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North America :: Canada

- ## Introduction :: CANADA

- Background:
  A land of vast distances and rich natural resources, Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867, while retaining ties to the British crown. Economically and technologically, the nation has developed in parallel with the US, its neighbor to the south across the world's longest unfortified border. Canada faces the political challenges of meeting public demands for quality improvements in health care, education, social services, and economic competitiveness, as well as responding to the particular concerns of predominantly francophone Quebec. Canada also aims to develop its diverse energy resources while maintaining its commitment to the environment.

- ## Geography :: CANADA

- Location:
  Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean on the east, North Pacific Ocean on the west, and the Arctic Ocean on the north, north of the conterminous US
  Geographic coordinates:
  60 00 N, 95 00 W
  Map references:
  North America
  Area:
  total: 9,984,670 sq km
  land: 9,093,507 sq km
  water: 891,163 sq km
  country comparison to the world: 2
  Area - comparative:
  slightly larger than the US
  Land boundaries:
  total: 8,893 km
  border countries (1): US 8,893 km (includes 2,477 km with Alaska)
  note: Canada is the world's largest country that borders only one country
  Coastline:
  202,080 km
  Maritime claims:
  territorial sea: 12 nm
  contiguous zone: 24 nm
  exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
  continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
  Climate:
  varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north
  Terrain:
  mostly plains with mountains in west, lowlands in southeast
  Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
  highest point: Mount Logan 5,959 m
  Natural resources:
  iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, rare earth elements, molybdenum, potash, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower
  Land use:
  agricultural land: 6.8%
  arable land 4.7%; permanent crops 0.5%; permanent pasture 1.6%
  forest: 34.1%
  other: 59.1% (2011 est.)
  Irrigated land:
  8,699 sq km (2004)
  Total renewable water resources:
  2,902 cu km (2011)
  Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
  total: 42.2 cu km/yr (20%/70%/10%)
  per capita: 1,589 cu m/yr (2010)
  Natural hazards:
  continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow east of the mountains
  volcanism: the vast majority of volcanoes in Western Canada's Coast Mountains remain dormant
  Environment - current issues:
  metal smelting, coal-burning utilities, and vehicle emissions impacting on agricultural and forest productivity; air pollution and resulting acid rain severely affecting lakes and damaging forests; ocean waters becoming contaminated due to agricultural, industrial, mining, and forestry activities
  Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Marine Life Conservation
  Geography - note:
  second-largest country in world (after Russia) and largest in the Americas; strategic location between Russia and US via north polar route; approximately 90% of the population is concentrated within 160 km (100 mi) of the US border; Canada has more fresh water than any other country and almost 9% of Canadian territory is water; Canada has at least 2 million and possibly over 3 million lakes - that is more than all other countries combined

