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East & Southeast Asia :: Cambodia

- ## Introduction :: CAMBODIA

- Background:
  Most Cambodians consider themselves to be Khmers, descendants of the Angkor Empire that extended over much of Southeast Asia and reached its zenith between the 10th and 13th centuries. Attacks by the Thai and Cham (from present-day Vietnam) weakened the empire, ushering in a long period of decline. The king placed the country under French protection in 1863, and it became part of French Indochina in 1887. Following Japanese occupation in World War II, Cambodia gained full independence from France in 1953. In April 1975, after a five-year struggle, communist Khmer Rouge forces captured Phnom Penh and evacuated all cities and towns. At least 1.5 million Cambodians died from execution, forced hardships, or starvation during the Khmer Rouge regime under POL POT. A December 1978 Vietnamese invasion drove the Khmer Rouge into the countryside, began a 10-year Vietnamese occupation, and touched off almost 13 years of civil war.
  The 1991 Paris Peace Accords mandated democratic elections and a cease-fire, which was not fully respected by the Khmer Rouge. UN-sponsored elections in 1993 helped restore some semblance of normalcy under a coalition government. Factional fighting in 1997 ended the first coalition government, but a second round of national elections in 1998 led to the formation of another coalition government and renewed political stability. The remaining elements of the Khmer Rouge surrendered in early 1999. Some of the surviving Khmer Rouge leaders have been tried or are awaiting trial for crimes against humanity by a hybrid UN-Cambodian tribunal supported by international assistance. Elections in July 2003 were relatively peaceful, but it took one year of negotiations between contending political parties before a coalition government was formed. In October 2004, King Norodom SIHANOUK abdicated the throne and his son, Prince Norodom SIHAMONI, was selected to succeed him. The most recent local (Commune Council) elections were held in Cambodia in 2012, with little of the preelection violence that preceded prior elections. National elections in July 2013 were disputed, with the opposition - the Cambodian National Rescue Party (CNRP) - boycotting the National Assembly. The political impasse was ended nearly a year later, with the CNRP agreeing to enter parliament in exchange for ruling party commitments to electoral and legislative reforms.

- ## Geography :: CAMBODIA

- Location:
  Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos
  Geographic coordinates:
  13 00 N, 105 00 E
  Map references:
  Southeast Asia
  Area:
  total: 181,035 sq km
  land: 176,515 sq km
  water: 4,520 sq km
  country comparison to the world: 90
  Area - comparative:
  slightly smaller than Oklahoma
  Land boundaries:
  total: 2,530 km
  border countries (3): Laos 555 km, Thailand 817 km, Vietnam 1,158 km
  Coastline:
  443 km
  Maritime claims:
  territorial sea: 12 nm
  contiguous zone: 24 nm
  exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
  continental shelf: 200 nm
  Climate:
  tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation
  Terrain:
  mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north
  Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Gulf of Thailand 0 m
  highest point: Phnum Aoral 1,810 m
  Natural resources:
  oil and gas, timber, gemstones, iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower potential, arable land
  Land use:
  agricultural land: 32.1%
  arable land 22.7%; permanent crops 0.9%; permanent pasture 8.5%
  forest: 56.5%
  other: 11.4% (2011 est.)
  Irrigated land:
  3,536 sq km (2006)
  Total renewable water resources:
  476.1 cu km (2011)
  Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
  total: 2.18 cu km/yr (4%/2%/94%)
  per capita: 159.8 cu m/yr (2006)
  Natural hazards:
  monsoonal rains (June to November); flooding; occasional droughts
  Environment - current issues:
  illegal logging activities throughout the country and strip mining for gems in the western region along the border with Thailand have resulted in habitat loss and declining biodiversity (in particular, destruction of mangrove swamps threatens natural fisheries); soil erosion; in rural areas, most of the population does not have access to potable water; declining fish stocks because of illegal fishing and overfishing
  Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
  signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea
  Geography - note:
  a land of paddies and forests dominated by the Mekong River and Tonle Sap (Southeast Asia's largest freshwater lake)

