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Europe :: Romania

- ## Introduction :: ROMANIA

- Background:
  The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia - for centuries under the suzerainty of the Turkish Ottoman Empire - secured their autonomy in 1856; they were de facto linked in 1859 and formally united in 1862 under the new name of Romania. The country gained recognition of its independence in 1878. It joined the Allied Powers in World War I and acquired new territories - most notably Transylvania - following the conflict. In 1940, Romania allied with the Axis powers and participated in the 1941 German invasion of the USSR. Three years later, overrun by the Soviets, Romania signed an armistice. The post-war Soviet occupation led to the formation of a communist "people's republic" in 1947 and the abdication of the king. The decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took power in 1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly oppressive and draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown and executed in late 1989. Former communists dominated the government until 1996 when they were swept from power. Romania joined NATO in 2004 and the EU in 2007.

- ## Geography :: ROMANIA

- Location:
  Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine
  Geographic coordinates:
  46 00 N, 25 00 E
  Map references:
  Europe
  Area:
  total: 238,391 sq km
  land: 229,891 sq km
  water: 8,500 sq km
  country comparison to the world: 83
  Area - comparative:
  slightly smaller than Oregon
  Land boundaries:
  total: 2,844 km
  border countries (5): Bulgaria 605 km, Hungary 424 km, Moldova 683 km, Serbia 531 km, Ukraine 601 km
  Coastline:
  225 km
  Maritime claims:
  territorial sea: 12 nm
  contiguous zone: 24 nm
  exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
  continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
  Climate:
  temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms
  Terrain:
  central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Moldavian Plateau on the east by the Eastern Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps
  Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Black Sea 0 m
  highest point: Moldoveanu 2,544 m
  Natural resources:
  petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower
  Land use:
  agricultural land: 60.7%
  arable land 39.1%; permanent crops 1.9%; permanent pasture 19.7%
  forest: 28.7%
  other: 10.6% (2011 est.)
  Irrigated land:
  6,153 sq km (2007)
  Total renewable water resources:
  211.9 cu km (2011)
  Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
  total: 6.88 cu km/yr (22%/61%/17%)
  per capita: 320.8 cu m/yr (2009)
  Natural hazards:
  earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides
  Environment - current issues:
  soil erosion and degradation; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands
  Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
  Geography - note:
  controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine

- ## People and Society :: ROMANIA

- Nationality:
  noun: Romanian(s)
  adjective: Romanian
  Ethnic groups:
  Romanian 83.4%, Hungarian 6.1%, Roma 3.1%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.2%, other 0.7%, unspecified 6.1% (2011 est.)
  Languages:
  Romanian (official) 85.4%, Hungarian 6.3%, Romany (Gypsy) 1.2%, other 1%, unspecified 6.1% (2011 est.)
  Religions:
  Eastern Orthodox (including all sub-denominations) 81.9%, Protestant (various denominations including Reformed and Pentecostal) 6.4%, Roman Catholic 4.3%, other (includes Muslim) 0.9%, none or atheist 0.2%, unspecified 6.3% (2011 est.)
  Population:
  21,666,350 (July 2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 58
  Age structure:
  0-14 years: 14.49% (male 1,612,090/female 1,526,432)
  15-24 years: 10.94% (male 1,215,309/female 1,154,618)
  25-54 years: 45.92% (male 5,030,926/female 4,919,140)
  55-64 years: 12.92% (male 1,308,475/female 1,491,858)
  65 years and over: 15.73% (male 1,376,634/female 2,030,868) (2015 est.)
  population pyramid:
  Dependency ratios:
  total dependency ratio: 48.9%
  youth dependency ratio: 23.1%
  elderly dependency ratio: 25.8%
  potential support ratio: 3.9% (2015 est.)
  Median age:
  total: 40.2 years
  male: 38.8 years
  female: 41.7 years (2015 est.)
  Population growth rate:
  -0.3% (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 220
  Birth rate:
  9.14 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 208
  Death rate:
  11.9 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 27
  Net migration rate:
  -0.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 122
  Urbanization:
  urban population: 54.6% of total population (2015)
  rate of urbanization: 0.01% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
  Major urban areas - population:
  BUCHAREST (capital) 1.868 million (2015)
  Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
  0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
  15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
  25-54 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
  55-64 years: 0.88 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2015 est.)
  Infant mortality rate:
  total: 9.89 deaths/1,000 live births
  male: 11.23 deaths/1,000 live births
  female: 8.47 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 139
  Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 74.92 years
  male: 71.46 years
  female: 78.59 years (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 109
  Total fertility rate:
  1.33 children born/woman (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 215
  Contraceptive prevalence rate:
  69.8%
  note: percent of women aged 18-49 (2005)
  Health expenditures:
  5.3% of GDP (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 138
  Physicians density:
  2.45 physicians/1,000 population (2012)
  Hospital bed density:
  6.1 beds/1,000 population (2011)
  Drinking water source:
  improved:
  urban: 100% of population
  rural: 100% of population
  total: 100% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 0% of population
  rural: 0% of population
  total: 0% of population (2015 est.)
  Sanitation facility access:
  improved:
  urban: 92.2% of population
  rural: 63.3% of population
  total: 79.1% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 7.8% of population
  rural: 36.7% of population
  total: 20.9% of population (2015 est.)
  HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  0.11% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 111
  HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  16,200 (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 85
  HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  500 (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 84
  Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
  23.4% (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 101
  Education expenditures:
  3.1% of GDP (2011)
  country comparison to the world: 104
  Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 98.8%
  male: 99.1%
  female: 98.5% (2015 est.)
  School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
  total: 14 years
  male: 14 years
  female: 15 years (2011)
  Child labor - children ages 5-14:
  total number: 26,658
  percentage: 1% (2000 est.)
  Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
  total: 22.7%
  male: 22.3%
  female: 23.2% (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 45

