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East & Southeast Asia :: Thailand

- ## Introduction :: THAILAND

- Background:
  A unified Thai kingdom was established in the mid-14th century. Known as Siam until 1939, Thailand is the only Southeast Asian country never to have been colonized by a European power. A bloodless revolution in 1932 led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. In alliance with Japan during World War II, Thailand became a US treaty ally in 1954 after sending troops to Korea and later fighting alongside the US in Vietnam. Thailand since 2005 has experienced several rounds of political turmoil including a military coup in 2006 that ousted then Prime Minister THAKSIN Chinnawat, followed by large-scale street protests by competing political factions in 2008, 2009, and 2010. THAKSIN's youngest sister, YINGLAK Chinnawat, in 2011 led the Puea Thai Party to an electoral win and assumed control of the government. A blanket amnesty bill for individuals involved in street protests, altered at the last minute to include all political crimes - including all convictions against THAKSIN - triggered months of large-scale anti-government protests in Bangkok beginning in November 2013. In early May 2014 YINGLAK was removed from office by the Constitutional Court and in late May 2014 the Royal Thai Army staged a coup against the caretaker government. The head of the Royal Thai Army, Gen. PRAYUT Chan-ocha, was appointed prime minister in August 2014. The interim military government created several interim institutions to promote reform and draft a new constitution. Elections are tentatively set for early 2016. Thailand has also experienced violence associated with the ethno-nationalist insurgency in its southern Malay-Muslim majority provinces. Since January 2004, thousands have been killed and wounded in the insurgency.

- ## Geography :: THAILAND

- Location:
  Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Thailand, southeast of Burma
  Geographic coordinates:
  15 00 N, 100 00 E
  Map references:
  Southeast Asia
  Area:
  total: 513,120 sq km
  land: 510,890 sq km
  water: 2,230 sq km
  country comparison to the world: 51
  Area - comparative:
  about three times the size of Florida; slightly more than twice the size of Wyoming
  Area comparison map:
  Land boundaries:
  total: 5,673 km
  border countries (4): Burma 2,416 km, Cambodia 817 km, Laos 1,845 km, Malaysia 595 km
  Coastline:
  3,219 km
  Maritime claims:
  territorial sea: 12 nm
  exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
  continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
  Climate:
  tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid
  Terrain:
  central plain; Khorat Plateau in the east; mountains elsewhere
  Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Gulf of Thailand 0 m
  highest point: Doi Inthanon 2,576 m
  Natural resources:
  tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum, lignite, fluorite, arable land
  Land use:
  agricultural land: 41.2%
  arable land 30.8%; permanent crops 8.8%; permanent pasture 1.6%
  forest: 37.2%
  other: 21.6% (2011 est.)
  Irrigated land:
  64,150 sq km (2007)
  Total renewable water resources:
  438.6 cu km (2011)
  Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
  total: 57.31 cu km/yr (5%/5%/90%)
  per capita: 845.3 cu m/yr (2007)
  Natural hazards:
  land subsidence in Bangkok area resulting from the depletion of the water table; droughts
  Environment - current issues:
  air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollution from organic and factory wastes; deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife populations threatened by illegal hunting
  Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea
  Geography - note:
  controls only land route from Asia to Malaysia and Singapore