- ## People and Society :: CAMBODIA

- Nationality:
  noun: Cambodian(s)
  adjective: Cambodian
  Ethnic groups:
  Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%
  Languages:
  Khmer (official) 96.3%, other 3.7% (2008 est.)
  Religions:
  Buddhist (official) 96.9%, Muslim 1.9%, Christian 0.4%, other 0.8% (2008 est.)
  Population:
  15,708,756
  note: estimates for this country take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 69
  Age structure:
  0-14 years: 31.43% (male 2,489,964/female 2,447,645)
  15-24 years: 19.71% (male 1,532,016/female 1,564,240)
  25-54 years: 39.61% (male 3,043,676/female 3,178,825)
  55-64 years: 5.2% (male 315,741/female 501,544)
  65 years and over: 4.04% (male 238,840/female 396,265) (2015 est.)
  population pyramid:
  Dependency ratios:
  total dependency ratio: 55.6%
  youth dependency ratio: 49.2%
  elderly dependency ratio: 6.4%
  potential support ratio: 15.6% (2015 est.)
  Median age:
  total: 24.5 years
  male: 23.8 years
  female: 25.2 years (2015 est.)
  Population growth rate:
  1.58% (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 76
  Birth rate:
  23.83 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 61
  Death rate:
  7.68 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 108
  Net migration rate:
  -0.32 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 129
  Urbanization:
  urban population: 20.7% of total population (2015)
  rate of urbanization: 2.65% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
  Major urban areas - population:
  PHNOM PENH (capital) 1.731 million (2015)
  Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
  0-14 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
  15-24 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
  25-54 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
  55-64 years: 0.63 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.6 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2015 est.)
  Infant mortality rate:
  total: 50.04 deaths/1,000 live births
  male: 56.69 deaths/1,000 live births
  female: 43.11 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 36
  Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 64.14 years
  male: 61.69 years
  female: 66.7 years (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 180
  Total fertility rate:
  2.6 children born/woman (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 75
  Contraceptive prevalence rate:
  50.5% (2010/11)
  Health expenditures:
  7.5% of GDP (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 127
  Physicians density:
  0.17 physicians/1,000 population (2012)
  Hospital bed density:
  0.7 beds/1,000 population (2011)
  Drinking water source:
  improved:
  urban: 100% of population
  rural: 69.1% of population
  total: 75.5% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 0% of population
  rural: 30.9% of population
  total: 24.5% of population (2015 est.)
  Sanitation facility access:
  improved:
  urban: 88.1% of population
  rural: 30.5% of population
  total: 42.4% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 11.9% of population
  rural: 69.5% of population
  total: 57.6% of population (2015 est.)
  HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  0.64% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 59
  HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  74,600 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 49
  HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  2,600 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 49
  Major infectious diseases:
  degree of risk: very high
  food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
  vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, and malaria
  note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)
  Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
  2.9% (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 183
  Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
  29% (2011)
  country comparison to the world: 18
  Education expenditures:
  2.6% of GDP (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 152
  Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 77.2%
  male: 84.5%
  female: 70.5% (2015 est.)
  School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
  total: 11 years
  male: 12 years
  female: 10 years (2008)
  Child labor - children ages 5-14:
  total number: 1,345,269
  percentage: 39% (2001 est.)
  Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
  total: 3.4%
  male: 3.5%
  female: 3.3% (2008 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 130

