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South America :: Brazil

- ## Introduction :: BRAZIL

- Background:
  Following more than three centuries under Portuguese rule, Brazil gained its independence in 1822, maintaining a monarchical system of government until the abolition of slavery in 1888 and the subsequent proclamation of a republic by the military in 1889. Brazilian coffee exporters politically dominated the country until populist leader Getulio VARGAS rose to power in 1930. By far the largest and most populous country in South America, Brazil underwent more than a half century of populist and military government until 1985, when the military regime peacefully ceded power to civilian rulers. Brazil continues to pursue industrial and agricultural growth and development of its interior. Exploiting vast natural resources and a large labor pool, it is today South America's largest economy and a regional leader. Pressing problems include high income inequality, crime, inflation, rising unemployment, and corruption.

- ## Geography :: BRAZIL

- Location:
  Eastern South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean
  Geographic coordinates:
  10 00 S, 55 00 W
  Map references:
  South America
  Area:
  total: 8,515,770 sq km
  land: 8,358,140 sq km
  water: 157,630 sq km
  note: includes Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas, Ilha da Trindade, Ilhas Martin Vaz, and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo
  country comparison to the world: 5
  Area - comparative:
  slightly smaller than the US
  Area comparison map:
  Land boundaries:
  total: 16,145 km
  border countries (10): Argentina 1,263 km, Bolivia 3,403 km, Colombia 1,790 km, French Guiana 649 km, Guyana 1,308 km, Paraguay 1,371 km, Peru 2,659 km, Suriname 515 km, Uruguay 1,050 km, Venezuela 2,137 km
  Coastline:
  7,491 km
  Maritime claims:
  territorial sea: 12 nm
  contiguous zone: 24 nm
  exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
  continental shelf: 200 nm or to edge of the continental margin
  Climate:
  mostly tropical, but temperate in south
  Terrain:
  mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills, mountains, and narrow coastal belt
  Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
  highest point: Pico da Neblina 2,994 m
  Natural resources:
  bauxite, gold, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, platinum, tin, rare earth elements, uranium, petroleum, hydropower, timber
  Land use:
  agricultural land: 32.9%
  arable land 8.6%; permanent crops 0.8%; permanent pasture 23.5%
  forest: 61.9%
  other: 5.2% (2011 est.)
  Irrigated land:
  54,000 sq km (2011)
  Total renewable water resources:
  8,233 cu km (2011)
  Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
  total: 58.07 cu km/yr (28%/17%/55%)
  per capita: 306 cu m/yr (2006)
  Natural hazards:
  recurring droughts in northeast; floods and occasional frost in south
  Environment - current issues:
  deforestation in Amazon Basin destroys the habitat and endangers a multitude of plant and animal species indigenous to the area; there is a lucrative illegal wildlife trade; air and water pollution in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and several other large cities; land degradation and water pollution caused by improper mining activities; wetland degradation; severe oil spills
  Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
  signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
  Geography - note:
  largest country in South America and in the Southern Hemisphere; shares common boundaries with every South American country except Chile and Ecuador