- ## People and Society :: THAILAND

- Nationality:
  noun: Thai (singular and plural)
  adjective: Thai
  Ethnic groups:
  Thai 95.9%, Burmese 2%, other 1.3%, unspecified 0.9% (2010 est.)
  Languages:
  Thai (official) 90.7%, Burmese 1.3%, other 8%
  note: English is a secondary language of the elite (2010 est.)
  Religions:
  Buddhist (official) 93.6%, Muslim 4.9%, Christian 1.2%, other 0.2%, none 0.1% (2010 est.)
  Population:
  67,976,405
  note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 21
  Age structure:
  0-14 years: 17.41% (male 6,062,868/female 5,774,631)
  15-24 years: 14.78% (male 5,119,387/female 4,927,250)
  25-54 years: 46.69% (male 15,675,425/female 16,061,864)
  55-64 years: 11.26% (male 3,600,695/female 4,053,977)
  65 years and over: 9.86% (male 2,935,703/female 3,764,605) (2015 est.)
  population pyramid:
  Dependency ratios:
  total dependency ratio: 39.2%
  youth dependency ratio: 24.7%
  elderly dependency ratio: 14.6%
  potential support ratio: 6.9% (2015 est.)
  Median age:
  total: 36.7 years
  male: 35.7 years
  female: 37.7 years (2015 est.)
  Population growth rate:
  0.34% (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 168
  Birth rate:
  11.19 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 176
  Death rate:
  7.8 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 104
  Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 81
  Urbanization:
  urban population: 50.4% of total population (2015)
  rate of urbanization: 2.97% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
  Major urban areas - population:
  BANGKOK (capital) 9.27 million; Samut Prakan 1.814 million (2015)
  Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
  0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
  15-24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
  25-54 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
  55-64 years: 0.89 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2015 est.)
  Infant mortality rate:
  total: 9.63 deaths/1,000 live births
  male: 10.59 deaths/1,000 live births
  female: 8.62 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 141
  Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 74.43 years
  male: 71.24 years
  female: 77.78 years (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 118
  Total fertility rate:
  1.51 children born/woman (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 194
  Contraceptive prevalence rate:
  79.3% (2012)
  Health expenditures:
  4.6% of GDP (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 163
  Physicians density:
  0.39 physicians/1,000 population (2010)
  Hospital bed density:
  2.1 beds/1,000 population (2010)
  Drinking water source:
  improved:
  urban: 97.6% of population
  rural: 98% of population
  total: 97.8% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 2.4% of population
  rural: 2% of population
  total: 2.2% of population (2015 est.)
  Sanitation facility access:
  improved:
  urban: 89.9% of population
  rural: 96.1% of population
  total: 93% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 10.1% of population
  rural: 3.9% of population
  total: 7% of population (2015 est.)
  HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  1.13% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 42
  HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  445,600 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 18
  HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  19,400 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 15
  Major infectious diseases:
  degree of risk: very high
  food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
  vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, and malaria
  note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)
  Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
  9.2% (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 135
  Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
  9.2% (2012)
  country comparison to the world: 71
  Education expenditures:
  7.6% of GDP (2012)
  country comparison to the world: 47
  Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 96.7%
  male: 96.6%
  female: 96.7% (2015 est.)
  School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
  total: 13 years
  male: 13 years
  female: 14 years (2012)
  Child labor - children ages 5-14:
  total number: 818,399
  percentage: 8% (2006 est.)
  Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
  total: 2.8%
  male: 2.5%
  female: 3.1% (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 132

