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Africa :: Burundi

- ## Introduction :: BURUNDI

- Background:
  Burundi's first democratically elected president was assassinated in October 1993 after only 100 days in office, triggering widespread ethnic violence between Hutu and Tutsi factions. More than 200,000 Burundians perished during the conflict that spanned almost a dozen years. Hundreds of thousands of Burundians were internally displaced or became refugees in neighboring countries. An internationally brokered power-sharing agreement between the Tutsi-dominated government and the Hutu rebels in 2003 paved the way for a transition process that integrated defense forces, and established a new constitution and elected a majority Hutu government in 2005. The government of President Pierre NKURUNZIZA, who was reelected in 2010, continues to face many political and economic challenges. Burundi began holding national elections in June 2015 with a presidential election scheduled for July.

- ## Geography :: BURUNDI

- Location:
  Central Africa, east of Democratic Republic of the Congo
  Geographic coordinates:
  3 30 S, 30 00 E
  Map references:
  Africa
  Area:
  total: 27,830 sq km
  land: 25,680 sq km
  water: 2,150 sq km
  country comparison to the world: 147
  Area - comparative:
  slightly smaller than Maryland
  Land boundaries:
  total: 1,140 km
  border countries (3): Democratic Republic of the Congo 236 km, Rwanda 315 km, Tanzania 589 km
  Coastline:
  0 km (landlocked)
  Maritime claims:
  none (landlocked)
  Climate:
  equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees celcius but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m; average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; two wet seasons (February to May and September to November), and two dry seasons (June to August and December to January)
  Terrain:
  hilly and mountainous, dropping to a plateau in east, some plains
  Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Lake Tanganyika 772 m
  highest point: Heha 2,670 m
  Natural resources:
  nickel, uranium, rare earth oxides, peat, cobalt, copper, platinum, vanadium, arable land, hydropower, niobium, tantalum, gold, tin, tungsten, kaolin, limestone
  Land use:
  agricultural land: 73.3%
  arable land 38.9%; permanent crops 15.6%; permanent pasture 18.8%
  forest: 6.6%
  other: 20.1% (2011 est.)
  Irrigated land:
  214.3 sq km (2003)
  Total renewable water resources:
  12.54 cu km (2011)
  Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
  total: 0.29 cu km/yr (15%/5%/79%)
  per capita: 43.27 cu m/yr (2005)
  Natural hazards:
  flooding; landslides; drought
  Environment - current issues:
  soil erosion as a result of overgrazing and the expansion of agriculture into marginal lands; deforestation (little forested land remains because of uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel); habitat loss threatens wildlife populations
  Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea
  Geography - note:
  landlocked; straddles crest of the Nile-Congo watershed; the Kagera, which drains into Lake Victoria, is the most remote headstream of the White Nile