- ## People and Society :: BRAZIL

- Nationality:
  noun: Brazilian(s)
  adjective: Brazilian
  Ethnic groups:
  white 47.7%, mulatto (mixed white and black) 43.1%, black 7.6%, Asian 1.1%, indigenous 0.4% (2010 est.)
  Languages:
  Portuguese (official and most widely spoken language)
  note: less common languages include Spanish (border areas and schools), German, Italian, Japanese, English, and a large number of minor Amerindian languages
  Religions:
  Roman Catholic 64.6%, other Catholic 0.4%, Protestant 22.2% (includes Adventist 6.5%, Assembly of God 2.0%, Christian Congregation of Brazil 1.2%, Universal Kingdom of God 1.0%, other Protestant 11.5%), other Christian 0.7%, Spiritist 2.2%, other 1.4%, none 8%, unspecified 0.4% (2010 est.)
  Demographic profile:
  Brazil's rapid fertility decline since the 1960s is the main factor behind the country's slowing population growth rate, aging population, and fast-paced demographic transition. Brasilia has not taken full advantage of its large working-age population to develop its human capital and strengthen its social and economic institutions but is funding a study abroad program to bring advanced skills back to the country. The current favorable age structure will begin to shift around 2025, with the labor force shrinking and the elderly starting to compose an increasing share of the total population. Well-funded public pensions have nearly wiped out poverty among the elderly, and Bolsa Familia and other social programs have lifted tens of millions out of poverty. More than half of Brazil's population is considered middle class, but poverty and income inequality levels remain high; the Northeast, North, and Center-West, women, and black, mixed race, and indigenous populations are disproportionately affected. Disparities in opportunities foster social exclusion and contribute to Brazil's high crime rate, particularly violent crime in cities and favelas.
  Brazil has traditionally been a net recipient of immigrants, with its southeast being the prime destination. After the importation of African slaves was outlawed in the mid-19th century, Brazil sought Europeans (Italians, Portuguese, Spaniards, and Germans) and later Asians (Japanese) to work in agriculture, especially coffee cultivation. Recent immigrants come mainly from Argentina, Chile, and Andean countries (many are unskilled illegal migrants) or are returning Brazilian nationals. Since Brazil's economic downturn in the 1980s, emigration to the United States, Europe, and Japan has been rising but is negligible relative to Brazil's total population. The majority of these emigrants are well-educated and middle-class. Fewer Brazilian peasants are emigrating to neighboring countries to take up agricultural work.
  Population:
  204,259,812 (July 2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 6
  Age structure:
  0-14 years: 23.27% (male 24,223,817/female 23,304,372)
  15-24 years: 16.47% (male 17,058,031/female 16,579,678)
  25-54 years: 43.8% (male 44,358,524/female 45,111,178)
  55-64 years: 8.66% (male 8,348,783/female 9,343,347)
  65 years and over: 7.8% (male 6,776,742/female 9,155,340) (2015 est.)
  population pyramid:
  Dependency ratios:
  total dependency ratio: 44.7%
  youth dependency ratio: 33.3%
  elderly dependency ratio: 11.3%
  potential support ratio: 8.8% (2015 est.)
  Median age:
  total: 30.7 years
  male: 29.9 years
  female: 31.5 years (2014 est.)
  Population growth rate:
  0.77% (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 137
  Birth rate:
  14.46 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 134
  Death rate:
  6.58 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 148
  Net migration rate:
  -0.14 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 118
  Urbanization:
  urban population: 85.7% of total population (2015)
  rate of urbanization: 1.17% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
  Major urban areas - population:
  Sao Paulo 21.066 million; Rio de Janeiro 12.902 million; Belo Horizonte 5.716 million; BRASILIA (capital) 4.155 million; Fortaleza 3.88 million; Recife 3.739 million (2015)
  Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
  0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
  15-24 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
  25-54 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
  55-64 years: 0.89 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2015 est.)
  Infant mortality rate:
  total: 18.6 deaths/1,000 live births
  male: 21.8 deaths/1,000 live births
  female: 15.23 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 94
  Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 73.53 years
  male: 69.99 years
  female: 77.25 years (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 127
  Total fertility rate:
  1.77 children born/woman (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 155
  Contraceptive prevalence rate:
  80.3% (2006)
  Health expenditures:
  9.7% of GDP (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 31
  Physicians density:
  1.89 physicians/1,000 population (2013)
  Hospital bed density:
  2.3 beds/1,000 population (2012)
  Drinking water source:
  improved:
  urban: 100% of population
  rural: 87% of population
  total: 98.1% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 0% of population
  rural: 13% of population
  total: 1.9% of population (2015 est.)
  Sanitation facility access:
  improved:
  urban: 88% of population
  rural: 51.5% of population
  total: 82.8% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 12% of population
  rural: 48.5% of population
  total: 17.2% of population (2015 est.)
  HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  0.55% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 61
  HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  NA 726,000 (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 13
  HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  15,800 (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 18
  Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
  20.1% (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 102
  Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
  2.2% (2007)
  country comparison to the world: 121
  Education expenditures:
  5.8% of GDP (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 49
  Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 92.6%
  male: 92.2%
  female: 92.9% (2015 est.)
  School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
  total: 14 years
  male: 14 years
  female: 15 years (2005)
  Child labor - children ages 5-14:
  total number: 959,942
  percentage: 3%
  note: data represents children ages 5-13 (2009 est.)
  Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
  total: 15.4%
  male: 12.2%
  female: 19.8% (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 76