- ## Government :: THAILAND

- Country name:
  conventional long form: Kingdom of Thailand
  conventional short form: Thailand
  local long form: Ratcha Anachak Thai
  local short form: Prathet Thai
  former: Siam
  Government type:
  constitutional monarchy
  Capital:
  name: Bangkok
  geographic coordinates: 13 45 N, 100 31 E
  time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
  Administrative divisions:
  76 provinces (changwat, singular and plural) and 1 municipality* (maha nakhon); Amnat Charoen, Ang Thong, Bueng Kan, Buriram, Chachoengsao, Chai Nat, Chaiyaphum, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Chon Buri, Chumphon, Kalasin, Kamphaeng Phet, Kanchanaburi, Khon Kaen, Krabi, Krung Thep* (Bangkok), Lampang, Lamphun, Loei, Lop Buri, Mae Hong Son, Maha Sarakham, Mukdahan, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Phanom, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nan, Narathiwat, Nong Bua Lamphu, Nong Khai, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Pattani, Phangnga, Phatthalung, Phayao, Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Phichit, Phitsanulok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Phrae, Phuket, Prachin Buri, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ranong, Ratchaburi, Rayong, Roi Et, Sa Kaeo, Sakon Nakhon, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhram, Sara Buri, Satun, Sing Buri, Sisaket, Songkhla, Sukhothai, Suphan Buri, Surat Thani, Surin, Tak, Trang, Trat, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani, Uthai Thani, Uttaradit, Yala, Yasothon
  Independence:
  1238 (traditional founding date; never colonized)
  National holiday:
  Birthday of King PHUMIPHON (BHUMIBOL), 5 December (1927)
  Constitution:
  many previous; interim constitution released 22 July 2014 (2015)
  Legal system:
  civil law system with common law influences
  International law organization participation:
  has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
  Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal and compulsory
  Executive branch:
  chief of state: King PHUMIPHON Adunyadet, also spelled BHUMIBOL Adulyadej (since 9 June 1946)
  head of government: Interim Prime Minister Gen. PRAYUT Chan-ocha (since 25 August 2014) Deputy Prime Ministers PRAWIT Wongsuwan, Gen., PRIDIYATHON Thewakun, YONGYUT Yutthawong, THANASAK Patimaprakon, Gen., WISSANU Kruea-ngam (since 31 August 2014)
  cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, appointed by the king; a Privy Council advises the king
  elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the monarch with a resolution of the National Legislative Assembly (as stated in the 2014 interim constitution)
  note: Prime Minister YINGLAK Chinnawat, also spelled YINGLUCK Shinawatra, was removed from office on 7 May 2014 after the Constitutional Court ruled she illegally transferred a government official; Thai army declared martial law on 20 May 2014 followed by a coup on 22 May 2014
  Legislative branch:
  description: in transition; following the May 2014 military coup, a National Legislative Assembly or Sapha Nitibanyat of no more than 220 members replaced the bicameral National Assembly; elections for a permanent legislative body are currently unscheduled and may not occur until February 2017
  elections: Senate - last held on 30 March 2014; House of Representatives - last held on 2 February 2014, but later declared invalid by the Constitutional Court
  election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA
  Judicial branch:
  highest court(s): Supreme Court of Justice (consists of court president, 6 vice-presidents, and NA judges, and organized into civil and criminal divisions); Constitutional Court (consists of court president and 8 judges); Supreme Administrative Court (number of judges determined by Judicial Commission of the Administrative Courts)
  judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges selected by the Judicial Commission of the Courts of Justice and approved by the monarch; judges' terms NA; Constitutional Court justices - 3 judges drawn from the Supreme Court, 2 judges drawn from the Administrative Court, and 4 judge candidates selected by the Selective Committee for Judges of the Constitutional Court and confirmed by the Senate; judges appointed by the monarch to serve single 9-year terms; Supreme Administrative Court judges selected by the Judicial Commission of the Administrative Courts and appointed by the monarch; judge tenure NA
  subordinate courts: courts of first instance and appeals courts within both the judicial and administrative systems; military courts
  Political parties and leaders:
  Chat Pattana Party or CPN (Nation Development Party) [WANNARAT Channukul]
  Chat Thai Phattana Party or CTP (Thai Nation Development Party) [THEERA Wongsamut]
  Mahachon Party or Mass Party [APHIRAT Sirinawin]
  Matubhum Party (Motherland Party) [Gen. SONTHI Bunyaratkalin]
  Phalang Chon Party (People Chonburi Power Party) [SONTHAYA Khunpluem]
  Phumjai (Bhumjai) Thai Party or PJT (Thai Pride) [ANUTIN Charnvirakul]
  Prachathipat Party or DP (Democrat Party) [ABHISIT Wechachiwa, also spelled ABHISIT Vejjajiva]
  Prachathipathai Mai Party (New Democracy Party) [SURATIN Phijarn]
  Puea Thai Party (For Thais Party) or PTP [acting leader VIROJ Paoin]
  Rak Prathet Thai Party (Love Thailand Party) [CHUWIT Kamonwisit]
  Rak Santi Party (Peace Conservation Party) [Pol. Lt. Gen. THAWIL Surachetphong]
  Political pressure groups and leaders:
  Multicolor Group
  People's Alliance for Democracy or PAD
  People's Democratic Reform Committee or PDRC
  Student and People Network for Thailand's Reform or STR
  United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship or UDD
  International organization participation:
  ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIMSTEC, BIS, CD, CICA, CP, EAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE (partner), PCA, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMOGIP, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
  Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador PHISAN Manawaphat (since 23 February 2015)
  chancery: 1024 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Suite 401, Washington, DC 20007
  telephone: [1] (202) 944-3600
  FAX: [1] (202) 944-3611
  consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, New York
  Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires W. Patrick MURPHY (November 2014)
  embassy: 120-122 Wireless Road, Bangkok 10330
  mailing address: APO AP 96546
  telephone: [66] (2) 205-4000
  FAX: [66] (2) 254-2990, 205-4131
  consulate(s) general: Chiang Mai
  Flag description:
  five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width), white, and red; the red color symbolizes the nation and the blood of life; white represents religion and the purity of Buddhism; blue stands for the monarchy
  note: similar to the flag of Costa Rica but with the blue and red colors reversed
  National symbol(s):
  garuda (mythical half-man, half-bird figure), elephant; national colors: red, white, blue
  National anthem:
  name: "Phleng Chat Thai" (National Anthem of Thailand)
  lyrics/music: Luang SARANUPRAPAN/Phra JENDURIYANG
  note: music adopted 1932, lyrics adopted 1939; by law, people are required to stand for the national anthem at 0800 and 1800 every day; the anthem is played in schools, offices, theaters, and on television and radio during this time; "Phleng Sansasoen Phra Barami" (A Salute to the Monarch) serves as the royal anthem and is played in the presence of the royal family and during certain state ceremonies

