power almost continually since 1967 and its successor, the Union for the Republic, maintains a majority of seats in today's legislature. Upon EYADEMA's death in February 2005, the military installed the president's son, Faure GNASSINGBE, and then engineered his formal election two months later. Democratic gains since then allowed Togo to hold its first relatively free and fair legislative elections in October 2007. After years of political unrest and condemnation from international organizations for human rights abuses, Togo is finally being re-welcomed into the international community.

- ## Geography :: TOGO

- Location:
  Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Benin, between Benin and Ghana
  Geographic coordinates:
  8 00 N, 1 10 E
  Map references:
  Africa
  Area:
  total: 56,785 sq km
  land: 54,385 sq km
  water: 2,400 sq km
  country comparison to the world: 126
  Area - comparative:
  slightly smaller than West Virginia
  Land boundaries:
  total: 1,880 km
  border countries (3): Benin 651 km, Burkina Faso 131 km, Ghana 1,098 km
  Coastline:
  56 km
  Maritime claims:
  territorial sea: 30 nm
  exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
  Climate:
  tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
  Terrain:
  gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes
  Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
  highest point: Mont Agou 986 m
  Natural resources:
  phosphates, limestone, marble, arable land
  Land use:
  agricultural land: 67.4%
  arable land 45.2%; permanent crops 3.8%; permanent pasture 18.4%
  forest: 4.9%
  other: 27.7% (2011 est.)
  Irrigated land:
  73 sq km (2003)
  Total renewable water resources:
  14.7 cu km (2011)
  Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
  total: 0.17 cu km/yr (63%/3%/34%)
  per capita: 33.46 cu m/yr (2005)
  Natural hazards:
  hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; periodic droughts
  Environment - current issues:
  deforestation attributable to slash-and-burn agriculture and the use of wood for fuel; water pollution presents health hazards and hinders the fishing industry; air pollution increasing in urban areas
  Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
  signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
  Geography - note:
  the country's length allows it to stretch through six distinct geographic regions; climate varies from tropical to savanna

- ## People and Society :: TOGO

- Nationality:
  noun: Togolese (singular and plural)
  adjective: Togolese
  Ethnic groups:
  African (37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabre) 99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese less than 1%
  Languages:
  French (official, the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the north)
  Religions:
  Christian 29%, Muslim 20%, indigenous beliefs 51%
  Population:
  7,552,318
  note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 100
  Age structure:
  0-14 years: 40.56% (male 1,536,301/female 1,527,018)
  15-24 years: 19.51% (male 735,409/female 738,276)
  25-54 years: 32.37% (male 1,214,388/female 1,230,218)
  55-64 years: 4.24% (male 150,890/female 169,158)
  65 years and over: 3.32% (male 108,474/female 142,186) (2015 est.)
  population pyramid:
  Dependency ratios:
  total dependency ratio: 81.8%
  youth dependency ratio: 76.8%
  elderly dependency ratio: 5%
  potential support ratio: 19.9% (2015 est.)
  Median age:
  total: 19.6 years
  male: 19.4 years
  female: 19.9 years (2015 est.)
  Population growth rate:
  2.69% (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 17
  Birth rate:
  34.13 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 29
  Death rate:
  7.26 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 120
  Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 80
  Urbanization:
  urban population: 40% of total population (2015)
  rate of urbanization: 3.83% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
  Major urban areas - population:
  LOME (capital) 956,000 (2015)
  Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
  0-14 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
  15-24 years: 1 male(s)/female
  25-54 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
  55-64 years: 0.89 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2015 est.)
  Maternal mortality rate:
  368 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 40
  Infant mortality rate:
  total: 45.22 deaths/1,000 live births
  male: 51.76 deaths/1,000 live births
  female: 38.48 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 45
  Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 64.51 years
  male: 61.91 years
  female: 67.17 years (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 179
  Total fertility rate:
  4.48 children born/woman (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 28
  Contraceptive prevalence rate:
  15.2% (2010)
  Health expenditures:
  8.6% of GDP (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 45
  Physicians density:
  0.05 physicians/1,000 population (2008)
  Hospital bed density:
  0.7 beds/1,000 population (2011)
  Drinking water source:
  improved:
  urban: 91.4% of population
  rural: 44.2% of population
  total: 63.1% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 8.6% of population
  rural: 55.8% of population
  total: 36.9% of population (2015 est.)
  Sanitation facility access:
  improved:
  urban: 24.7% of population
  rural: 2.9% of population
  total: 11.6% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 75.3% of population
  rural: 97.1% of population
  total: 88.4% of population (2015 est.)
  HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  2.4% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 26
  HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  113,700 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 41
  HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  4,300 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 35
  Major infectious diseases:
  degree of risk: very high
  food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
  vectorborne diseases: malaria, dengue fever, and yellow fever
  respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
  water contact disease: schistosomiasis
  animal contact disease: rabies
  note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)
  Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
  6.4% (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 169
  Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
  16.5% (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 41
  Education expenditures:
  4% of GDP (2012)
  country comparison to the world: 91
  Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 66.5%
  male: 78.3%
  female: 55.3% (2015 est.)
  School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
  total: 12 years
  male: NA
  female: NA (2011)
  Child labor - children ages 5-14:
  total number: 774,801
  percentage: 47% (2010 est.)