- ## Government :: BRAZIL

- Country name:
  conventional long form: Federative Republic of Brazil
  conventional short form: Brazil
  local long form: Republica Federativa do Brasil
  local short form: Brasil
  note: the country name derives from the brazilwood tree that used to grow plentifully along the coast of Brazil and that was used to produce a deep red dye
  Government type:
  federal republic
  Capital:
  name: Brasilia
  geographic coordinates: 15 47 S, 47 55 W
  time difference: UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
  daylight saving time: +1hr, begins third Sunday in October; ends third Sunday in February
  note: Brazil has three time zones, including one for the Fernando de Noronha Islands
  Administrative divisions:
  26 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito federal); Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal*, Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para, Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Sergipe, Tocantins
  Independence:
  7 September 1822 (from Portugal)
  National holiday:
  Independence Day, 7 September (1822)
  Constitution:
  several previous; latest ratified 5 October 1988; amended many times, last in 2015 (2015)
  Legal system:
  civil law; note - a new civil law code was enacted in 2002 replacing the 1916 code
  International law organization participation:
  has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
  Suffrage:
  voluntary between 16 to 18 years of age and over 70; compulsory between 18 to 70 years of age; note - military conscripts by law cannot vote
  Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Dilma ROUSSEFF (since 1 January 2011); Vice President Michel Miguel Elias TEMER Lulia (since 1 January 2011); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
  head of government: President Dilma ROUSSEFF (since 1 January 2011); Vice President Michel Miguel Elias TEMER Lulia (since 1 January 2011)
  cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
  elections/appointments: president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a single 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 5 October 2014 with runoff on 26 October 2014 (next to be held October 2018)
  election results: Dilma ROUSSEFF reelected president in a runoff election; percent of vote - Dilma ROUSSEFF (PT) 51.6%, Aecio NEVES (PSDB) 48.4%
  Legislative branch:
  description: bicameral National Congress or Congresso Nacional consists of the Federal Senate or Senado Federal (81 seats; 3 members each from 26 states and 3 from the federal district directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 8-year terms, with one-third and two-thirds of the membership elected alternately every 4 years) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara dos Deputados (513 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms)
  elections: Federal Senate - last held on 5 October 2014 for one-third of the Senate (next to be held in October 2018 for two-thirds of the Senate); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 5 October 2014 (next to be held in October 2018)
  election results: Federal Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PMDB 5, PSDB 4, PDT 4, PSB 3, DEM (formerly PFL) 3, PT 2, PSD 2, PTB 2, PP 1, PR 1; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PT 70, PMDB 66, PSDB 54, PSD 37, PP 36, PR 34, PSB 34, PTB 25, DEM (formerly PFL) 22, PRB 21, PDT 19, SD 15, PSC 12, PROS 11, PCdoB 10, PPS 10, PV 8, PHS 5, PSOL 5, PTN 4, PMN 3, PRP 3, PEN 2, PTC 2, PSDC 2, PTdoB 1, PSL 1, PRTB 1
  note: Federal Senate - seats by party as of 1 May 2015 - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PMDB 18, PT 12, PSDB 10, PDT 6, PSB 6, DEM 5, PP 5, PR 4, PSD 4, PTB 3, PRB 1, SD 1, PROS 1, PCdoB 1, PV 1, PSOL 1, PSC 1, PPS 1
  Judicial branch:
  highest court(s): Supreme Federal Court (consists of 11 justices)
  judge selection and term of office: justices appointed by the president and approved by the Federal Senate; justices appointed to serve until mandatory retirement at age 70
  subordinate courts: Federal Appeals Court, Superior Court of Justice, Superior Electoral Court, regional federal courts; state court system
  Political parties and leaders:
  Brazilian Communist Party or PCB [Ivan Martins PINHEIRO]
  Brazilian Democratic Movement Party or PMDB [Michel TEMER]
  Brazilian Labor Party or PTB [Cristiane BRASIL]