- ## Economy :: THAILAND

- Economy - overview:
  With a well-developed infrastructure, a free-enterprise economy, and generally pro-investment policies Thailand has historically had a strong economy due in part to competitive industrial and agriculture exports - mostly electronics, agricultural commodities, automobiles and parts, and processed foods. The economy experienced slow growth and declining exports in 2014, in part due to domestic political turmoil and sluggish global demand. With full employment, Thailand attracts an estimated 2-4 million migrant workers from neighboring countries, and faces labor shortages. Following the May 2014 coup d’�tat, tourism decreased 6-7% but is beginning to recover. The household debt to GDP ratio is over 80%. The Thai government in 2013 implemented a nation-wide 300 baht ($10) per day minimum wage policy and deployed new tax reforms designed to lower rates on middle-income earners. The Thai baht has remained stable.
  GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $985.5 billion (2014 est.)
  $978.6 billion (2013 est.)
  $951.1 billion (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 23
  GDP (official exchange rate):
  $373.8 billion (2014 est.)
  GDP - real growth rate:
  0.7% (2014 est.)
  2.9% (2013 est.)
  6.5% (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 183
  GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $14,400 (2014 est.)
  $14,300 (2013 est.)
  $13,900 (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 106
  Gross national saving:
  29.4% of GDP (2014 est.)
  28.6% of GDP (2013 est.)
  29.3% of GDP (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 31
  GDP - composition, by end use:
  household consumption: 54.7%
  government consumption: 14.2%
  investment in fixed capital: 25.9%
  investment in inventories: -0.3%
  exports of goods and services: 75%
  imports of goods and services: -69.5%
  (2014 est.)
  GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
  agriculture: 11.6%
  industry: 32.6%
  services: 55.8% (2014 est.)
  Agriculture - products:
  rice, cassava (manioc, tapioca), rubber, corn, sugarcane, coconuts, palm oil, pineapple, livestock, fish products
  Industries:
  tourism, textiles and garments, agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, light manufacturing such as jewelry and electric appliances, computers and parts, integrated circuits, furniture, plastics, automobiles and automotive parts, agricultural machinery, air conditioning and refrigeration, ceramics, aluminum, chemical, environmental management, glass, granite and marble, leather, machinery and metal work, petrochemical, petroleum refining, pharmaceuticals, printing, pulp and paper, rubber, sugar, rice, fishing, casava, world's second-largest tungsten producer and third-largest tin producer
  Industrial production growth rate:
  -1.1% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 123
  Labor force:
  38.26 million (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 17
  Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture: 32.2%
  industry: 16.7%
  services: 51.1% (2014 est.)
  Unemployment rate:
  0.8% (2014 est.)
  0.7% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 4
  Population below poverty line:
  12.6% (2012 est.)
  Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 2.8%
  highest 10%: 31.5% (2009 est.)
  Distribution of family income - Gini index:
  48.4 (2011)
  49 (2009)
  country comparison to the world: 64
  Budget:
  revenues: $76.43 billion
  expenditures: $84.75 billion (2014 est.)
  Taxes and other revenues:
  20.5% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 162
  Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
  -2.2% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 89
  Public debt:
  48.6% of GDP (2014 est.)
  45.8% of GDP (2013 est.)
  note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions
  country comparison to the world: 71
  Fiscal year:
  1 October - 30 September
  Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  1.9% (2014 est.)
  2.2% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 93
  Central bank discount rate:
  2% (31 December 2014)
  2.25% (31 December 2013)
  country comparison to the world: 116
  Commercial bank prime lending rate:
  7% (31 December 2014 est.)
  6.94% (31 December 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 124
  Stock of narrow money:
  $51.76 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $52.35 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 48
  Stock of broad money:
  $517.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $524.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 22
  Stock of domestic credit:
  $515.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $484.2 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 26
  Market value of publicly traded shares:
  $313.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $383.2 billion (31 December 2013)
  $245 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 27
  Current account balance:
  $13.13 billion (2014 est.)
  -$3.881 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 28
  Exports:
  $224.8 billion (2014 est.)
  $225.4 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 25
  Exports - commodities:
  automobiles and parts, computer and parts, jewelry and precious stones, polymers of ethylene in primary forms, refine fuels, electronic integrated circuits, chemical products, rice, fish products, rubber products, sugar, cassava, poultry, machinery and parts, iron and steel and their products
  Exports - partners:
  China 11%, US 10.5%, Japan 9.6%, Malaysia 5.6%, Hong Kong 5.5%, Singapore 4.6%, Indonesia 4.2%, Australia 4.1% (2014)
  Imports:
  $200.2 billion (2014 est.)
  $218.7 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 25
  Imports - commodities:
  machinery and parts, crude oil, electrical machinery and parts, chemicals, iron & steel and product, electronic integrated circuit, automobile’s parts, jewelry including silver bars and gold, computers and parts, electrical household appliances, soybean, soybean meal, wheat, cotton, dairy products
  Imports - partners:
  China 16.9%, Japan 15.6%, US 6.4%, Malaysia 5.6%, UAE 5.6% (2014)
  Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
  $157.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $167.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 16
  Debt - external:
  $140.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $141.9 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 40
  Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
  $207.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $186.4 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 27
  Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
  $73.78 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $66.94 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 34
  Exchange rates:
  baht per US dollar -
  32.484 (2014 est.)
  30.732 (2013 est.)
  31.08 (2012 est.)
  30.492 (2011 est.)
  31.686 (2010 est.)

- ## Energy :: THAILAND

- Electricity - production:
  173.3 billion kWh (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 23
  Electricity - consumption:
  169.4 billion kWh (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 23
  Electricity - exports:
  1.375 billion kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 52
  Electricity - imports:
  12.57 billion kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 14
  Electricity - installed generating capacity:
  32.6 million kW (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 26
  Electricity - from fossil fuels:
  89% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 79
  Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
  0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 185
  Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
  10.9% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 113
  Electricity - from other renewable sources:
  0.2% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 99
  Crude oil - production:
  453,800 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 30
  Crude oil - exports:
  32,200 bbl/day (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 49
  Crude oil - imports:
  793,900 bbl/day (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 14
  Crude oil - proved reserves:
  448.8 million bbl (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 51
  Refined petroleum products - production:
  913,600 bbl/day (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 24
  Refined petroleum products - consumption:
  1.005 million bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 21
  Refined petroleum products - exports:
  192,400 bbl/day (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 31
  Refined petroleum products - imports:
  41,700 bbl/day (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 79
  Natural gas - production:
  41.29 billion cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 22
  Natural gas - consumption:
  50.86 billion cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 19
  Natural gas - exports:
  0 cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 187
  Natural gas - imports:
  9.574 billion cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 24
  Natural gas - proved reserves:
  255.9 billion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 43
  Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
  290.7 million Mt (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 23