- ## Government :: ROMANIA

- Country name:
  conventional long form: none
  conventional short form: Romania
  local long form: none
  local short form: Romania
  Government type:
  republic
  Capital:
  name: Bucharest
  geographic coordinates: 44 26 N, 26 06 E
  time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
  daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
  Administrative divisions:
  41 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti (Bucharest)*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dambovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Valcea, Vrancea
  Independence:
  9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire; independence recognized on 13 July 1878 by the Treaty of Berlin); 26 March 1881 (kingdom proclaimed); 30 December 1947 (republic proclaimed)
  National holiday:
  Unification Day (of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918)
  Constitution:
  several previous; latest adopted 21 November 1991, approved by referendum and effective 8 December 1991; amended 2003 (2014)
  Legal system:
  civil law system
  International law organization participation:
  accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
  Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
  Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Klaus IOHANNIS (since 21 December 2014)
  head of government: Prime Minister Victor-Viorel PONTA (since 7 May 2012); Deputy Prime Minister Gabriel OPREA (since 5 March 2014)
  cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
  elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 2 November 2014 with a runoff on 16 November 2014 (next to be held on 16 November 2019); prime minister appointed by the president with consent of Parliament
  election results: Klaus IOHANNIS elected president; percent of vote in runoff - Klaus IOHANNIS (PNL) 54.4%, Victor PONTA (PSD) 45.6%
  Legislative branch:
  description: bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate or Senat (176 seats; 137 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote and 39 directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camera Deputatilor (412 seats; 315 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote and 97 directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms); note - in the Chamber of Deputies, seats are reserved for minority parties that receive at least 10 percent of total valid votes cast
  elections: Senate - last held on 9 December 2012 (next to be held by December 2016); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 9 December 2012 (next to be held by December 2016)
  election results: Senate - percent of vote by alliance/party - USL 60.1%, ARD 16.7%, PP-DD 14.6%, UDMR 5.3%, other 3.3%; seats by alliance/party - USL 122, ARD 24, PP-DD 21, UDMR 9; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by alliance/party - USL 58.6%, ARD 16.5%, PP-DD 14%, UDMR 5.2%, ethnic minorities 2.6%, other 3.1%; seats by alliance/party - USL 273, ARD 56, PP-DD 47, UDMR 18, ethnic minorities 18
  Judicial branch:
  highest court(s): High Court of Cassation and Justice (consists of 111 judges organized into civil, penal, commercial, contentious administrative and fiscal business, and joint sections); Supreme Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)
  judge selection and term of office: High Court of Cassation and Justice judges appointed by the president upon nomination by the Superior Council of Magistracy, a 19-member body of judges, prosecutors, and law specialists; judges appointed for 6-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court members - 6 elected by Parliament and 3 appointed by the president; members serve 9-year, non-renewable terms
  subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; regional tribunals; first instance courts; military and arbitration courts
  Political parties and leaders:
  Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD [Aurelian PAVELESCU]
  Conservative Party or PC [Daniel CONSTANTIN] (formerly Humanist Party or PUR)
  Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Hunor KELEMEN]
  National Liberal Party or PNL [Alina GORGIU and Vasile BLAGA co-presidents] - combined with former PDL and FC
  National Union for Romania's Progress or UNPR [Gabriel OPREA]
  New Republic Party or NR [Mihail NEAMTU]
  People's Party - Dan Diaconescu or PP-DD [Marin DIACONESCU]
  Popular Movement Party or PMP [Eugen TOMAC]
  Social Democratic Party or PSD [Victor-Viorel PONTA] (formerly Party of Social Democracy in Romania or PDSR)
  Political pressure groups and leaders:
  other: various human rights and professional associations
  International organization participation:
  Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
  Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador George Cristian MAIOR (since 17 September 2015)
  chancery: 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
  telephone: [1] (202) 332-4846, 4848, 4851, 4852
  FAX: [1] (202) 232-4748
  consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, New York
  Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Hans G. KLEMM (since 21 September 2015)
  embassy: Bulevardul Dr. Liviu Librescu 4-6, District 1, Bucharest, 015118
  mailing address: American Embassy Bucharest, US Department of State, 5260 Bucharest Place, Washington, DC 20521-5260 (pouch)
  telephone: [40] (21) 200-3300
  FAX: [40] (21) 200-3442
  Flag description:
  three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; modeled after the flag of France, the colors are those of the principalities of Walachia (red and yellow) and Moldavia (red and blue), which united in 1862 to form Romania; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been removed
  note: now similar to the flag of Chad, whose blue band is darker; also resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova
  National symbol(s):
  golden eagle; national colors: blue, yellow, red
  National anthem:
  name: "Desteapta-te romane!" (Wake up, Romanian!)
  lyrics/music: Andrei MURESIANU/Anton PANN
  note: adopted 1990; the anthem was written during the 1848 Revolution