- ## People and Society :: BURUNDI

- Nationality:
  noun: Burundian(s)
  adjective: Burundian
  Ethnic groups:
  Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%, Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000
  Languages:
  Kirundi 29.7% (official), Kirundi and other language 9.1%, French (official) and French and other language 0.3%, Swahili and Swahili and other language 0.2% (along Lake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area), English and English and other language 0.06%, more than 2 languages 3.7%, unspecified 56.9% (2008 est.)
  Religions:
  Catholic 62.1%, Protestant 23.9% (includes Adventist 2.3% and other Protestant 21.6%), Muslim 2.5%, other 3.6%, unspecified 7.9% (2008 est.)
  Population:
  10,742,276
  note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 86
  Age structure:
  0-14 years: 45.64% (male 2,464,695/female 2,437,923)
  15-24 years: 19.23% (male 1,030,773/female 1,035,478)
  25-54 years: 28.67% (male 1,536,089/female 1,543,356)
  55-64 years: 3.94% (male 198,384/female 224,563)
  65 years and over: 2.52% (male 115,187/female 155,828) (2015 est.)
  population pyramid:
  Dependency ratios:
  total dependency ratio: 89.7%
  youth dependency ratio: 85%
  elderly dependency ratio: 4.7%
  potential support ratio: 21.3% (2015 est.)
  Median age:
  total: 17 years
  male: 16.8 years
  female: 17.2 years (2015 est.)
  Population growth rate:
  3.28% (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 3
  Birth rate:
  42.01 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 6
  Death rate:
  9.27 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 62
  Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 103
  Urbanization:
  urban population: 12.1% of total population (2015)
  rate of urbanization: 5.66% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
  Major urban areas - population:
  BUJUMBURA (capital) 751,000 (2015)
  Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
  0-14 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
  15-24 years: 1 male(s)/female
  25-54 years: 1 male(s)/female
  55-64 years: 0.88 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2015 est.)
  Infant mortality rate:
  total: 61.89 deaths/1,000 live births
  male: 68.55 deaths/1,000 live births
  female: 55.04 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 20
  Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 60.09 years
  male: 58.45 years
  female: 61.78 years (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 197
  Total fertility rate:
  6.09 children born/woman (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 2
  Contraceptive prevalence rate:
  21.9% (2010/11)
  Health expenditures:
  8% of GDP (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 56
  Hospital bed density:
  1.9 beds/1,000 population (2011)
  Drinking water source:
  improved:
  urban: 91.1% of population
  rural: 73.8% of population
  total: 75.9% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 8.9% of population
  rural: 26.2% of population
  total: 24.1% of population (2015 est.)
  Sanitation facility access:
  improved:
  urban: 43.8% of population
  rural: 48.6% of population
  total: 48% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 56.2% of population
  rural: 51.4% of population
  total: 52% of population (2015 est.)
  HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  1.11% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 43
  HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  84,700 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 45
  HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  3,900 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 37
  Major infectious diseases:
  degree of risk: very high
  food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
  vectorborne diseases: malaria and dengue fever
  water contact disease: schistosomiasis
  animal contact disease: rabies (2013)
  Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
  2.1% (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 176
  Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
  29.1% (2011)
  country comparison to the world: 16
  Education expenditures:
  5.8% of GDP (2012)
  country comparison to the world: 50
  Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 85.6%
  male: 88.2%
  female: 83.1% (2015 est.)
  School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
  total: 10 years
  male: 11 years
  female: 10 years (2010)
  Child labor - children ages 5-14:
  total number: 433,187
  percentage: 19% (2005 est.)

- ## Government :: BURUNDI

- Country name:
  conventional long form: Republic of Burundi
  conventional short form: Burundi
  local long form: Republique du Burundi/Republika y'u Burundi
  local short form: Burundi
  former: Urundi
  Government type:
  republic
  Capital:
  name: Bujumbura
  geographic coordinates: 3 22 S, 29 21 E
  time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
  Administrative divisions:
  18 provinces; Bubanza, Bujumbura Mairie, Bujumbura Rural, Bururi, Cankuzo, Cibitoke, Gitega, Karuzi, Kayanza, Kirundo, Makamba, Muramvya, Muyinga, Mwaro, Ngozi, Rumonge, Rutana, Ruyigi