- ## Government :: TOGO

- Country name:
  conventional long form: Togolese Republic
  conventional short form: Togo
  local long form: Republique Togolaise
  local short form: none
  former: French Togoland
  Government type:
  republic under transition to multiparty democratic rule
  Capital:
  name: Lome
  geographic coordinates: 6 07 N, 1 13 E
  time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
  Administrative divisions:
  5 regions (regions, singular - region); Centrale, Kara, Maritime, Plateaux, Savanes
  Independence:
  27 April 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship)
  National holiday:
  Independence Day, 27 April (1960)
  Constitution:
  several previous; latest adopted 27 September 1992, effective 14 October 1992; amended 2002, 2007 (2015)
  Legal system:
  customary law system
  International law organization participation:
  accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; non-party state to the ICCt
  Citizenship:
  citizenship by birth: no
  citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Togo
  dual citizenship recognized: yes
  residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
  Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
  Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Faure GNASSINGBE (since 4 May 2005)
  head of government: Prime Minister Komi KLASSOU (since 5 June 2015)
  cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister
  elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 25 April 2015 (next to be held in 2020); prime minister appointed by the president
  election results: Faure GNASSINGBE reelected president; percent of vote - Faure GNASSINGBE (UNIR) 58.8%, Jean-Pierre FABRE (ANC) 35.2%, Tchaboure GOGUE 3.1%, other 3.8%
  Legislative branch:
  description: unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (91 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms)
  elections: last held on 25 July 2013 (next to be held in 2018)
  election results: percent of vote by party - UNIR 46.7%, CST 28.9%, Rainbow Alliance 10.8%, UFC 7.7%, independent 0.8%, other 5.1%; seats by party - UNIR 62, CST 19, Rainbow Alliance 6, UFC 3, independent 1
  Judicial branch:
  highest court(s): Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (organized into the Criminal Chamber and the Administrative Chamber, each with a chamber president and advisors); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges including the court president)
  judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court president appointed by decree of the president of the republic upon the proposal of the Supreme Council of the Magistracy, a 9-member judicial, advisory, and disciplinary body; other judge appointments and judge tenure NA; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the National Assembly; judge tenure NA
  subordinate courts: Court of Assizes (sessions court); appeals courts; tribunals of first instance (divided into civil, commercial, and correctional chambers; Court of State Security; military tribunal
  Political parties and leaders:
  Action Committee for Renewal or CAR [Dodji APEVON]
  Democratic Convention of African Peoples or CDPA [Brigitte ADJAMAGBO-JOHNSON]
  National Alliance for Change or ANC [Jean-Pierre FABRE]
  Pan-African Patriotic Convergence or CPP [Edem KODJO]
  Rainbow Alliance (a coalition including CAR and CDPA) [Brigitte ADJAMAGBO-JOHNSON]
  Save Togo Collective or CST (a coalition including: ANC and PSR) [Ata Messan Zeus AJAVON
  Socialist Pact for Renewal or PSR [Abi TCHESSA]
  Union for Democracy and Social Progress or UDPS [Gagou KOKOU]
  Union of Forces for Change or UFC [Gilchrist OLYMPIO]
  Political pressure groups and leaders:
  NA
  International organization participation:
  ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
  Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Limbiye Edawa Kadangha BARIKI (since 14 July 2009)
  chancery: 2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
  telephone: [1] (202) 234-4212
  FAX: [1] (202) 232-3190
  Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Robert E. WHITEHEAD (since 7 May 2012)
  embassy: 4332 Blvd. Gnassingbe Eyadema, Cite OUA, Lome
  mailing address: B. P. 852, Lome; 2300 Lome Place, Washington, DC 20521-2300
  telephone: [228] 2261-5470
  FAX: [228] 2261-5501
  Flag description:
  five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with yellow; a white five-pointed star on a red square is in the upper hoist-side corner; the five horizontal stripes stand for the five different regions of the country; the red square is meant to express the loyalty and patriotism of the people; green symbolizes hope, fertility, and agriculture; yellow represents mineral wealth and faith that hard work and strength will bring prosperity; the star symbolizes life, purity, peace, dignity, and Togo's independence
  note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia
  National symbol(s):
  lion; national colors: green, yellow, red, white
  National anthem:
  name: "Salut a toi, pays de nos aieux" (Hail to Thee, Land of Our Forefathers)
  lyrics/music: Alex CASIMIR-DOSSEH
  note: adopted 1960, restored 1992; this anthem was replaced by another during one-party rule between 1979 and 1992