- ## Economy :: ROMANIA

- Economy - overview:
  Romania, which joined the EU on 1 January 2007, began the transition from Communism in 1989 with a largely obsolete industrial base and a pattern of output unsuited to the country's needs. Romania's macroeconomic gains have only recently started to spur creation of a middle class and to address Romania's widespread poverty. Corruption and red tape continue to permeate the business environment. In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, Romania signed on to a $26 billion emergency assistance package from the IMF, the EU, and other international lenders, but GDP contracted until 2011. In March 2011, Romania and the IMF/EU/World Bank signed a 24-month precautionary stand-by agreement, worth $6.6 billion, to promote fiscal discipline, encourage progress on structural reforms, and strengthen financial sector stability. In September 2013, Romanian authorities and the IMF/EU agreed to a follow-on precautionary two-year stand-by agreement, worth $5.4 billion, to continue with reforms, although Bucharest has announced that it does not intend to draw funds under the agreement. Economic growth rebounded in 2013, driven by strong industrial exports and an excellent agricultural harvest, and the current account deficit was reduced substantially. The economy closed out 2014 with 2.8% growth, down from the 3.5% posted in 2013. Industry outperformed other sectors of the economy. Exports remained the engine of economic growth, led by trade with the EU, which accounts for roughly 70% of Romania trade. In 2014, the Government of Romania succeeded in meeting its annual target for the budget deficit, the external deficit remained low, and inflation was the lowest since 1989, allowing a gradual loosening of the monetary policy throughout the year. However, progress on structural reforms has been uneven and the economy still is vulnerable to external shocks. An ageing population, weak domestic demand, tax evasion, and insufficient health-care represent the top vulnerabilities.
  GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $392.8 billion (2014 est.)
  $381.7 billion (2013 est.)
  $369.2 billion (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 47
  GDP (official exchange rate):
  $200 billion (2014 est.)
  GDP - real growth rate:
  2.9% (2014 est.)
  3.4% (2013 est.)
  0.6% (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 133
  GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $19,700 (2014 est.)
  $19,200 (2013 est.)
  $18,500 (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 85
  Gross national saving:
  22.5% of GDP (2014 est.)
  23.7% of GDP (2013 est.)
  22.5% of GDP (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 70
  GDP - composition, by end use:
  household consumption: 69.3%
  government consumption: 7.6%
  investment in fixed capital: 23%
  investment in inventories: 0.6%
  exports of goods and services: 41.1%
  imports of goods and services: -40.9%
  (2014 est.)
  GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
  agriculture: 5.4%
  industry: 27.3%
  services: 67.3% (2014 est.)
  Agriculture - products:
  wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, grapes; eggs, sheep
  Industries:
  electric machinery and equipment, textiles and footwear, light machinery, auto assembly, mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining
  Industrial production growth rate:
  3.6% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 98
  Labor force:
  9.172 million (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 52
  Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture: 27.9%
  industry: 28.2%
  services: 43.9% (2013)
  Unemployment rate:
  6.4% (2014 est.)
  7.2% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 75
  Population below poverty line:
  22.6% (2011 est.)
  Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 14.5%
  highest 10%: 7.7% (2013 est.)
  Distribution of family income - Gini index:
  27.3 (2012)
  24.2 (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 127
  Budget:
  revenues: $63.85 billion
  expenditures: $67.58 billion (2014 est.)
  Taxes and other revenues:
  32.1% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 87
  Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
  -1.9% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 82
  Public debt:
  39.6% of GDP (2014 est.)
  38% of GDP (2013 est.)
  note: defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the subsectors: central government, state government, local government, and social security funds
  country comparison to the world: 97
  Fiscal year:
  calendar year
  Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  1.1% (2014 est.)
  4% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 67
  Central bank discount rate:
  2.75% (31 December 2014)
  4% (31 December 2013)
  country comparison to the world: 99