- ## People and Society :: CANADA

- Nationality:
  noun: Canadian(s)
  adjective: Canadian
  Ethnic groups:
  Canadian 32.2%, English 19.8%, French 15.5%, Scottish 14.4%, Irish 13.8%, German 9.8%, Italian 4.5%, Chinese 4.5%, North American Indian 4.2%, other 50.9%
  note: percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic origin (2011 est.)
  Languages:
  English (official) 58.7%, French (official) 22%, Punjabi 1.4%, Italian 1.3%, Spanish 1.3%, German 1.3%, Cantonese 1.2%, Tagalog 1.2%, Arabic 1.1%, other 10.5% (2011 est.)
  Religions:
  Catholic 40.6% (includes Roman Catholic 38.8%, Orthodox 1.6%, other Catholic .2%), Protestant 20.3% (includes United Church 6.1%, Anglican 5%, Baptist 1.9%, Lutheran 1.5%, Pentecostal 1.5%, Presbyterian 1.4%, other Protestant 2.9%), other Christian 6.3%, Muslim 3.2%, Hindu 1.5%, Sikh 1.4%, Buddhist 1.1%, Jewish 1%, other 0.6%, none 23.9% (2011 est.)
  Population:
  35,099,836 (July 2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 38
  Age structure:
  0-14 years: 15.46% (male 2,781,043/female 2,644,008)
  15-24 years: 12.39% (male 2,236,425/female 2,111,681)
  25-54 years: 40.69% (male 7,239,027/female 7,041,886)
  55-64 years: 13.74% (male 2,389,423/female 2,433,621)
  65 years and over: 17.73% (male 2,766,909/female 3,455,813) (2015 est.)
  population pyramid:
  Dependency ratios:
  total dependency ratio: 47.3%
  youth dependency ratio: 23.5%
  elderly dependency ratio: 23.8%
  potential support ratio: 4.2% (2015 est.)
  Median age:
  total: 41.7 years
  male: 40.4 years
  female: 42.9 years (2014 est.)
  Population growth rate:
  0.75% (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 144
  Birth rate:
  10.28 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 187
  Death rate:
  8.42 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 90
  Net migration rate:
  5.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 24
  Urbanization:
  urban population: 81.8% of total population (2015)
  rate of urbanization: 1.22% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
  Major urban areas - population:
  Toronto 5.993 million; Montreal 3.981 million; Vancouver 2.485 million; Calgary 1.337 million; OTTAWA (capital) 1.326 million; Edmonton 1.272 million (2015)
  Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
  0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
  15-24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
  25-54 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
  55-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2015 est.)
  Infant mortality rate:
  total: 4.65 deaths/1,000 live births
  male: 4.97 deaths/1,000 live births
  female: 4.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 182
  Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 81.76 years
  male: 79.15 years
  female: 84.52 years (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 14
  Total fertility rate:
  1.59 children born/woman (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 181
  Health expenditures:
  10.9% of GDP (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 15
  Physicians density:
  2.07 physicians/1,000 population (2010)
  Hospital bed density:
  2.7 beds/1,000 population (2010)
  Drinking water source:
  improved:
  urban: 100% of population
  rural: 99% of population
  total: 99.8% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 0% of population
  rural: 1% of population
  total: 0.2% of population (2015 est.)
  Sanitation facility access:
  improved:
  urban: 100% of population
  rural: 99% of population
  total: 99.8% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 0% of population
  rural: 1% of population
  total: 0.2% of population (2015 est.)
  HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  NA
  HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  NA
  HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  fewer than 400 (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 90
  Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
  30.1% (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 48
  Education expenditures:
  5.3% of GDP (2011)
  country comparison to the world: 62
  Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
  total: 14.3%
  male: 15.9%
  female: 12.6% (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 81