  Brazilian Renewal Labor Party or PRTB [Jose Levy FIDELIX da Cruz]
  Brazilian Republican Party or PRB [Marcos Antonio PEREIRA]
  Brazilian Social Democracy Party or PSDB [Aecio NEVES]
  Brazilian Socialist Party or PSB [Carlos Roberto SIQUEIRA de Barros]
  Christian Labor Party or PTC [Daniel TOURINHO]
  Christian Social Democratic Party or PSDC [Jose Maria EYMAEL]
  Communist Party of Brazil or PCdoB [Jose Renato RABELO]
  Democratic Labor Party or PDT [Carlos Roberto LUPI]
  The Democrats or DEM [Jose AGRIPINO] (formerly Liberal Front Party or PFL)
  Free Homeland Party or PPL [Sergio RUBENS]
  Green Party or PV [Jose Luiz PENNA]
  Humanist Party of Solidarity or PHS [Eduardo MACHADO]
  Labor Party of Brazil or PTdoB [Luis Henrique de Oliveira RESENDE]
  National Ecologic Party or PEN [Adilson Barroso OLIVEIRA]
  National Labor Party or PTN [Jose Masci de ABREU]
  National Mobilization Party or PMN [Telma RIBEIRO dos Santos]
  Party of the Republic or PR [Alfredo NASCIMENTO]
  Popular Socialist Party or PPS [Roberto Joao Pereira FREIRE]
  Progressive Party or PP [Ciro NOGUEIRA]
  Progressive Republican Party or PRP [Ovasco Roma Altimari RESENDE]
  Republican Social Order Party or PROS [Euripedes JUNIOR]
  Social Christian Party or PSC [Vitor Jorge Abdala NOSSEIS]
  Social Democratic Party or PSD [Guilherme CAMPOS]
  Social Liberal Party or PSL [Luciano Caldas BIVAR]
  Socialism and Freedom Party or PSOL [Luiz ARAUJO]
  Solidarity or SD [Paulo PEREIRA DA SILVA]
  United Socialist Workers' Party or PSTU [Jose Maria DE ALMEIDA]
  Workers' Cause Party or PCO [Rui Costa PIMENTA]
  Workers' Party or PT [Rui FALCAO]
  Political pressure groups and leaders:
  Landless Workers' Movement or MST
  other: industrial federations; labor unions and federations; large farmers' associations; religious groups including evangelical Christian churches and the Catholic Church
  International organization participation:
  AfDB (nonregional member), BIS, BRICS, CAN (associate), CD, CELAC, CPLP, FAO, FATF, G-15, G-20, G-24, G-5, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, LAS (observer), Mercosur, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS, OECD (Enhanced Engagement, OPANAL, OPCW, Paris Club (associate), PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNISFA, UNITAR, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
  Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Luiz Alberto FIGUEIREDO Machado (since 18 May 2015)
  chancery: 3006 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
  telephone: [1] (202) 238-2700
  FAX: [1] (202) 238-2827
  consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Hartford (CT), Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco
  Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Liliana AYALDE (since 31 October 2013)
  embassy: Avenida das Nacoes, Quadra 801, Lote 3, Distrito Federal Cep 70403-900, Brasilia
  mailing address: Unit 7500, DPO, AA 34030
  telephone: [55] (61) 3312-7000
  FAX: [55] (61) 3225-9136
  consulate(s) general: Recife, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo
  Flag description:
  green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial globe with 27 white five-pointed stars; the globe has a white equatorial band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress); the current flag was inspired by the banner of the former Empire of Brazil (1822-1889); on the imperial flag, the green represented the House of Braganza of Pedro I, the first Emperor of Brazil, while the yellow stood for the Habsburg Family of his wife; on the modern flag the green represents the forests of the country and the yellow rhombus its mineral wealth; the blue circle and stars, which replaced the coat of arms of the original flag, depict the sky over Rio de Janeiro on the morning of 15 November 1889 - the day the Republic of Brazil was declared; the number of stars has changed with the creation of new states and has risen from an original 21 to the current 27 (one for each state and the Federal District)
  National symbol(s):
  Southern Cross constellation; national colors: green, yellow, blue
  National anthem:
  name: "Hino Nacional Brasileiro" (Brazilian National Anthem)
  lyrics/music: Joaquim Osorio Duque ESTRADA/Francisco Manoel DA SILVA
  note: music adopted 1890, lyrics adopted 1922; the anthem's music, composed in 1822, was used unofficially for many years before it was adopted

