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East & Southeast Asia :: Mongolia

- ## Introduction :: MONGOLIA

- Background:
  The Mongols gained fame in the 13th century when under Chinggis KHAAN they established a huge Eurasian empire through conquest. After his death the empire was divided into several powerful Mongol states, but these broke apart in the 14th century. The Mongols eventually retired to their original steppe homelands and in the late 17th century came under Chinese rule. Mongolia won its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing and a communist regime was installed in 1924. The modern country of Mongolia, however, represents only part of the Mongols' historical homeland; more ethnic Mongolians live in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China than in Mongolia. Following a peaceful democratic revolution in 1990, the ex-communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) won most parliamentary elections and stayed in power either governing alone or in coalition. In 2009, current President ELBEGDORJ of the DP was elected to office and was re-elected for his second term in June 2013. In 2010, the MPRP voted to retake the name of the Mongolian People's Party (MPP), a name it used in the early 1920s. Shortly thereafter, a new party was formed by former president ENKHBAYAR, which confusingly adopted for itself the MPRP name. Following the 2012 parliamentary elections, a coalition of four political parties was formed but then dissolved in November 2014 when Prime Minister ALTANKHUYAG was voted out of office. A new five-party grand coalition was formed in December 2014 under the leadership of Prime Minister SAIKHANBILEG.

- ## Geography :: MONGOLIA

- Location:
  Northern Asia, between China and Russia
  Geographic coordinates:
  46 00 N, 105 00 E
  Map references:
  Asia
  Area:
  total: 1,564,116 sq km
  land: 1,553,556 sq km
  water: 10,560 sq km
  country comparison to the world: 19
  Area - comparative:
  slightly smaller than Alaska; more than twice the size of Texas
  Area comparison map:
  Land boundaries:
  total: 8,082 km
  border countries (2): China 4,630 km, Russia 3,452 km
  Coastline:
  0 km (landlocked)
  Maritime claims:
  none (landlocked)
  Climate:
  desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)
  Terrain:
  vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central
  Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Hoh Nuur 560 m
  highest point: Nayramadlin Orgil (Huyten Orgil) 4,374 m
  Natural resources:
  oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron
  Land use:
  agricultural land: 73%
  arable land 0.4%; permanent crops 0%; permanent pasture 72.6%
  forest: 7%
  other: 20% (2011 est.)
  Irrigated land:
  843 sq km (2003)
  Total renewable water resources:
  34.8 cu km (2011)
  Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
  total: 0.55 cu km/yr (13%/43%/44%)
  per capita: 196.8 cu m/yr (2009)
  Natural hazards:
  dust storms; grassland and forest fires; drought; "zud," which is harsh winter conditions
  Environment - current issues:
  limited natural freshwater resources in some areas; the policies of former Communist regimes promoted rapid urbanization and industrial growth that had negative effects on the environment; the burning of soft coal in power plants and the lack of enforcement of environmental laws severely polluted the air in Ulaanbaatar; deforestation, overgrazing, and the converting of virgin land to agricultural production increased soil erosion from wind and rain; desertification and mining activities had a deleterious effect on the environment
  Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
  signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
  Geography - note:
  landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia

- ## People and Society :: MONGOLIA

- Nationality:
  noun: Mongolian(s)
  adjective: Mongolian
  Ethnic groups:
  Khalkh 81.9%, Kazak 3.8%, Dorvod 2.7%, Bayad 2.1%, Buryat-Bouriates 1.7%, Zakhchin 1.2%, Dariganga 1%, Uriankhai 1%, other 4.6% (2010 est.)
  Languages:
  Khalkha Mongol 90% (official), Turkic, Russian (1999)
  Religions:
  Buddhist 53%, Muslim 3%, Christian 2.2%, Shamanist 2.9%, other 0.4%, none 38.6% (2010 est.)
  Population:
  2,992,908 (July 2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 139
  Age structure:
  0-14 years: 26.87% (male 409,994/female 394,195)
  15-24 years: 17.69% (male 267,507/female 261,869)
  25-54 years: 45.04% (male 653,195/female 694,688)
  55-64 years: 6.29% (male 86,401/female 101,714)
  65 years and over: 4.12% (male 50,372/female 72,973) (2015 est.)
  population pyramid:
  Dependency ratios:
  total dependency ratio: 47.6%
  youth dependency ratio: 41.7%
  elderly dependency ratio: 6%
  potential support ratio: 16.7% (2015 est.)
  Median age:
  total: 27.5 years
  male: 26.7 years
  female: 28.3 years (2015 est.)
  Population growth rate:
  1.31% (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 92
  Birth rate:
  20.25 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 83
  Death rate:
  6.35 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 152
  Net migration rate:
  -0.84 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 146
  Urbanization:
  urban population: 72% of total population (2015)
  rate of urbanization: 2.78% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
  Major urban areas - population:
  ULAANBAATAR (capital) 1.377 million (2015)
  Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
  0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
  15-24 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
  25-54 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
  55-64 years: 0.85 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2015 est.)
  Infant mortality rate:
  total: 22.44 deaths/1,000 live births
  male: 25.64 deaths/1,000 live births
  female: 19.09 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 78
  Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 69.29 years
  male: 65.04 years
  female: 73.76 years (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 159
  Total fertility rate:
  2.17 children born/woman (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 100
  Contraceptive prevalence rate:
  54.9% (2010)
  Health expenditures:
  6% of GDP (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 105
  Physicians density:
  2.84 physicians/1,000 population (2011)
  Hospital bed density:
  6.8 beds/1,000 population (2012)
  Drinking water source:
  improved:
  urban: 66.4% of population
  rural: 59.2% of population
  total: 64.4% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 33.6% of population
  rural: 40.8% of population
  total: 35.6% of population (2015 est.)
  Sanitation facility access:
  improved:
  urban: 66.4% of population
  rural: 42.6% of population
  total: 59.7% of population
  unimproved:
  urban: 33.6% of population
  rural: 57.4% of population
  total: 40.3% of population (2015 est.)
  HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  0.04% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 124
  HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  600 (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 124
  HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  fewer than 100 (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 115
  Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
  15.7% (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 122
  Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
  1.6% (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 92
  Education expenditures:
  5.5% of GDP (2011)
  country comparison to the world: 58
  Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 98.4%
  male: 98.2%
  female: 98.6% (2015 est.)
  School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
  total: 15 years
  male: 14 years
  female: 15 years (2010)
  Child labor - children ages 5-14:
  total number: 106,203
  percentage: 18% (2005 est.)
  Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
  total: 11.9%
  male: 10.7%
  female: 13.2% (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 92