  Commercial bank prime lending rate:
  8.45% (31 December 2014 est.)
  10.52% (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 109
  Stock of narrow money:
  $32.05 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $30.82 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 63
  Stock of broad money:
  $70.61 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $74.11 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 61
  Stock of domestic credit:
  $80.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $81.58 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 60
  Market value of publicly traded shares:
  $37.26 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $43.67 billion (31 December 2013)
  $31.71 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 55
  Current account balance:
  -$921 million (2014 est.)
  -$2.059 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 165
  Exports:
  $69.25 billion (2014 est.)
  $58.29 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 54
  Exports - commodities:
  machinery and equipment, metals and metal products, textiles and footwear, chemicals, agricultural products, minerals and fuels
  Exports - partners:
  Germany 19.6%, Italy 12.1%, France 6.9%, Hungary 5.2%, Turkey 4.6%, UK 4.2% (2014)
  Imports:
  $77.23 billion (2014 est.)
  $65.58 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 42
  Imports - commodities:
  machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels and minerals, metals, textile and products, agricultural products
  Imports - partners:
  Germany 19.2%, Italy 10.9%, Hungary 7.9%, France 5.7%, Poland 4.7% (2014)
  Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
  $42.96 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $48.82 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 42
  Debt - external:
  $114.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $129.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 43
  Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
  $87.24 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $83.62 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 46
  Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
  $2.697 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $2.327 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 70
  Exchange rates:
  lei (RON) per US dollar -
  3.3492 (2014 est.)
  3.3279 (2013 est.)
  3.47 (2012 est.)
  3.0486 (2011 est.)
  3.1779 (2010 est.)

- ## Energy :: ROMANIA

- Electricity - production:
  55.78 billion kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 48
  Electricity - consumption:
  49.69 billion kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 46
  Electricity - exports:
  2.466 billion kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 41
  Electricity - imports:
  450 million kWh (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 80
  Electricity - installed generating capacity:
  24 million kW (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 34
  Electricity - from fossil fuels:
  50% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 144
  Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
  5.8% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 23
  Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
  29.7% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 77
  Electricity - from other renewable sources:
  14.5% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 39
  Crude oil - production:
  92,390 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 50
  Crude oil - exports:
  1,604 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 66
  Crude oil - imports:
  122,000 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 44
  Crude oil - proved reserves:
  600 million bbl (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 47
  Refined petroleum products - production:
  218,700 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 52
  Refined petroleum products - consumption:
  215,300 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 56
  Refined petroleum products - exports:
  75,480 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 52
  Refined petroleum products - imports:
  44,070 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 75
  Natural gas - production:
  11.4 billion cu m (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 43
  Natural gas - consumption:
  12.1 billion cu m (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 43
  Natural gas - exports:
  241.7 million cu m (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 167
  Natural gas - imports:
  801 million cu m (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 43
  Natural gas - proved reserves:
  105.5 billion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 51
  Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
  86.06 million Mt (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 45