- ## Economy :: BRAZIL

- Economy - overview:
  Characterized by large and well-developed agricultural, mining, manufacturing, and service sectors, and a rapidly expanding middle class, Brazil's economy outweighs that of all other South American countries, and Brazil is expanding its presence in world markets. Since 2003, Brazil has steadily improved its macroeconomic stability, building up foreign reserves, and reducing its debt profile by shifting its debt burden toward real denominated and domestically held instruments. Since 2008, Brazil became a net external creditor and all three of the major ratings agencies awarded investment grade status to its debt. After strong growth in 2007 and 2008, the onset of the global financial crisis hit Brazil in 2008. Brazil experienced two quarters of recession, as global demand for Brazil's commodity-based exports dwindled and external credit dried up. However, Brazil was one of the first emerging markets to begin a recovery. In 2010, consumer and investor confidence revived and GDP growth reached 7.5%, the highest growth rate in the past 25 years. After reaching historic lows of 4.5% in early 2014, the unemployment rate remains low, but is rising. Brazil's traditionally high level of income inequality has declined for each of the last 15 years. GDP growth has slowed since 2011, due to several factors, including: overdependence on exports of raw commodities, low productivity, high operational costs, persistently high inflation, and low levels of investment. Brazil’s fiscal and current account balances have eroded during the past four years as the government attempted to boost economic growth through targeted tax cuts for industry and incentives to spur household consumption. After winning re-election in October 2014 by a historically narrow margin, President Dilma ROUSSEFF appointed a new economic team led by Finance Minister Joaquim LEVY, who introduced a fiscal austerity package intended to restore the primary account surplus to 1.2% of GDP and preserve the country’s investment-grade sovereign credit rating. Brazil seeks to strengthen its workforce and its economy over the long run by imposing local content and technology transfer requirements on foreign businesses, by investing in education through social programs such as Bolsa Familia and the Brazil Science Mobility Program, and by investing in research in the areas of space, nanotechnology, healthcare, and energy.
  GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $3.264 trillion (2014 est.)
  $3.259 trillion (2013 est.)
  $3.172 trillion (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 8
  GDP (official exchange rate):
  $2.353 trillion (2014 est.)
  GDP - real growth rate:
  0.1% (2014 est.)
  2.7% (2013 est.)
  1.8% (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 198
  GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $16,100 (2014 est.)
  $16,100 (2013 est.)
  $15,600 (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 101
  Gross national saving:
  16.2% of GDP (2014 est.)
  17.6% of GDP (2013 est.)
  18.1% of GDP (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 125
  GDP - composition, by end use:
  household consumption: 63.5%
  government consumption: 22.4%
  investment in fixed capital: 16.7%
  investment in inventories: 0%
  exports of goods and services: 12.9%
  imports of goods and services: -15.5%
  (2014 est.)
  GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
  agriculture: 5.8%
  industry: 23.8%
  services: 70.4%
  (2014 est.)
  Agriculture - products:
  coffee, soybeans, wheat, rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, citrus; beef
  Industries:
  textiles, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore, tin, steel, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, other machinery and equipment
  Industrial production growth rate:
  -1.5% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 180
  Labor force:
  110.9 million (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 6
  Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture: 15.7%
  industry: 13.3%
  services: 71%
  (2011 est.)
  Unemployment rate:
  4.8% (2014 est.)
  5.4% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 57
  Population below poverty line:
  21.4%
  note: approximately 4% of the population are below the "extreme" poverty line (2009 est.)
  Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 0.8%
  highest 10%: 42.9% (2009 est.)
  Distribution of family income - Gini index:
  51.9 (2012)
  55.3 (2001)
  country comparison to the world: 16
  Budget:
  revenues: $861.4 billion
  expenditures: $834.4 billion (2014 est.)
  Taxes and other revenues:
  38.4% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 46
  Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
  1.2% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 22
  Public debt:
  59.3% of GDP (2014 est.)
  56.7% of GDP (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 56
  Fiscal year:
  calendar year
  Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  6.3% (2014 est.)
  5.9% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 189
  Central bank discount rate:
  10% (31 December 2013)
  11% (31 December 2011)
  country comparison to the world: 18
  Commercial bank prime lending rate:
  33% (31 December 2014 est.)
  27.4% (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 4
  Stock of narrow money:
  $160.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $147.1 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 25
  Stock of broad money:
  $928.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $835.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 18
  Stock of domestic credit:
  $2.564 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $2.277 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 11
  Market value of publicly traded shares:
  $1.23 trillion (31 December 2012 est.)
  $1.229 trillion (31 December 2011)
  $1.546 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 13
  Current account balance:
  -$91.29 billion (2014 est.)
  -$81.22 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 191
  Exports:
  $242.7 billion (2014 est.)
  $242 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 24
  Exports - commodities:
  transport equipment, iron ore, soybeans, footwear, coffee, automobiles
  Exports - partners:
  China 19%, US 10.3%, Argentina 8.1%, Netherlands 7.2% (2013)
  Imports:
  $241.9 billion (2014 est.)
  $239.6 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 23
  Imports - commodities:
  machinery, electrical and transport equipment, chemical products, oil, automotive parts, electronics
  Imports - partners:
  China 15.6%, US 15.1%, Argentina 6.9%, Germany 6.3%, Nigeria 4% (2013)
  Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
  $381 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $358.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 8
  Debt - external:
  $535.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $482.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 24
  Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
  $728.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $668.5 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 13
  Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
  $177.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $173.6 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 25
  Exchange rates:
  reals (BRL) per US dollar -
  2.36 (2014 est.)
  2.1576 (2013 est.)
  1.95 (2012 est.)
  1.675 (2011 est.)
  1.7592 (2010 est.)