- ## Government :: MONGOLIA

- Country name:
  conventional long form: none
  conventional short form: Mongolia
  local long form: none
  local short form: Mongol Uls
  former: Outer Mongolia
  Government type:
  parliamentary
  Capital:
  name: Ulaanbaatar
  geographic coordinates: 47 55 N, 106 55 E
  time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
  daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Saturday in March; ends last Saturday in September
  note: Mongolia has two time zones - Ulaanbaatar Time (8 hours in advance of UTC), and Hovd Time (7 hours in advance of UTC)
  Administrative divisions:
  21 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 1 municipality* (singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan-Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan (Zavkhan), Govi-Altay, Govisumber, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs
  Independence:
  11 July 1921 (from China)
  National holiday:
  Independence Day/Revolution Day, 11 July (1921)
  Constitution:
  several previous; latest adopted 13 January 1992, effective 12 February 1992; amended 1999, 2001 (2011)
  Legal system:
  civil law system influenced by Soviet and Romano-Germanic legal systems; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts
  International law organization participation:
  has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
  Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
  Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ (since 18 June 2009)
  head of government: Prime Minister Chimed SAIKHANBILEG (since 21 November 2014); Deputy Prime Minister Tserendash OYUNBAATAR (since 8 September 2015)
  cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the prime minister in consultation with the president, confirmed by the State Great Hural (parliament)
  elections/appointments: presidential candidates nominated by political parties represented in the State Great Hural and directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 26 June 2013 (next to be held in June 2017); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually elected prime minister by the State Great Hural
  election results: Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ reelected president; percent of vote - Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ (DP) 50.2%, Badmaanyambuu BAT-ERDENE (MPP) 42%, Natsag UDVAL (MPRP) 6.5%, other 1.3%
  Legislative branch:
  description: unicameral State Great Hural or Ulsyn Ikh Khural (76 seats; 48 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 28 directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)
  elections: last held on 28 June 2012 (next to be held in June 2016)
  election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - DP 33, MPP 27, Justice Coalition 11, CWGP 2, independent 3
  note: 4 seats were determined after the election; 2 DP candidates gained seats when winning MPP candidates were determined to have broken electoral law; candidates in 2 other constituencies did not receive the necessary 28% of the vote to be elected, and MPP candidates won both seats in repolling; seats by party as of May 2015 - DP 35, MPP 26, Justice Coalition 10, CWGP 2, independent 3
  Judicial branch:
  highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of the Chief Justice and 24 judges organized into civil, criminal, and administrative chambers); Constitutional Court or Tsets (consists of a chairman and 8 members)
  judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court chief justice and judges appointed by the president upon recommendation to the State Great Hural by the General Council of Courts, a 14-member body of judges and judicial officials; term of appointment is for life; chairman of the Constitutional Court elected from among its members; members appointed by the State Great Hural upon nominations - 3 each by the president, the State Great Hural, and the Supreme Court; term of appointment is 6 years; chairmanship limited to a single renewable 3-year term
  subordinate courts: aimag (provincial) and capital city appellate courts; soum, inter-soum, and district courts; Administrative Cases Courts (established in 2004)
  Political parties and leaders:
  Civil Will-Green Party or CWGP [Sanjaasuren OYUN, Sambuu DEMBEREL, Tserendorj GANKHUYAG]
  Democratic Party or DP [Zandaakhuu ENKHBOLD]
  Justice Coalition (includes MPRP and MNDP)
  Mongolian National Democratic Party or MNDP [Mendsaikhan ENKHSAIKHAN]
  Mongolian People's Party or MPP [Miyegombo ENKHBOLD]
  Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Nambar ENKHBAYAR]
  Political pressure groups and leaders:
  other: human rights groups; women's groups; disability rights groups
  International organization participation:
  ADB, ARF, CD, CICA, CP, EBRD, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, OSCE, SCO (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
  Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Bulgaa ALTANGEREL (since 8 January 2013)
  chancery: 2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007
  telephone: [1] (202) 333-7117
  FAX: [1] (202) 298-9227
  consulate(s) general: New York, San Francisco
  Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Piper Anne Wind CAMPBELL (since 6 August 2012)
  embassy: Denver Street
  mailing address: PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002; P.O. Box 341, Ulaanbaatar-14192
  telephone: [976] 7007-6001
  FAX: [976] 7007-6016
  Flag description:
  three, equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol); blue represents the sky, red symbolizes progress and prosperity
  National symbol(s):
  soyombo emblem; national colors: red, blue, yellow
  National anthem:
  name: "Mongol ulsyn toriin duulal" (National Anthem of Mongolia)
  lyrics/music: Tsendiin DAMDINSUREN/Bilegiin DAMDINSUREN and Luvsanjamts MURJORJ
  note: music adopted 1950, lyrics adopted 2006; lyrics altered on numerous occasions