- ## Communications :: ROMANIA

- Telephones - fixed lines:
  total subscriptions: 4.6 million
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 21 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 33
  Telephones - mobile cellular:
  total: 22.9 million
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 105 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 53
  Telephone system:
  general assessment: the telecommunications sector is being expanded and modernized; domestic and international service improving rapidly, especially mobile-cellular services
  domestic: more than 90% of telephone network is automatic; fixed-line teledensity exceeds 20 telephones per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 110 telephones per 100 persons
  international: country code - 40; the Black Sea Fiber Optic System provides connectivity to Bulgaria and Turkey; satellite earth stations - 10; digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operate in Bucharest (2011)
  Broadcast media:
  a mixture of public and private TV stations; the public broadcaster operates multiple stations; roughly 100 private national, regional, and local stations; more than 75% of households are connected to multi-channel cable or satellite TV systems that provide access to Romanian, European, and international stations; state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 4 national networks and regional and local stations; more than 100 private radio stations (2008)
  Radio broadcast stations:
  698 (station frequency type NA) (2006)
  Television broadcast stations:
  623 (plus 200 repeaters) (2006)
  Internet country code:
  .ro
  Internet users:
  total: 11.2 million
  percent of population: 51.7% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 44

- ## Transportation :: ROMANIA

- Airports:
  45 (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 96
  Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 26
  over 3,047 m: 4
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 10
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 11
  under 914 m: 1 (2013)
  Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 19
  914 to 1,523 m: 5
  under 914 m:
  14 (2013)
  Heliports:
  2 (2013)
  Pipelines:
  gas 3,726 km; oil 2,451 km (2013)
  Railways:
  total: 11,268 km
  broad gauge: 60 km 1.524-m gauge
  standard gauge: 10,781 km 1.435-m gauge (3,292 km electrified)
  narrow gauge: 427 km 0.760-m gauge (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 22
  Roadways:
  total: 84,185 km
  paved: 49,873 km (includes 337 km of expressways)
  unpaved: 34,312 km (2012)
  country comparison to the world: 55
  Waterways:
  1,731 km (includes 1,075 km on the Danube River, 524 km on secondary branches, and 132 km on canals) (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 45
  Merchant marine:
  total: 5
  by type: cargo 1, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 1
  foreign-owned: 1 (Russia 1)
  registered in other countries: 31 (Georgia 7, Liberia 3, Malta 7, Marshall Islands 2, Moldova 2, Panama 3, Russia 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1, Sierra Leone 2, Tanzania 1, Togo 1, unknown 1) (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 127
  Ports and terminals:
  major seaport(s): Constanta, Midia
  river port(s): Braila, Galati (Galatz), Mancanului (Giurgiu), Tulcea (Danube River)

- ## Military :: ROMANIA

- Military branches:
  Land Forces, Naval Forces (Fortele Naval, FN), Romanian Air Force (Fortele Aeriene Romane, FAR) (2013)
  Military service age and obligation:
  conscription ended 2006; 18 years of age for male and female voluntary service; all military inductees (including women) contract for an initial 5-year term of service, with subsequent successive 3-year terms until age 36 (2015)
  Manpower available for military service:
  males age 16-49: 5,601,234
  females age 16-49: 5,428,939 (2010 est.)
  Manpower fit for military service:
  males age 16-49: 4,550,409
  females age 16-49: 4,507,880 (2010 est.)
  Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
  male: 117,798
  female: 111,607 (2010 est.)
  Military expenditures:
  1.42% of GDP (2014 est.)
  1.3% of GDP (2013)
  1.29% of GDP (2012)
  1.3% of GDP (2011)
  1.29% of GDP (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 69

- ## Transnational Issues :: ROMANIA

- Disputes - international:
  the ICJ ruled largely in favor of Romania in its dispute submitted in 2004 over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy/Serpilor (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary delimitation; Romania opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from the Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea
  Refugees and internally displaced persons:
  stateless persons: 299 (2014)
  Illicit drugs:
  major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route and small amounts of Latin American cocaine bound for Western Europe; although not a significant financial center, role as a narcotics conduit leaves it vulnerable to laundering, which occurs via the banking system, currency exchange houses, and casinos

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