- ## Government :: CAMBODIA

- Country name:
  conventional long form: Kingdom of Cambodia
  conventional short form: Cambodia
  local long form: Preahreacheanachakr Kampuchea (phonetic pronunciation)
  local short form: Kampuchea
  former: Khmer Republic, Democratic Kampuchea, People's Republic of Kampuchea, State of Cambodia
  Government type:
  multiparty democracy under a constitutional monarchy
  Capital:
  name: Phnom Penh
  geographic coordinates: 11 33 N, 104 55 E
  time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
  Administrative divisions:
  24 provinces (khett, singular and plural) and 1 municipality (krong, singular and plural)
  provinces: Banteay Meanchey, Battambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Speu, Kampong Thom, Kampot, Kandal, Kep, Koh Kong, Kratie, Mondolkiri, Oddar Meanchey, Pailin, Preah Vihear, Prey Veng, Pursat, Ratanakiri, Siem Reap, Sihanoukville, Stung Treng, Svay Rieng, Takeo, Tbong Khmum
  municipalities: Phnom Penh (Phnum Penh)
  Independence:
  9 November 1953 (from France)
  National holiday:
  Independence Day, 9 November (1953)
  Constitution:
  previous 1947; latest promulgated 21 September 1993; amended 1999, 2008; last in 2014 (2015)
  Legal system:
  civil law system (influenced by the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia) customary law, Communist legal theory, and common law
  International law organization participation:
  accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
  Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
  Executive branch:
  chief of state: King Norodom SIHAMONI (since 29 October 2004)
  head of government: Prime Minister HUN SEN (since 14 January 1985); Permanent Deputy Prime Minister MEN SAM AN (since 25 September 2008); Deputy Prime Ministers SAR KHENG (since 3 February 1992), SOK AN, TEA BANH, HOR NAMHONG, NHEK BUNCHHAY (all since 16 July 2004), BIN CHHIN (since 5 September 2007), KEAT CHHON, YIM CHHAI LY (since 24 September 2008), KE KIMYAN (since 12 March 2009)
  cabinet: Council of Ministers named by the prime minister and appointed by the monarch
  elections/appointments: monarch chosen by the 9-member, Royal Council of the Throne from among all eligible males of royal descent; following legislative elections, a member of the majority party or majority coalition named prime minister by the Chairman of the National Assembly and appointed by the monarch
  Legislative branch:
  description: bicameral Parliament of Cambodia consists of the Senate (61 seats; 57 indirectly elected by parliamentarians and commune councils, 2 indirectly elected by the National Assembly, and 2 appointed by the monarch; members serve 6-year terms) and the National Assembly (123 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)
  note: two seats will be added to the National Assembly in 2018, for a total of 125
  elections: Senate - last held on 4 February 2012 (next to be held in February 2018); National Assembly - last held on 28 July 2013 (next to be held in July 2018)
  election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - CPP 77.8%, SRP 22.2%; seats by party - CPP 46, SRP 11; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - CPP 48.8%, CNRP 44.5%, FUNCINPEC 3.9%, other 2.8%; seats by party - CPP 68, CNRP 55
  Judicial branch:
  highest court(s): Supreme Court (organized into 5- and 9-judge panels and includes a court chief and deputy chief); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members); note - in 1997, the Cambodian Government requested UN assistance in establishing trials to prosecute former Khmer Rouge senior leaders for crimes against humanity committed during the 1975-1979 Khmer Rouge regime; the Extraordinary Chambers of the Courts in Cambodia were established and began hearings for the first case in 2009
  judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court and Constitutional Court judge candidates recommended by the Supreme Council of Magistracy, a 9-member body chaired by the monarch and includes other high-level judicial officers; judges of both courts appointed by the monarch; Supreme Court judge tenure NA; Constitutional Court judges appointed for 9-year terms with one-third of the court renewed every 3 years
  subordinate courts: municipal and provincial courts; appellate courts; military court
  Political parties and leaders:
  Cambodian National Rescue Party or CNRP [SAM RANGSI also spelled SAM RAINSY] , a July 2012 merger between the Sam Rangsi Party or SRP and the former Human Rights Party or HRP [KHEM SOKHA, also spelled KEM SOKHA]
  Cambodian People's Party or CPP [CHEA SIM]
  National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia or FUNCINPEC [NORODOM RANARIDDH]
  Nationalist Party or NP former Norodom Ranariddh Party or NRP [SAO RANY]
  Political pressure groups and leaders:
  Partnership for Transparency Fund or PTF (anti-corruption organization)
  Students Movement for Democracy
  The Committee for Free and Fair Elections or Comfrel
  other: human rights organizations; vendors
  International organization participation:
  ADB, ARF, ASEAN, CICA, CICA (observer), EAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MINUSMA, MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
  Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador CHUM Bun Rong (since 3 August 2015)
  chancery: 4530 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011
  telephone: [1] (202) 726-7742
  FAX: [1] (202) 726-8381
  consulate(s) general: Lowell (MA)
  Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador William E. TODD (since 17 April 2012)
  embassy:
  mailing address: Unit 8166, Box P, APO AP 96546
  telephone: [855] (23) 728-000
  FAX: [855] (23) 728-600
  Flag description:
  three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (double width), and blue with a white three-towered temple representing Angkor Wat outlined in black in the center of the red band; red and blue are traditional Cambodian colors
  note: only national flag to incorporate an actual building into its design
  National symbol(s):
  Angkor Wat temple, kouprey (wild ox); national colors: red, blue
  National anthem:
  name: "Nokoreach" (Royal Kingdom)
  lyrics/music: CHUON NAT/F. PERRUCHOT and J. JEKYLL
  note: adopted 1941, restored 1993; the anthem, based on a Cambodian folk tune, was restored after the defeat of the Communist regime