  Independence:
  1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration)
  National holiday:
  Independence Day, 1 July (1962)
  Constitution:
  several previous; latest ratified by popular referendum 28 February 2005 (2012)
  Legal system:
  mixed legal system of Belgian civil law and customary law
  International law organization participation:
  has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
  Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
  Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Pierre NKURUNZIZA (since 26 August 2005); First Vice President Prosper BAZOMBAZA (since 13 February 2014); Second Vice President Gervais RUFYIKIRI (since 29 August 2010); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
  head of government: President Pierre NKURUNZIZA (since 26 August 2005); First Vice President Prosper BAZOMBAZA (since 13 February 2014); Second Vice President Gervais RUFYIKIRI (since 29 August 2010)
  cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by president
  elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 21 July 2015(next to be held in 2020); vice presidents nominated by the president, endorsed by Parliament
  election results: Pierre NKURUNZIZA reelected president; percent of vote - Pierre NKURUNZIZA (CNDD-FDD ) 69.4%, Agathon RWASA (National Liberation Forces) 19%, other 11.6%
  Legislative branch:
  description: bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of the Senate (54 seats; 34 members indirectly elected by an electoral college of provincial councils using a two-thirds majority vote and 20 seats reserved for former heads of state; members serve 5-year terms) and the National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (100 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote with a required ethnic mix of 60 percent Hutu and 40 percent Tutsi, and at least 30 percent women; members serve 5-year terms)
  elections: last held on 23 July 2010 (next to be held on 26 June 2015); note - legislative election delayed because of unrest
  election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - CNDD-FDD 81.2%, UPRONA 11.6%, FRODEBU 5.9%, other 1.3%; seats by party - CNDD-FDD 81, UPRONA 17, FRODEBU 5, other 3
  Judicial branch:
  highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of 9 judges and organized into judicial, administrative, and cassation chambers)
  judge selection and term of office: judges nominated by the Judicial Service Commission, a 15-member independent body of judicial and legal profession officials); judges appointed by the president with the approval of the Senate; judge tenure NA
  subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; County Courts; Courts of Residence
  Political parties and leaders:
  governing parties:
  Burundi Democratic Front or FRODEBU [Leonce NGENDAKUMANA]
  National Council for the Defense of Democracy - Front for the Defense of Democracy or CNDD-FDD [Jeremie NGENDAKUMANA]
  National Liberation Forces or FNL [Agathon RWASA]
  Union for National Progress (Union pour le Progress Nationale) or UPRONA [Bonaventure NIYOYANKANA]
  note: a multiparty system introduced in 1998 includes:
  National Council for the Defense of Democracy or CNDD [Leonard NYANGOMA]
  National Resistance Movement for the Rehabilitation of the Citizen or MRC-Rurenzangemero [Epitace BANYAGANAKANDI]
  Party for National Redress or PARENA [Jean-Baptiste BAGAZA]
  Political pressure groups and leaders:
  Forum for the Strengthening of Civil Society or FORSC [Pacifique NININAHAZWE] (civil society umbrella organization)
  Observatoire de lutte contre la corruption et les malversations economiques or OLUCOME [Gabriel RUFYIRI] (anti-corruption pressure group)
  other: Hutu and Tutsi militias (loosely organized)
  International organization participation:
  ACP, AfDB, AU, CEMAC, CEPGL, CICA, COMESA, EAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
  Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Ernest NDABASHINZE (since 21 May 2014)
  chancery: 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Suite 408, Washington, DC 20007
  telephone: [1] (202) 342-2574
  FAX: [1] (202) 342-2578
  Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Dawn M. LIBERI (since 10 July 2012)
  embassy: Avenue des Etats-Unis, Bujumbura
  mailing address: B. P. 1720, Bujumbura
  telephone: [257] 22-207-000
  FAX: [257] 22-222-926
  Flag description:
  divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and bottom) and green panels (hoist side and fly side) with a white disk superimposed at the center bearing three red six-pointed stars outlined in green arranged in a triangular design (one star above, two stars below); green symbolizes hope and optimism, white purity and peace, and red the blood shed in the struggle for independence; the three stars in the disk represent the three major ethnic groups: Hutu, Twa, Tutsi, as well as the three elements in the national motto: unity, work, progress
  National symbol(s):
  lion; national colors: red, white, green
  National anthem:
  name: "Burundi Bwacu" (Our Beloved Burundi)
  lyrics/music: Jean-Baptiste NTAHOKAJA/Marc BARENGAYABO
  note: adopted 1962