- ## Economy :: TOGO

- Economy - overview:
  This small, sub-Saharan economy depends heavily on both commercial and subsistence agriculture, which provides employment for a significant share of the labor force. Some basic foodstuffs must still be imported. Cocoa, coffee, and cotton generate about 40% of export earnings with cotton being the most important cash crop. Togo is among the world's largest producers of phosphate and seeks to develop its carbonate phosphate reserves. The government's decade-long effort, supported by the World Bank and the IMF, to implement economic reform measures, encourage foreign investment, and bring revenues in line with expenditures has moved slowly. Progress depends on follow through on privatization, increased openness in government financial operations, progress toward legislative elections, and continued support from foreign donors. Foreign direct investment inflows have slowed over recent years. Togo completed its IMF Extended Credit Facility in 2011 and reached a Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) debt relief completion point in 2010 at which 95% of the country's debt was forgiven. Togo continues to work with the IMF on structural reforms.
  GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $10.16 billion (2014 est.)
  $9.678 billion (2013 est.)
  $9.182 billion (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 158
  GDP (official exchange rate):
  $4.594 billion (2014 est.)
  GDP - real growth rate:
  5% (2014 est.)
  5.4% (2013 est.)
  5.9% (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 52
  GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $1,500 (2014 est.)
  $1,400 (2013 est.)
  $1,300 (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 216
  Gross national saving:
  10.7% of GDP (2014 est.)
  10.5% of GDP (2013 est.)
  16.3% of GDP (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 145
  GDP - composition, by end use:
  household consumption: 86.2%
  government consumption: 14.6%
  investment in fixed capital: 21.5%
  investment in inventories: 28.1%
  exports of goods and services: 50.4%
  imports of goods and services: -100.8%
  (2014 est.)
  GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
  agriculture: 30.4%
  industry: 20.2%
  services: 49.4% (2014 est.)
  Agriculture - products:
  coffee, cocoa, cotton, yams, cassava (manioc, tapioca), corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum; livestock; fish
  Industries:
  phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, handicrafts, textiles, beverages
  Industrial production growth rate:
  3.9% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 74
  Labor force:
  2.595 million (2007 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 112
  Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture: 65%
  industry: 5%
  services: 30% (1998 est.)
  Unemployment rate:
  NA%
  Population below poverty line:
  32% (1989 est.)
  Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 3.3%
  highest 10%: 27.1% (2006)
  Budget:
  revenues: $1.115 billion
  expenditures: $1.267 billion (2014 est.)
  Taxes and other revenues:
  24.3% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 127
  Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
  -3.3% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 129
  Public debt:
  47.4% of GDP (2014 est.)
  46.8% of GDP (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 76
  Fiscal year:
  calendar year
  Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  0.2% (2014 est.)
  1.8% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 29
  Central bank discount rate:
  2.5% (31 December 2010)
  4.25% (31 December 2009)
  country comparison to the world: 112
  Commercial bank prime lending rate:
  NA%
  Stock of narrow money:
  $1.036 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $1.084 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 151
  Stock of broad money:
  $2.061 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $2.035 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 153
  Stock of domestic credit:
  $1.642 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $1.621 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 144
  Market value of publicly traded shares:
  $NA
  Current account balance:
  -$591 million (2014 est.)
  -$567 million (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 109
  Exports:
  $1.809 billion (2014 est.)
  $1.736 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 148
  Exports - commodities:
  reexports, cotton, phosphates, coffee, cocoa
  Exports - partners:
  Burkina Faso 15.9%, Ghana 12.6%, India 10.5%, Nigeria 9%, Benin 8.5%, Niger 8.3%, Lebanon 4.8%, China 4.3% (2014)
  Imports:
  $3.004 billion (2014 est.)
  $2.573 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 147
  Imports - commodities:
  machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products
  Imports - partners:
  China 24.8%, Belgium 19.2%, France 7.7%, India 6%, US 5.5%, Netherlands 4.1% (2014)
  Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
  $494.3 million (31 December 2015 est.)
  $507 million (31 December 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 150
  Debt - external:
  $984.4 million (31 December 2014 est.)
  $903.3 million (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 164
  Exchange rates:
  Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
  494.42 (2014 est.)
  494.42 (2013 est.)
  510.53 (2012 est.)
  471.87 (2011 est.)
  495.28 (2010 est.)