- ## Economy :: CAMBODIA

- Economy - overview:
  Cambodia has experienced strong economic growth over the last decade. Cambodian GDP grew at an average annual rate of over 8% between 2000 and 2010 and over 7% since 2011. The tourism, garment, construction and real estate, and agriculture sectors accounted for the bulk of growth. Around 600,000 people, the majority of whom are women, are employed in the garment and footwear sector. An additional 500,000 Cambodians are employed in the tourism sector, and a further 50,000 people in construction. In 2005, exploitable oil deposits were found beneath Cambodia's territorial waters, representing a potential revenue stream for the government, if commercial extraction becomes feasible. Some of the deposits are located within the so-called overlapping claimed areas with Thailand. However, an unresolved border dispute with Thailand has so far prevented development in those areas. Mining also is attracting some investor interest and the government has touted opportunities for mining bauxite, gold, iron and gems. The tourism industry has continued to grow rapidly with foreign arrivals exceeding 2 million per year since 2007 and reaching around 4.5 million visitors in 2014. Cambodia, nevertheless, remains one of the poorest countries in Asia and long-term economic development remains a daunting challenge, inhibited by endemic corruption, limited educational opportunities, high income inequality, and poor job prospects. As of 2012, approximately 2.66 million people live on less than $1.20 per day, and 37% of Cambodian children under the age of 5 suffer from chronic malnutrition. More than 50% of the population is less than 25 years old. The population lacks education and productive skills, particularly in the impoverished countryside, which also lacks basic infrastructure. The Cambodian Government has been working with bilateral and multilateral donors, including the Asian Development Bank, the World Bank and IMF, to address the country's many pressing needs; more than 30% of the government budget comes from donor assistance. A major economic challenge for Cambodia over the next decade will be fashioning an economic environment in which the private sector can create enough jobs to handle Cambodia's demographic imbalance. Following the 2013 national elections, the government announced a variety of economic and business reforms. The government is also moving forward with new legislation to meet the 2015 deadline for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Economic Community.
  GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $49.96 billion (2014 est.)
  $46.71 billion (2013 est.)
  $43.48 billion (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 109
  GDP (official exchange rate):
  $16.55 billion (2014 est.)
  GDP - real growth rate:
  7% (2014 est.)
  7.4% (2013 est.)
  7.3% (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 16
  GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $3,300 (2014 est.)
  $3,100 (2013 est.)
  $2,800 (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 183
  Gross national saving:
  11.2% of GDP (2014 est.)
  11.3% of GDP (2013 est.)
  12.5% of GDP (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 131
  GDP - composition, by end use:
  household consumption: 77%
  government consumption: 7.3%
  investment in fixed capital: 18.4%
  investment in inventories: 1.5%
  exports of goods and services: 60.8%
  imports of goods and services: -65%
  (2014 est.)
  GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
  agriculture: 32.7%
  industry: 25.5%
  services: 41.8% (2014 est.)
  Agriculture - products:
  rice, rubber, corn, vegetables, cashews, cassava (manioc, tapioca), silk
  Industries:
  tourism, garments, construction, rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber, cement, gem mining, textiles
  Industrial production growth rate:
  9.6% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 14
  Labor force:
  7.974 million (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 60
  Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture: 48.7%
  industry: 19.9%
  services: 31.5% (2013 est.)
  Unemployment rate:
  0.3% (2013 est.)
  0.2% (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 1
  Population below poverty line:
  17.7% (2012 est.)
  Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 2%
  highest 10%: 28% (2013 est.)
  Distribution of family income - Gini index:
  37.9 (2008 est.)
  41.9 (2004 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 72
  Budget:
  revenues: $2.673 billion
  expenditures: $3.386 billion (2014 est.)
  Taxes and other revenues:
  15.8% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 176
  Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
  -4.2% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 86
  Public debt:
  33.9% of GDP (2014 est.)
  33.4% of GDP (2013 est.)
  Fiscal year:
  calendar year
  Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  1.2% (2014 est.)
  4.6% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 71
  Central bank discount rate:
  NA% (31 December 2012)
  5.25% (31 December 2007)
  Commercial bank prime lending rate:
  12.6% (31 December 2014 est.)
  12.8% (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 62
  Stock of narrow money:
  $1.354 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $1.194 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 145
  Stock of broad money:
  $9.918 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $8.236 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 106
  Stock of domestic credit:
  $7.37 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $6.184 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 112
  Market value of publicly traded shares:
  $NA
  Current account balance:
  -$1.853 billion (2014 est.)
  -$1.639 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 144
  Exports:
  $7.569 billion (2014 est.)
  $6.89 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 107
  Exports - commodities:
  clothing, timber, rubber, rice, fish, tobacco, footwear
  Exports - partners:
  US 24.1%, UK 8.7%, Germany 8.1%, Canada 7%, Japan 6.5%, Vietnam 5.3%, Thailand 5%, Netherlands 4.6%, China 4.1% (2014)
  Imports:
  $10.58 billion (2014 est.)
  $9.489 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 102
  Imports - commodities:
  petroleum products, cigarettes, gold, construction materials, machinery, motor vehicles, pharmaceutical products
  Imports - partners:
  Thailand 28.1%, China 20.6%, Vietnam 16.8%, Singapore 7%, Hong Kong 5.7%, South Korea 4.1% (2014)
  Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
  $5.801 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $4.995 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 90
  Debt - external:
  $5.631 billion (2014 est.)
  $5.124 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 116
  Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
  $29.17 billion (2014 est.)
  Exchange rates:
  riels (KHR) per US dollar -
  4,075 (2014 est.)
  3,995 (2013 est.)
  4,033 (2012 est.)
  4,058.5 (2011 est.)
  4,184.9 (2010 est.)