- ## Government :: CANADA

- Country name:
  conventional long form: none
  conventional short form: Canada
  note: the country name is derived from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word "kanata" meaning village or settlement
  Government type:
  a parliamentary democracy, a federation, and a constitutional monarchy
  Capital:
  name: Ottawa
  geographic coordinates: 45 25 N, 75 42 W
  time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
  daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November
  note: Canada has six time zones
  Administrative divisions:
  10 provinces and 3 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Nunavut*, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon*
  Independence:
  1 July 1867 (union of British North American colonies); 11 December 1931 (recognized by UK per Statute of Westminster)
  National holiday:
  Canada Day, 1 July (1867)
  Constitution:
  made up of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicial decisions, and traditions dating from 1763; the written part of the constitution consists of the Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created a federation of four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April 1982; several amendments to the 1982 Constitution Act, last in 2011 (2011)
  Legal system:
  common law system except in Quebec, where civil law based on the French civil code prevails
  International law organization participation:
  accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
  Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
  Executive branch:
  head of government: Prime Minister Stephen Joseph HARPER (since 6 February 2006)
  cabinet: Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister usually from among members of his own party sitting in Parliament
  elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a 5-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition in the House of Commons generally designated prime minister by the governor general
  Legislative branch:
  description: bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of the Senate or Senat (105 seats; members appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister and can serve until age 75) and the House of Commons or Chambre des Communes (308 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve a maximum of 4-year terms)
  elections: House of Commons - last held on 2 May 2011 (next to be held no later than 19 October 2015)
  election results: House of Commons - percent of vote by party - Conservative Party 39.6%, NDP 30.6%, Liberal Party 18.9%, Bloc Quebecois 6%, Greens 3.9%; seats by party - Conservative Party 166, NDP 103, Liberal Party 34, Bloc Quebecois 4, Greens 1
  Judicial branch:
  highest court(s): Supreme Court of Canada (consists of the chief justice and 8 judges); note - in 1949, Canada finally abolished all appeals beyond its Supreme Court to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)
  judge selection and term of office: chief justice and judges appointed by the prime minister in council; all judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 75
  subordinate courts: federal level: Federal Court of Appeal; Federal Court; Tax Court; federal administrative tribunals; courts martial; provincial/territorial: provincial superior, appeals, first instance, and specialized courts; in 1999, the Nunavut Court - a circuit court with the power of a superior court and the territorial courts - was established to serve isolated settlements
  Political parties and leaders:
  Bloc Quebecois [Mario BEAULIEU]
  Conservative Party of Canada [Stephen HARPER]
  Green Party [Elizabeth MAY]
  Liberal Party [Justin TRUDEAU]
  New Democratic Party or NDP [Thomas MULCAIR]
  Political pressure groups and leaders:
  other: agricultural sector; automobile industry; business groups; chemical industry; commercial banks; communications sector; energy industry; environmentalists; public administration groups; steel industry; trade unions
  International organization participation:
  ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CD, CDB, CE (observer), EAPC, EBRD, EITI (implementing country), FAO, FATF, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAFTA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNMISS, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
  Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Gary DOER (since 23 October 2009)
  chancery: 501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20001
  telephone: [1] (202) 682-1740
  FAX: [1] (202) 682-7726
  consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, New York, San Francisco/Silicon Valley, Seattle
  trade office(s): Houston, Palo Alto (CA), San Diego
  Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Bruce A. HEYMAN (since 8 April 2014)
  embassy: 490 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 1G8
  mailing address: P. O. Box 5000, Ogdensburg, NY 13669-0430; P.O. Box 866, Station B, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5T1
  telephone: [1] (613) 688-5335
  FAX: [1] (613) 688-3082
  consulate(s) general: Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec City, Toronto, Vancouver, Winnipeg
  Flag description:
  two vertical bands of red (hoist and fly side, half width) with white square between them; an 11-pointed red maple leaf is centered in the white square; the maple leaf has long been a Canadian symbol
  National symbol(s):
  maple leaf, beaver; national colors: red, white
  National anthem:
  name: "O Canada"
  lyrics/music: Adolphe-Basile ROUTHIER [French], Robert Stanley WEIR [English]/Calixa LAVALLEE
  note: adopted 1980; originally written in 1880, "O Canada" served as an unofficial anthem many years before its official adoption; the anthem has French and English versions whose lyrics differ; as a Commonwealth realm, in addition to the national anthem, "God Save the Queen" serves as the royal anthem (see United Kingdom)