- ## Economy :: BURUNDI

- Economy - overview:
  Burundi is a landlocked, resource-poor country with an underdeveloped manufacturing sector. The economy is predominantly agricultural; agriculture accounts for just over 40% of GDP and employs more than 90% of the population. Burundi's primary exports are coffee and tea, which account for 90% of foreign exchange earnings, though exports are a relatively small share of GDP. Therefore, Burundi's export earnings - and its ability to pay for imports - rests primarily on weather conditions and international coffee and tea prices. An ethnic-based war that lasted until 2005 resulted in more than 200,000 deaths, forced more than 48,000 refugees into Tanzania, and displaced 140,000 others internally. Food, medicine, and electricity remain in short supply. Burundi's GDP grew around 4% annually in 2006-14. Political stability and the end of the civil war have improved aid flows and economic activity has increased, but underlying weaknesses - a high poverty rate, poor education rates, a weak legal system, a poor transportation network, overburdened utilities, and low administrative capacity - risk undermining planned economic reforms. Government corruption is hindering the development of a healthy private sector as companies have to deal with ever changing rules. The purchasing power of most Burundians has decreased as wage increases have not kept up with inflation. Burundi will remain heavily dependent on aid from bilateral and multilateral donors - foreign aid represents 42% of Burundi's national income, the second highest rate in Sub-Saharan Africa. Burundi joined the East African Community (EAC) in 2009, and regional infrastructure improvements driven by the EAC and funded by the World Bank may help improve Burundi’s transport connections and lower transportation costs.
  GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $8.378 billion (2014 est.)
  $7.999 billion (2013 est.)
  $7.657 billion (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 162
  GDP (official exchange rate):
  $3.094 billion (2014 est.)
  GDP - real growth rate:
  4.7% (2014 est.)
  4.5% (2013 est.)
  4% (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 57
  GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $900 (2014 est.)
  $900 (2013 est.)
  $800 (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 226
  Gross national saving:
  2.4% of GDP (2014 est.)
  1.6% of GDP (2013 est.)
  2.7% of GDP (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 167
  GDP - composition, by end use:
  household consumption: 74.6%
  government consumption: 21.9%
  investment in fixed capital: 27.9%
  investment in inventories: -1.7%
  exports of goods and services: 7.1%
  imports of goods and services: -29.6%
  (2014 est.)
  GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
  agriculture: 40.3%
  industry: 17.1%
  services: 42.5% (2014 est.)
  Agriculture - products:
  coffee, cotton, tea, corn, sorghum, sweet potatoes, bananas, cassava (manioc, tapioca); beef, milk, hides
  Industries:
  light consumer goods (blankets, shoes, soap, beer); assembly of imported components; public works construction; food processing
  Industrial production growth rate:
  6% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 37
  Labor force:
  4.806 million (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 87
  Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture: 93.6%
  industry: 2.3%
  services: 4.1% (2002 est.)
  Unemployment rate:
  NA%
  Population below poverty line:
  68% (2002 est.)
  Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 4.1%
  highest 10%: 28% (2006)
  Distribution of family income - Gini index:
  42.4 (1998)
  country comparison to the world: 49
  Budget:
  revenues: $847.3 million
  expenditures: $933.2 million (2014 est.)
  Taxes and other revenues:
  27.9% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 100
  Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
  -2.8% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 105
  Public debt:
  38.6% of GDP (2014 est.)
  38.6% of GDP (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 99
  Fiscal year:
  calendar year
  Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  4.4% (2014 est.)
  7.9% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 161
  Central bank discount rate:
  11.25% (31 December 2010)
  10% (31 December 2009)
  country comparison to the world: 14
  Commercial bank prime lending rate:
  15% (31 December 2014 est.)
  15.15% (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 42
  Stock of narrow money:
  $394.9 million (31 December 2014 est.)
  $375.2 million (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 169
  Stock of broad money:
  $551.4 million (31 December 2014 est.)
  $521.6 million (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 175
  Stock of domestic credit:
  $691.2 million (31 December 2014 est.)
  $617.5 million (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 161
  Market value of publicly traded shares:
  $NA
  Current account balance:
  -$544 million (2014 est.)
  -$562.9 million (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 105
  Exports:
  $113.6 million (2014 est.)
  $91.8 million (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 189
  Exports - commodities:
  coffee, tea, sugar, cotton, hides
  Exports - partners:
  Pakistan 12.7%, Democratic Republic of the Congo 12.6%, Uganda 9.6%, Germany 6.5%, Belgium 5.9%, France 5.6%, Rwanda 5.4%, Sweden 5.1%, US 4.6%, China 4.3%, Sudan 4.2% (2014)
  Imports:
  $873 million (2014 est.)
  $884.3 million (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 184
  Imports - commodities:
  capital goods, petroleum products, foodstuffs
  Imports - partners:
  Saudi Arabia 12.9%, Kenya 11%, Belgium 10.4%, China 8.4%, Tanzania 7.9%, Uganda 6.9%, India 5% (2014)
  Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
  $321.4 million (31 December 2014 est.)
  $329.4 million (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 157
  Debt - external:
  $742.1 million (31 December 2014 est.)
  $705.8 million (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 169
  Exchange rates:
  Burundi francs (BIF) per US dollar -
  1,548.5 (2014 est.)
  1,555.09 (2013 est.)
  1,442.51 (2012 est.)
  1,261.07 (2011 est.)
  1,230.8 (2010 est.)

- ## Energy :: BURUNDI

- Electricity - production:
  152 million kWh (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 190
  Electricity - consumption:
  236.4 million kWh (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 185
  Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 115
  Electricity - imports:
  95 million kWh (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 95
  Electricity - installed generating capacity:
  52,000 kW (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 186
  Electricity - from fossil fuels:
  1.9% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 205
  Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
  0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 59
  Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
  98.1% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 8
  Electricity - from other renewable sources:
  0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 165
  Crude oil - production:
  0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 160
  Crude oil - exports:
  0 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 91
  Crude oil - imports:
  0 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 167
  Crude oil - proved reserves:
  0 bbl (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 113
  Refined petroleum products - production:
  0 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 127
  Refined petroleum products - consumption:
  2,270 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 187
  Refined petroleum products - exports:
  0 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 160
  Refined petroleum products - imports:
  1,429 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 188
  Natural gas - production:
  0 cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 111
  Natural gas - consumption:
  0 cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 125
  Natural gas - exports:
  0 cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 70
  Natural gas - imports:
  0 cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 168
  Natural gas - proved reserves:
  0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 118
  Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
  315,100 Mt (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 191