- ## Energy :: BRAZIL

- Electricity - production:
  530.4 billion kWh (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 10
  Electricity - consumption:
  478.8 billion kWh (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 9
  Electricity - exports:
  467 million kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 68
  Electricity - imports:
  40.33 billion kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 4
  Electricity - installed generating capacity:
  119.1 million kW (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 10
  Electricity - from fossil fuels:
  18.8% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 194
  Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
  1.6% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 29
  Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
  69.3% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 25
  Electricity - from other renewable sources:
  10.4% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 32
  Crude oil - production:
  2.641 million bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 11
  Crude oil - exports:
  619,100 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 21
  Crude oil - imports:
  343,600 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 26
  Crude oil - proved reserves:
  13.22 billion bbl (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 15
  Refined petroleum products - production:
  2.108 million bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 9
  Refined petroleum products - consumption:
  3.097 million bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 7
  Refined petroleum products - exports:
  158,400 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 36
  Refined petroleum products - imports:
  457,400 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 13
  Natural gas - production:
  21.3 billion cu m (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 32
  Natural gas - consumption:
  37.6 billion cu m (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 26
  Natural gas - exports:
  460 million cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 41
  Natural gas - imports:
  13.85 billion cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 20
  Natural gas - proved reserves:
  388.7 billion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 35
  Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
  500.2 million Mt (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 13

- ## Communications :: BRAZIL

- Telephones - fixed lines:
  total subscriptions: 44.1 million
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 22 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 6
  Telephones - mobile cellular:
  total: 280.7 million
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 139 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 6
  Telephone system:
  general assessment: good working system including an extensive microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 64 earth stations
  domestic: fixed-line connections have remained relatively stable in recent years and stand at about 20 per 100 persons; less-expensive mobile-cellular technology has been a major driver in expanding telephone service to the lower-income segments of the population with mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 120 per 100 persons
  international: country code - 55; landing point for a number of submarine cables, including Americas-1, Americas-2, Atlantis-2, GlobeNet, South America-1, South American Crossing/Latin American Nautilus, and UNISUR that provide direct connectivity to South and Central America, the Caribbean, the US, Africa, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region east), connected by microwave relay system to Mercosur Brazilsat B3 satellite earth station (2011)
  Broadcast media:
  state-run Radiobras operates a radio and a TV network; more than 1,000 radio stations and more than 100 TV channels operating - mostly privately owned; private media ownership highly concentrated (2007)
  Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 1,365, FM 296, shortwave 161 (of which 91 are collocated with AM stations) (1999)
  Television broadcast stations:
  138 (1997)
  Internet country code:
  .br
  Internet users:
  total: 108.2 million
  percent of population: 53.4% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 6