- ## Energy :: CAMBODIA

- Electricity - production:
  1.77 billion kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 146
  Electricity - consumption:
  3.553 billion kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 137
  Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 116
  Electricity - imports:
  2.282 billion kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 61
  Electricity - installed generating capacity:
  949,000 kW (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 124
  Electricity - from fossil fuels:
  32.7% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 127
  Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
  0% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 60
  Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
  57.4% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 63
  Electricity - from other renewable sources:
  10% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 88
  Crude oil - production:
  0.5 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 125
  Crude oil - exports:
  0 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 92
  Crude oil - imports:
  0 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 168
  Crude oil - proved reserves:
  0 bbl (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 114
  Refined petroleum products - production:
  0 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 128
  Refined petroleum products - consumption:
  47,490 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 105
  Refined petroleum products - exports:
  0 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 161
  Refined petroleum products - imports:
  26,250 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 96
  Natural gas - production:
  0 cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 112
  Natural gas - consumption:
  0 cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 126
  Natural gas - exports:
  0 cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 71
  Natural gas - imports:
  0 cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 169
  Natural gas - proved reserves:
  0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 119
  Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
  6.5 million Mt (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 118

- ## Communications :: CAMBODIA

- Telephones - fixed lines:
  total subscriptions: 440,000
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 3 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 99
  Telephones - mobile cellular:
  total: 23.9 million
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 155 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 48
  Telephone system:
  general assessment: adequate fixed-line and/or cellular service in Phnom Penh and other provincial cities; mobile-cellular phone systems are widely used in urban areas to bypass deficiencies in the fixed-line network; mobile-phone coverage is rapidly expanding in rural areas
  domestic: fixed-line connections stand at about 4 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular usage, aided by competition among service providers, is increasing rapidly and stands at 92 per 100 persons
  international: country code - 855; adequate but expensive landline and cellular service available to all countries from Phnom Penh and major provincial cities; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region) (2011)
  Broadcast media:
  mixture of state-owned, joint public-private, and privately owned broadcast media; 9 TV broadcast stations with most operating on multiple channels, including 1 state-operated station broadcasting from multiple locations, 6 stations either jointly operated or privately owned with some broadcasting from several locations, and 2 TV relay stations - one relaying a French TV station and the other relaying a Vietnamese TV station; multi-channel cable and satellite systems are available; roughly 50 radio broadcast stations - 1 state-owned broadcaster with multiple stations and a large mixture of public and private broadcasters; several international broadcasters are available (2009)
  Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 1, FM 50, shortwave NA (2008)
  Television broadcast stations:
  9 (2009)
  Internet country code:
  .kh
  Internet users:
  total: 831,700
  percent of population: 5.4% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 124