- ## Communications :: BURUNDI

- Telephones - fixed lines:
  total subscriptions: 21,700
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: less than 1 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 182
  Telephones - mobile cellular:
  total: 3.2 million
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 31 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 138
  Telephone system:
  general assessment: sparse system of open-wire, radiotelephone communications, and low-capacity microwave radio relays
  domestic: telephone density one of the lowest in the world; fixed-line connections stand at well less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular usage is increasing but remains at roughly 20 per 100 persons
  international: country code - 257; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2011)
  Broadcast media:
  state-controlled La Radiodiffusion et Television Nationale de Burundi (RTNB) operates the lone TV station and the only national radio network; about 10 privately owned radio stations; transmissions of several international broadcasters are available in Bujumbura (2007)
  Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 0, FM 4, shortwave 1 (2001)
  Television broadcast stations:
  1 (2001)
  Internet country code:
  .bi
  Internet users:
  total: 144,500
  percent of population: 1.4% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 165

- ## Transportation :: BURUNDI

- Airports:
  7 (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 165
  Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 1
  over 3,047 m: 1 (2013)
  Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 6
  914 to 1,523 m: 4
  under 914 m:
  2 (2013)
  Heliports:
  1 (2012)
  Roadways:
  total: 12,322 km
  paved: 1,286 km
  unpaved: 11,036 km (2004)
  country comparison to the world: 127
  Waterways:
  (mainly on Lake Tanganyika between Bujumbura, Burundi's principal port, and lake ports in Tanzania, Zambia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo) (2011)
  Ports and terminals:
  lake port(s): Bujumbura (Lake Tanganyika)

- ## Military :: BURUNDI

- Military branches:
  National Defense Forces (Forces de Defense Nationale, FDN): Army (includes maritime wing, Air Wing), National Gendarmerie (2013)
  Military service age and obligation:
  18 years of age for voluntary military service; the armed forces law of 31 December 2004 did not specify a minimum age for enlistment, but the government claimed that no one younger than 18 was being recruited; mandatory retirement age 45 (enlisted), 50 (NCOs), and 55 (officers) (2012)
  Manpower available for military service:
  males age 16-49: 2,182,327
  females age 16-49: 2,202,125 (2010 est.)
  Manpower fit for military service:
  males age 16-49: 1,398,769
  females age 16-49: 1,481,417 (2010 est.)
  Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
  male: 117,956
  female: 116,956 (2010 est.)
  Military expenditures:
  2.39% of GDP (2012)
  NA% (2011)
  2.39% of GDP (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 32

- ## Transnational Issues :: BURUNDI

- Disputes - international:
  Burundi and Rwanda dispute two sq km (0.8 sq mi) of Sabanerwa, a farmed area in the Rukurazi Valley where the Akanyaru/Kanyaru River shifted its course southward after heavy rains in 1965; cross-border conflicts persist among Tutsi, Hutu, other ethnic groups, associated political rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces in the Great Lakes region
  Refugees and internally displaced persons:
  refugees (country of origin): 54,011 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (2015)
  IDPs: 79,200 (the majority are ethnic Tutsi displaced by inter-communal violence that broke out after the 1993 coup and fighting between government forces and rebel groups; no new displacements since 2008 when the last rebel group laid down its arms) (2015)
  stateless persons: 1,302 (2014)
  Trafficking in persons:
  current situation: Burundi is a source country for children and possibly women subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; business people recruit Burundian girls for prostitution domestically, as well as in Rwanda, Kenya, Uganda, and the Middle East, and recruit boys and girls for forced labor in Burundi and Tanzania; children and young adults are coerced into forced labor in farming, mining, construction, informal commerce, or fishing; some family members, friends, and neighbors are complicit in exploiting children, luring them in with offers of educational or job opportunities
  tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List – Burundi does not comply fully with the minimum standards for the elimination of human trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government has a written plan that, if implemented, would constitute a significant effort toward meeting the minimum standards for eliminating human trafficking; in 2013, the government established a national coordinating body to oversee anti-trafficking efforts, completed a national action plan, and worked to finalize anti-trafficking legislation; law enforcement efforts remained modest, and investigations focused on transnational trafficking; most victim assistance continued to be provided by NGOs without government support; a system for identifying victims among vulnerable populations and referring victims to care providers was not finalized (2014)

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