- ## Economy :: CANADA

- Economy - overview:
  As a high-tech industrial society in the trillion-dollar class, Canada resembles the US in its market-oriented economic system, pattern of production, and high living standards. Since World War II, the impressive growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial and urban. The 1989 US-Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (which includes Mexico) touched off a dramatic increase in trade and economic integration with the US, its principal trading partner. Canada enjoys a substantial trade surplus with the US, which absorbs about three-fourths of Canadian merchandise exports each year. Canada is the US's largest foreign supplier of energy, including oil, gas, and electric power, and a top source of US uranium imports. Given its abundant natural resources, highly skilled labor force, and modern capital plant, Canada enjoyed solid economic growth from 1993 through 2007. Buffeted by the global economic crisis, the economy dropped into a sharp recession in the final months of 2008, and Ottawa posted its first fiscal deficit in 2009 after 12 years of surplus. Canada's major banks, however, emerged from the financial crisis of 2008-09 among the strongest in the world, owing to the early intervention by the Bank of Canada and the financial sector's tradition of conservative lending practices and strong capitalization. Canada achieved marginal growth in 2010-14 and plans to balance the budget by 2015 despite the recent drop in oil prices. In addition, the country's petroleum sector is rapidly expanding, because Alberta's oil sands significantly boosted Canada's proven oil reserves. Canada now ranks third in the world in proved oil reserves behind Saudi Arabia and Venezuela and is the world’s fifth-largest oil producer.
  GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $1.592 trillion (2014 est.)
  $1.552 trillion (2013 est.)
  $1.522 trillion (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 16
  GDP (official exchange rate):
  $1.789 trillion (2014 est.)
  GDP - real growth rate:
  2.5% (2014 est.)
  2% (2013 est.)
  1.9% (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 137
  GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $44,800 (2014 est.)
  $43,700 (2013 est.)
  $42,900 (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 29
  Gross national saving:
  21.9% of GDP (2014 est.)
  21.5% of GDP (2013 est.)
  21.6% of GDP (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 71
  GDP - composition, by end use:
  household consumption: 56.2%
  government consumption: 21.4%
  investment in fixed capital: 24.1%
  investment in inventories: 0.3%
  exports of goods and services: 30.9%
  imports of goods and services: -33%
  (2014 est.)
  GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
  agriculture: 1.7%
  industry: 28.2%
  services: 70.1% (2014 est.)
  Agriculture - products:
  wheat, barley, oilseed, tobacco, fruits, vegetables; dairy products; fish; forest products
  Industries:
  transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, fish products, petroleum, natural gas
  Industrial production growth rate:
  2% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 132
  Labor force:
  19.21 million (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 32
  Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture: 2%
  manufacturing: 13%
  construction: 6%
  services: 76%
  other: 3% (2006 est.)
  Unemployment rate:
  6.9% (2014 est.)
  7.1% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 72
  Population below poverty line:
  9.4%
  note: this figure is the Low Income Cut-Off (LICO), a calculation that results in higher figures than found in many comparable economies; Canada does not have an official poverty line (2008 est.)
  Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 2.6%
  highest 10%: 24.8% (2000)
  Distribution of family income - Gini index:
  32.1 (2005)
  31.5 (1994)
  country comparison to the world: 108
  Budget:
  revenues: $675.1 billion
  expenditures: $717.1 billion (2014 est.)
  Taxes and other revenues:
  37.6% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 50
  Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
  -2.3% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 90
  Public debt:
  92.6% of GDP (2014 est.)
  93.5% of GDP (2013 est.)
  note: figures are for gross general government debt, as opposed to net federal debt; gross general government debt includes both intragovernmental debt and the debt of public entities at the sub-national level
  country comparison to the world: 20
  Fiscal year:
  1 April - 31 March
  Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  1.9% (2014 est.)
  1% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 94
  Central bank discount rate:
  1% (31 December 2010)
  0.25% (31 December 2009)
  country comparison to the world: 125
  Commercial bank prime lending rate:
  3% (31 December 2014 est.)
  3% (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 173
  Stock of narrow money:
  $661.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $638.5 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 9
  Stock of broad money:
  $1.486 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $1.47 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 13
  Stock of domestic credit:
  $3.031 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $3.044 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 9
  Market value of publicly traded shares:
  $2.016 trillion (31 December 2012 est.)
  $1.907 trillion (31 December 2011)
  $2.16 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 7
  Current account balance:
  -$39.37 billion (2014 est.)
  -$58.54 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 190
  Exports:
  $465.1 billion (2014 est.)
  $465.5 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 13
  Exports - commodities:
  motor vehicles and parts, industrial machinery, aircraft, telecommunications equipment; chemicals, plastics, fertilizers; wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, natural gas, electricity, aluminum
  Exports - partners:
  US 75.8%, China 4.4% (2013)
  Imports:
  $482.1 billion (2014 est.)
  $472.6 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 12
  Imports - commodities:
  machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, crude oil, chemicals, electricity, durable consumer goods
  Imports - partners:
  US 52.1%, China 11.1%, Mexico 5.6% (2013)
  Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
  $71.94 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 33
  Debt - external:
  $1.331 trillion (31 December 2012 est.)
  $1.191 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 15
  Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
  $1.065 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $993.2 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 9
  Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
  $1.211 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $1.153 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 8
  Exchange rates:
  Canadian dollars (CAD) per US dollar -
  1.099 (2014 est.)
  1.0298 (2013 est.)
  1 (2012 est.)
  0.9895 (2011 est.)
  1.0302 (2010 est.)