- ## Communications :: THAILAND

- Telephones - fixed lines:
  total subscriptions: 5.69 million
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 8 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 27
  Telephones - mobile cellular:
  total: 97.1 million
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 143 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 16
  Telephone system:
  general assessment: high quality system, especially in urban areas like Bangkok
  domestic: fixed-line system provided by both a government-owned and commercial provider; wireless service expanding rapidly
  international: country code - 66; connected to major submarine cable systems providing links throughout Asia, Australia, Middle East, Europe, and US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean, 1 Pacific Ocean) (2011)
  Broadcast media:
  6 terrestrial TV stations in Bangkok broadcast nationally via relay stations - 2 of the networks are owned by the military, the other 4 are government-owned or controlled, leased to private enterprise, and all are required to broadcast government-produced news programs twice a day; multi-channel satellite and cable TV subscription services are available; radio frequencies have been allotted for more than 500 government and commercial radio stations; many small community radio stations operate with low-power transmitters (2008)
  Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 238, FM 351, shortwave 6 (2007)
  Television broadcast stations:
  111 (2006)
  Internet country code:
  .th
  Internet users:
  total: 19.5 million
  percent of population: 28.8% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 30

- ## Transportation :: THAILAND

- Airports:
  101 (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 56
  Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 63
  over 3,047 m: 8
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 12
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 23
  914 to 1,523 m: 14
  under 914 m: 6 (2013)
  Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 38
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
  914 to 1,523 m: 10
  under 914 m:
  26 (2013)
  Heliports:
  7 (2013)
  Pipelines:
  condensate 2 km; gas 5,900 km; liquid petroleum gas 85 km; oil 1 km; refined products 1,097 km (2013)
  Railways:
  total: 4,070.8 km
  standard gauge: 28.8 km 1.435-m gauge (28.8 km electrified)
  narrow gauge: 4,042 km 1.000-m gauge (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 43
  Roadways:
  total: 180,053 km (includes 450 km of expressways) (2006)
  country comparison to the world: 28
  Waterways:
  4,000 km (3,701 km navigable by boats with drafts up to 0.9 m) (2011)
  country comparison to the world: 26
  Merchant marine:
  total: 363
  by type: bulk carrier 31, cargo 99, chemical tanker 28, container 18, liquefied gas 36, passenger 1, passenger/cargo 10, petroleum tanker 114, refrigerated cargo 24, roll on/roll off 1, vehicle carrier 1
  foreign-owned: 13 (China 1, Hong Kong 1, Malaysia 3, Singapore 1, Taiwan 1, UK 6)
  registered in other countries: 46 (Bahamas 4, Belize 1, Honduras 2, Panama 6, Singapore 33) (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 28
  Ports and terminals:
  major seaport(s): Bangkok, Laem Chabang, Map Ta Phut, Prachuap Port, Si Racha
  container port(s) TEUs): Bangkok (1,305,229), Laem Chabang (5,731,063)
  LNG terminal(s) (import): Map Ta Phut

- ## Military :: THAILAND

- Military branches:
  Royal Thai Army (Kongthap Bok Thai, RTA), Royal Thai Navy (Kongthap Ruea Thai, RTN, includes Royal Thai Marine Corps), Royal Thai Air Force (Kongthap Agard Thai, RTAF) (2013)
  Military service age and obligation:
  21 years of age for compulsory military service; 18 years of age for voluntary military service; males register at 18 years of age; 2-year conscript service obligation (2012)
  Manpower available for military service:
  males age 16-49: 17,689,921
  females age 16-49: 17,754,795 (2010 est.)
  Manpower fit for military service:
  males age 16-49: 13,308,372
  females age 16-49: 14,182,567 (2010 est.)
  Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
  male: 533,424
  female: 509,780 (2010 est.)
  Military expenditures:
  1.5% of GDP (2013)
  1.47% of GDP (2012)
  1.6% of GDP (2011)
  1.47% of GDP (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 63