- ## Transportation :: BRAZIL

- Airports:
  4,093 (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 2
  Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 698
  over 3,047 m: 7
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 27
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 179
  914 to 1,523 m: 436
  under 914 m: 49 (2013)
  Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 3,395
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 92
  914 to 1,523 m: 1,619
  under 914 m:
  1,684 (2013)
  Heliports:
  13 (2013)
  Pipelines:
  condensate/gas 251 km; gas 17,312 km; liquid petroleum gas 352 km; oil 4,831 km; refined products 4,722 km (2013)
  Railways:
  total: 28,538 km
  broad gauge: 5,822.3 km 1.600-m gauge (498.3 km electrified)
  dual gauge: 492 km 1.600-1.000-m gauge
  standard gauge: 194 km 1.435-m gauge
  narrow gauge: 23,341.6 km 1.000-m gauge (24 km electrified) (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 10
  Roadways:
  total: 1,580,964 km
  paved: 212,798 km
  unpaved: 1,368,166 km
  note: does not include urban roads (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 4
  Waterways:
  50,000 km (most in areas remote from industry and population) (2012)
  country comparison to the world: 3
  Merchant marine:
  total: 109
  by type: bulk carrier 18, cargo 16, chemical tanker 7, container 13, liquefied gas 11, petroleum tanker 39, roll on/roll off 5
  foreign-owned: 27 (Chile 1, Denmark 3, Germany 6, Greece 1, Norway 3, Spain 12, Turkey 1)
  registered in other countries: 36 (Argentina 1, Bahamas 1, Ghana 1, Liberia 20, Marshall Islands 1, Panama 3, Singapore 9) (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 50
  Ports and terminals:
  major seaport(s): Belem, Paranagua, Rio Grande, Rio de Janeiro, Santos, Sao Sebastiao, Tubarao
  river port(s): Manaus (Amazon)
  dry bulk cargo port(s): Sepetiba ore terminal, Tubarao
  container ports (TEUs): Santos (2,985,922), Itajai (983,985)(2011)
  oil terminal(s): DTSE/Gegua oil terminal, Ilha Grande (Gebig), Guaiba Island terminal, Guamare oil terminal
  LNG terminal(s) (import): Pecem, Rio de Janiero

- ## Military :: BRAZIL

- Military branches:
  Brazilian Army (Exercito Brasileiro, EB), Brazilian Navy (Marinha do Brasil (MB), includes Naval Air and Marine Corps (Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais)), Brazilian Air Force (Forca Aerea Brasileira, FAB) (2011)
  Military service age and obligation:
  18-45 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation is 10-12 months; 17-45 years of age for voluntary service; an increasing percentage of the ranks are "long-service" volunteer professionals; women were allowed to serve in the armed forces beginning in early 1980s when the Brazilian Army became the first army in South America to accept women into career ranks; women serve in Navy and Air Force only in Women's Reserve Corps (2012)
  Manpower available for military service:
  males age 16-49: 53,350,703
  females age 16-49: 53,433,918 (2010 est.)
  Manpower fit for military service:
  males age 16-49: 38,993,989
  females age 16-49: 44,841,661 (2010 est.)
  Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
  male: 1,733,168
  female: 1,672,477 (2010 est.)
  Military expenditures:
  1.47% of GDP (2012)
  1.49% of GDP (2011)
  1.47% of GDP (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 65

- ## Transnational Issues :: BRAZIL

- Disputes - international:
  uncontested boundary dispute between Brazil and Uruguay over Braziliera/Brasiliera Island in the Quarai/Cuareim River leaves the tripoint with Argentina in question; smuggling of firearms and narcotics continues to be an issue along the Uruguay-Brazil border; Colombian-organized illegal narcotics and paramilitary activities penetrate Brazil's border region with Venezuela
  Illicit drugs:
  second-largest consumer of cocaine in the world; illicit producer of cannabis; trace amounts of coca cultivation in the Amazon region, used for domestic consumption; government has a large-scale eradication program to control cannabis; important transshipment country for Bolivian, Colombian, and Peruvian cocaine headed for Europe; also used by traffickers as a way station for narcotics air transshipments between Peru and Colombia; upsurge in drug-related violence and weapons smuggling; important market for Colombian, Bolivian, and Peruvian cocaine; illicit narcotics proceeds are often laundered through the financial system; significant illicit financial activity in the Tri-Border Area (2008)

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