- ## Energy :: CANADA

- Electricity - production:
  644.1 billion kWh (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 7
  Electricity - consumption:
  551.6 billion kWh (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 8
  Electricity - exports:
  62.33 billion kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 3
  Electricity - imports:
  10.68 billion kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 19
  Electricity - installed generating capacity:
  138.6 million kW (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 7
  Electricity - from fossil fuels:
  31.3% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 178
  Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
  9.1% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 20
  Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
  54.1% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 40
  Electricity - from other renewable sources:
  5.5% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 52
  Crude oil - production:
  4.001 million bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 5
  Crude oil - exports:
  1.756 million bbl/day (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 7
  Crude oil - imports:
  722,000 bbl/day (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 15
  Crude oil - proved reserves:
  173.2 billion bbl (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 3
  Refined petroleum products - production:
  1.927 million bbl/day (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 11
  Refined petroleum products - consumption:
  2.39 million bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 10
  Refined petroleum products - exports:
  1.073 million bbl/day (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 8
  Refined petroleum products - imports:
  238,900 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 24
  Natural gas - production:
  145.2 billion cu m (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 6
  Natural gas - consumption:
  89.48 billion cu m (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 8
  Natural gas - exports:
  82.45 billion cu m (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 5
  Natural gas - imports:
  26.7 billion cu m (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 13
  Natural gas - proved reserves:
  1.889 trillion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 19
  Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
  550.8 million Mt (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 12

- ## Communications :: CANADA

- Telephones - fixed lines:
  total subscriptions: 16.6 million
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 48 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 17
  Telephones - mobile cellular:
  total: 29.5 million
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 85 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 44
  Telephone system:
  general assessment: excellent service provided by modern technology
  domestic: domestic satellite system with about 300 earth stations
  international: country code - 1; submarine cables provide links to the US and Europe; satellite earth stations - 7 (5 Intelsat - 4 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean, and 2 Intersputnik - Atlantic Ocean region) (2011)
  Broadcast media:
  2 public TV broadcasting networks each with a large number of network affiliates; several private-commercial networks also with multiple network affiliates; overall, about 150 TV stations; multi-channel satellite and cable systems provide access to a wide range of stations including US stations; mix of public and commercial radio broadcasters with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the public radio broadcaster, operating 4 radio networks, Radio Canada International, and radio services to indigenous populations in the north; roughly 2,000 licensed radio stations (2008)
  Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 245, FM 582, shortwave 6 (2004)
  Television broadcast stations:
  148 (2007)
  Internet country code:
  .ca
  Internet users:
  total: 32.4 million
  percent of population: 92.9% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 21