- ## Energy :: TOGO

- Electricity - production:
  109 million kWh (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 197
  Electricity - consumption:
  976 million kWh (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 152
  Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 204
  Electricity - imports:
  959 million kWh (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 63
  Electricity - installed generating capacity:
  83,000 kW (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 178
  Electricity - from fossil fuels:
  21.7% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 191
  Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
  0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 191
  Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
  78.3% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 17
  Electricity - from other renewable sources:
  0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 133
  Crude oil - production:
  0 bbl/day (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 198
  Crude oil - exports:
  0 bbl/day (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 197
  Crude oil - imports:
  0 bbl/day (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 134
  Crude oil - proved reserves:
  0 bbl (1 January 2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 198
  Refined petroleum products - production:
  0 bbl/day (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 136
  Refined petroleum products - consumption:
  13,000 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 146
  Refined petroleum products - exports:
  0 bbl/day (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 136
  Refined petroleum products - imports:
  11,950 bbl/day (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 133
  Natural gas - production:
  0 cu m (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 136
  Natural gas - consumption:
  0 cu m (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 200
  Natural gas - exports:
  0 cu m (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 192
  Natural gas - imports:
  0 cu m (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 141
  Natural gas - proved reserves:
  0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 199
  Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
  1.63 million Mt (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 156

- ## Communications :: TOGO

- Telephones - fixed lines:
  total subscriptions: 63,200
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 1 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 155
  Telephones - mobile cellular:
  total: 4.8 million
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 66 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 121
  Telephone system:
  general assessment: fair system based on a network of microwave radio relay routes supplemented by open-wire lines and a mobile-cellular system
  domestic: microwave radio relay and open-wire lines for conventional system; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 50 telephones per 100 persons with mobile-cellular use predominating
  international: country code - 228; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Symphonie (2010)
  Broadcast media:
  2 state-owned TV stations with multiple transmission sites; 5 private TV stations broadcast locally; cable TV service is available; state-owned radio network with multiple stations; several dozen private radio stations and a few community radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters available (2007)
  Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 2, FM 9, shortwave 4 (1998)
  Television broadcast stations:
  3 (plus 2 repeaters) (1997)
  Internet country code:
  .tg
  Internet users:
  total: 336,000
  percent of population: 4.6% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 138

- ## Transportation :: TOGO

- Airports:
  8 (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 163
  Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 2
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 (2013)
  Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 6
  914 to 1,523 m: 4
  under 914 m:
  2 (2013)
  Railways:
  total: 568 km
  narrow gauge: 568 km 1.000-m gauge (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 111
  Roadways:
  total: 11,652 km
  paved: 2,447 km
  unpaved: 9,205 km (2007)
  country comparison to the world: 129
  Waterways:
  50 km (seasonally navigable by small craft on the Mono River depending on rainfall) (2011)
  country comparison to the world: 102
  Merchant marine:
  total: 61
  by type: bulk carrier 6, cargo 38, carrier 3, chemical tanker 5, container 3, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 3, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 1
  foreign-owned: 21 (China 1, Lebanon 6, Romania 1, Syria 6, Turkey 4, UAE 1, US 1, Yemen 1) (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 66
  Ports and terminals:
  major seaport(s): Kpeme, Lome

- ## Military :: TOGO

- Military branches:
  Togolese Armed Forces (Forces Armees Togolaise, FAT): Togolese Army (l'Armee de Terre), Togolese Navy (Forces Naval Togolaises), Togolese Air Force (Force Aerienne Togolaise, TAF), National Gendarmerie (2013)
  Military service age and obligation:
  18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; 2-year service obligation (2012)
  Manpower available for military service:
  males age 16-49: 1,577,572
  females age 16-49: 1,589,715 (2010 est.)
  Manpower fit for military service:
  males age 16-49: 1,104,536
  females age 16-49: 1,158,061 (2010 est.)
  Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
  male: 74,036
  female: 73,515 (2010 est.)
  Military expenditures:
  NA% (2012)
  1.6% of GDP (2011)
  NA% (2010)

- ## Transnational Issues :: TOGO

- Disputes - international:
  in 2001, Benin claimed Togo moved boundary monuments - joint commission continues to resurvey the boundary; talks continue between Benin and Togo on funding the Adjrala hydroelectric dam on the Mona River
  Refugees and internally displaced persons:
  refugees (country of origin): 18,444 (Ghana) (2014)
  IDPs: undetermined (2015)
  Illicit drugs:
  transit hub for Nigerian heroin and cocaine traffickers; money laundering not a significant problem

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