- ## Transportation :: CAMBODIA

- Airports:
  16 (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 142
  Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 6
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
  914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2013)
  Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 10
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
  914 to 1,523 m: 7
  under 914 m:
  1 (2013)
  Heliports:
  1 (2013)
  Railways:
  total: 642 km
  narrow gauge: 642 km 1.000-m gauge
  note: under restoration (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 102
  Roadways:
  total: 44,709 km
  paved: 3,607 km
  unpaved: 41,102 km (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 88
  Waterways:
  3,700 km (mainly on Mekong River) (2012)
  country comparison to the world: 28
  Merchant marine:
  total: 544
  by type: bulk carrier 38, cargo 459, carrier 7, chemical tanker 4, container 4, liquefied gas 1, passenger 1, passenger/cargo 6, petroleum tanker 8, refrigerated cargo 11, roll on/roll off 4, vehicle carrier 1
  foreign-owned: 352 (Belgium 1, Canada 2, China 177, Cyprus 4, Egypt 4, Estonia 1, French Polynesia 1, Gabon 1, Greece 2, Hong Kong 10, Indonesia 2, Ireland 1, Japan 1, Lebanon 5, Russia 50, Singapore 3, South Korea 10, Syria 22, Taiwan 1, Turkey 15, UAE 2, UK 1, Ukraine 35, Vietnam 1) (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 21
  Ports and terminals:
  major seaport(s): Sihanoukville (Kampong Saom)
  river port(s): Phnom Penh (Mekong)

- ## Military :: CAMBODIA

- Military branches:
  Royal Cambodian Armed Forces: Royal Cambodian Army, Royal Khmer Navy, Royal Cambodian Air Force (2013)
  Military service age and obligation:
  18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory and voluntary military service (2012)
  Manpower available for military service:
  males age 16-49: 3,883,724
  females age 16-49: 4,003,585 (2010 est.)
  Manpower fit for military service:
  males age 16-49: 2,638,167
  females age 16-49: 2,965,328 (2010 est.)
  Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
  male: 151,143
  female: 154,542 (2010 est.)
  Military expenditures:
  2% of GDP (2015 est.)
  1.8% of GDP (2014)
  1.58% of GDP (2013)
  1.54% of GDP (2012)
  1.5% of GDP (2011)
  country comparison to the world: 60

- ## Transnational Issues :: CAMBODIA

- Disputes - international:
  Cambodia is concerned about Laos' extensive upstream dam construction; Cambodia and Thailand dispute sections of boundary; in 2011 Thailand and Cambodia resorted to arms in the dispute over the location of the boundary on the precipice surmounted by Preah Vihear Temple ruins, awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in 1962 and part of a UN World Heritage site; Cambodia accuses Vietnam of a wide variety of illicit cross-border activities; progress on a joint development area with Vietnam is hampered by an unresolved dispute over sovereignty of offshore islands
  Trafficking in persons:
  current situation: Cambodia is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; Cambodian men, women, and children migrate to countries within the region and, increasingly, Africa for legitimate work but are subsequently subjected to sex trafficking, domestic servitude, debt bondage, or forced labor, often in the fishing industry; poor Cambodian children are subject to forced labor, including domestic servitude and forced begging, in Thailand and Vietnam; Cambodian and ethnic Vietnamese women and girls are trafficked from rural areas to urban centers for sexual exploitation; Cambodian men are the main exploiters of child prostitutes, but men from other Asian countries, the US, and Europe travel to Cambodia for child sex tourism
  tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Cambodia does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; in 2013, the government drafted and implemented a pilot program to test a standardized, nationwide system for identifying victims of vulnerable groups; authorities prosecuted and convicted fewer trafficking offenders and identified fewer victims than in the previous year; corruption continued to impede anti-trafficking endeavors; victims were systematically referred to NGO shelters, which provide the majority of services to those in need, but the lack of available long-term care made victims, particularly children, vulnerable to re-trafficking; efforts to punish fraudulent labor recruiters declined (2014)
  Illicit drugs:
  narcotics-related corruption reportedly involving some in the government, military, and police; limited methamphetamine production; vulnerable to money laundering due to its cash-based economy and porous borders

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