- ## Transnational Issues :: THAILAND

- Disputes - international:
  separatist violence in Thailand's predominantly Malay-Muslim southern provinces prompt border closures and controls with Malaysia to stem insurgent activities; Southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to check the spread of avian flu; talks continue on completion of demarcation with Laos but disputes remain over several islands in the Mekong River; despite continuing border committee talks, Thailand must deal with Karen and other ethnic rebels, refugees, and illegal cross-border activities; Cambodia and Thailand dispute sections of boundary; in 2011 Thailand and Cambodia resorted to arms in the dispute over the location of the boundary on the precipice surmounted by Preah Vihear temple ruins, awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in 1962 and part of a planned UN World Heritage site; Thailand is studying the feasibility of jointly constructing the Hatgyi Dam on the Salween river near the border with Burma; in 2004, international environmentalist pressure prompted China to halt construction of 13 dams on the Salween River that flows through China, Burma, and Thailand; 140,000 mostly Karen refugees fleeing civil strife, political upheaval and economic stagnation in Burma live in remote camps in Thailand near the border
  Refugees and internally displaced persons:
  refugees (country of origin): 128,863 (Burma) (2014)
  IDPs: up to 35,000 (resurgence in ethno-nationalist violence in south of country since 2004) (2015)
  stateless persons: 506,197 (2014); note - about half of Thailand's northern hill tribe people do not have citizenship and make up the bulk of Thailand's stateless population; most lack documentation showing they or one of their parents were born in Thailand; children born to Burmese refugees are not eligible for Burmese or Thai citizenship and are stateless; most Chao Lay, maritime nomadic peoples, who travel from island to island in the Andaman Sea west of Thailand are also stateless; stateless Rohingya refugees from Burma are considered illegal migrants by Thai authorities and are detained in inhumane conditions or expelled; stateless persons are denied access to voting, property, education, employment, healthcare, and driving
  Trafficking in persons:
  current situation: Thailand is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; victims, who are most often from neighboring countries (especially Burma) but also China, Vietnam, Russia, Uzbekistan, India, and Fiji, migrate to Thailand in search of economic opportunities but are forced, coerced, or defrauded into labor in fishing, low-end garment production, factories, domestic work, street begging, or the sex trade; men from Burma, Cambodia, and Thailand who are forced to work on fishing boats have reportedly been kept at sea for years; migrants, members of ethnic minorities, and stateless persons are most vulnerable to forced labor and debt bondage; sex trafficking of Thai and migrant children and sex tourism remain significant problems; Thailand is a transit country for victims from North Korea, China, Vietnam, Pakistan, and Burma destined for exploitation in third countries, including Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Russia, South Korea, the US, and Western European countries
  tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List – Thailand does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; anti-trafficking efforts remain insufficient compared with the size of Thailand’s human trafficking problem, which is compounded by widespread corruption among law enforcement personnel; few efforts were made in 2013 to address frequent reports of forced labor and debt bondage among migrants in Thailand’s fishing and other commercial sectors; authorities systematically failed to investigate, prosecute, and convict owners, captains, or complicit officials for involvement in forced labor; government labor inspections did not result in the identification of any suspected cases of labor trafficking (2014)
  Illicit drugs:
  a minor producer of opium, heroin, and marijuana; transit point for illicit heroin en route to the international drug market from Burma and Laos; eradication efforts have reduced the area of cannabis cultivation and shifted some production to neighboring countries; opium poppy cultivation has been reduced by eradication efforts; also a drug money-laundering center; minor role in methamphetamine production for regional consumption; major consumer of methamphetamine since the 1990s despite a series of government crackdowns

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