- ## Transportation :: CANADA

- Airports:
  1,467 (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 4
  Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 523
  over 3,047 m: 21
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 19
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 147
  914 to 1,523 m: 257
  under 914 m: 79 (2013)
  Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 944
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 75
  914 to 1,523 m: 385
  under 914 m:
  484 (2013)
  Heliports:
  26 (2013)
  Pipelines:
  gas and liguid petroleum 100,000 km (2013)
  Railways:
  total: 77,932 km
  standard gauge: 77,932 km 1.435-m gauge (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 5
  Roadways:
  total: 1,042,300 km
  paved: 415,600 km (includes 17,000 km of expressways)
  unpaved: 626,700 km (2011)
  country comparison to the world: 7
  Waterways:
  636 km (Saint Lawrence Seaway of 3,769 km, including the Saint Lawrence River of 3,058 km, shared with United States) (2011)
  country comparison to the world: 77
  Merchant marine:
  total: 181
  by type: bulk carrier 62, cargo 15, carrier 1, chemical tanker 15, combination ore/oil 1, container 2, passenger 5, passenger/cargo 63, petroleum tanker 11, roll on/roll off 6
  foreign-owned: 19 (Estonia 1, France 1, Netherlands 1, Norway 4, Sweden 2, US 10)
  registered in other countries: 225 (Australia 5, Bahamas 96, Barbados 11, Cambodia 2, Cyprus 2, Honduras 1, Hong Kong 77, Liberia 2, Malta 5, Marshall Islands 8, Norway 1, Panama 6, Spain 4, Vanuatu 5) (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 35
  Ports and terminals:
  major seaport(s): Halifax, Saint John (New Brunswick), Vancouver
  river and lake port(s): Montreal, Quebec City, Sept-Isles (St. Lawrence); Fraser River Port (Fraser); Hamilton (Lake Ontario)
  oil terminal(s): Lower Lakes terminal
  dry bulk cargo port(s): Port-Cartier (iron ore and grain),
  container port(s): Montreal (1,362,975), Vancouver (2,507,032)(2011)
  LNG terminal(s) (import): Saint John

- ## Military :: CANADA

- Military branches:
  Canadian Forces: Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force, Canada Command (homeland security) (2011)
  Military service age and obligation:
  17 years of age for voluntary male and female military service (with parental consent); 16 years of age for Reserve and Military College applicants; Canadian citizenship or permanent residence status required; maximum 34 years of age; service obligation 3-9 years (2012)
  Manpower available for military service:
  males age 16-49: 8,031,266
  females age 16-49: 7,755,550 (2010 est.)
  Manpower fit for military service:
  males age 16-49: 6,633,472
  females age 16-49: 6,389,669 (2010 est.)
  Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
  male: 218,069
  female: 206,195 (2010 est.)
  Military expenditures:
  1% of GDP (2013)
  1.24% of GDP (2012)
  1.31% of GDP (2011)
  1.24% of GDP (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 80

- ## Transnational Issues :: CANADA

- Disputes - international:
  managed maritime boundary disputes with the US at Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the Gulf of Maine, including the disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; Canada and the United States dispute how to divide the Beaufort Sea and the status of the Northwest Passage but continue to work cooperatively to survey the Arctic continental shelf; US works closely with Canada to intensify security measures for monitoring and controlling legal and illegal movement of people, transport, and commodities across the international border; sovereignty dispute with Denmark over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland; commencing the collection of technical evidence for submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in support of claims for continental shelf beyond 200 nm from its declared baselines in the Arctic, as stipulated in Article 76, paragraph 8, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
  Refugees and internally displaced persons:
  refugees (country of origin): 16,428 (Colombia); 13,231 (China); 10,745 (Sri Lanka); 8,613 (Pakistan); 8,422 (Haiti); 6,762 (Mexico) (2014)
  Illicit drugs:
  illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market and export to US; use of hydroponics technology permits growers to plant large quantities of high-quality marijuana indoors; increasing ecstasy production, some of which is destined for the US; vulnerable to narcotics money laundering because of its mature financial services sector

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