- ## Economy :: MONGOLIA

- Economy - overview:
  Mongolia's extensive mineral deposits and attendant growth in mining-sector activities have transformed Mongolia's economy, which traditionally has been dependent on herding and agriculture. Mongolia's copper, gold, coal, molybdenum, fluorspar, uranium, tin, and tungsten deposits, among others, have attracted foreign direct investment (FDI). Soviet assistance, at its height one-third of GDP, disappeared almost overnight in 1990 and 1991 at the time of the dismantlement of the USSR. The following decade saw Mongolia endure both deep recession because of political inaction and natural disasters, as well as strong economic growth because of market reforms and extensive privatization of the formerly state-run economy. The country opened a fledgling stock exchange in 1991. Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization in 1997 and seeks to expand its participation in regional economic and trade regimes. Growth averaged nearly 9% per year in 2004-08 largely because of high copper prices globally and new gold production. By late 2008, Mongolia was hit hard by the global financial crisis. Slower global economic growth hurt the country's exports, notably copper, and slashed government revenues. As a result, Mongolia's real economy contracted 1.3% in 2009. In early 2009, the International Monetary Fund reached a $236 million Stand-by Arrangement with Mongolia and the country emerged from the crisis with a stronger banking sector and needed reforms to the government’s fiscal management. In October 2009, Mongolia passed long-awaited legislation on an investment agreement to develop the Oyu Tolgoi (OT) mine, considered to be among the world's largest untapped copper-gold deposits. However, Mongolia's ongoing dispute with foreign investors developing Oyu Tolgoi has called into question the attractiveness of Mongolia as a destination for foreign investment. This caused a loss of investor confidence, a severe drop in FDI, and a slowing economy, leading to the dismissal of Prime Minister ALTANKHUYAG in November. The new government has made restoring investor trust and reviving the economy its top priority, but it will be challenged to unwind the monetary and fiscal stimulus programs in use since 2013 to counteract the fall in foreign investment. In December 2014 the government awarded a deal to develop the massive Tavan Tolgoi (TT) coal field to a consortium comprising Energy Resources/MCS (Mongolia), Shenhua (China), and Sumitomo (Japan); talks continue to hammer out the financing and the operating details. The economy grew more than 10% per year since 2010, largely on the strength of commodity exports to nearby countries and high government spending domestically, before slowing to 7.8% in 2014. Mongolia's economy faces near-term economic risks from the government's loose fiscal and monetary policies, which are contributing to high inflation, and from uncertainties in foreign demand for Mongolian exports. Trade with China represents nearly 62% of Mongolia's total external trade - China receives some 90% of Mongolia's exports and supplies Mongolia with more than one-third of its imports. Mongolia has relied on Russia for energy supplies, leaving it vulnerable to price increases; in 2014, Mongolia purchased nearly 90% of its gasoline and diesel fuel from Russia. A drop in FDI has put pressure on Mongolia's external finances. Remittances from Mongolians working abroad, particularly in South Korea, are significant.
  GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $34.76 billion (2014 est.)
  $32.24 billion (2013 est.)
  $28.88 billion (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 128
  GDP (official exchange rate):
  $11.98 billion (2014 est.)
  GDP - real growth rate:
  7.8% (2014 est.)
  11.6% (2013 est.)
  12.3% (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 6
  GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $11,900 (2014 est.)
  $11,000 (2013 est.)
  $9,900 (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 132
  Gross national saving:
  24.3% of GDP (2014 est.)
  26.6% of GDP (2013 est.)
  27.7% of GDP (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 10
  GDP - composition, by end use:
  household consumption: 54.4%
  government consumption: 12%
  investment in fixed capital: 46.1%
  investment in inventories: 10.3%
  exports of goods and services: 43.7%
  imports of goods and services: -66.5%
  (2013 est.)
  GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
  agriculture: 12.2%
  industry: 35%
  services: 52.8% (2014 est.)
  Agriculture - products:
  wheat, barley, vegetables, forage crops; sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses
  Industries:
  construction and construction materials; mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, tin, tungsten, gold); oil; food and beverages; processing of animal products, cashmere and natural fiber manufacturing
  Industrial production growth rate:
  16.1% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 10
  Labor force:
  1.128 million (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 143
  Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture: 28.6%
  industry: 21%
  services: 50.4% (2014)
  Unemployment rate:
  7.7% (2014 est.)
  7.8% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 102
  Population below poverty line:
  29.8% (2011 est.)
  Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 3%
  highest 10%: 28.4% (2008)
  Distribution of family income - Gini index:
  36.5 (2008)
  32.8 (2002)
  country comparison to the world: 83
  Budget:
  revenues: $3.524 billion
  expenditures: $3.735 billion (2014 est.)
  Taxes and other revenues:
  30.1% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 90
  Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
  -1.8% of GDP (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 74
  Fiscal year:
  calendar year
  Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  12.9% (2014 est.)
  11.9% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 216
  Central bank discount rate:
  13% (15 January 2015)
  12% (31 July 2014)
  country comparison to the world: 13
  Commercial bank prime lending rate:
  18.2% (31 December 2014 est.)
  17.4% (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 18
  Stock of narrow money:
  $1.184 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $1.259 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 148
  Stock of broad money:
  $6.178 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $5.72 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 124
  Stock of domestic credit:
  $7.958 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $6.751 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 111
  Market value of publicly traded shares:
  $1.293 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
  $1.579 billion (31 December 2011)
  $1.093 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 105
  Current account balance:
  -$985 million (2014 est.)
  -$3.192 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 126
  Exports:
  $5.775 billion (2014 est.)
  $4.273 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 111
  Exports - commodities:
  copper, apparel, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals, coal, crude oil
  Exports - partners:
  China 95.3% (2014)
  Imports:
  $5.237 billion (2014 est.)
  $6.355 billion (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 131
  Imports - commodities:
  machinery and equipment, fuel, cars, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, cigarettes and tobacco, appliances, soap and detergent
  Imports - partners:
  China 41.5%, Russia 27.4%, South Korea 6.5%, Japan 6.1% (2014)
  Debt - external:
  $5.352 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $5.371 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 124
  Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
  $15.74 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  $13.46 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 82
  Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
  $1.241 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
  $1.191 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 78
  Exchange rates:
  togrog/tugriks (MNT) per US dollar -
  1,817.4 (2014 est.)
  1,523.9 (2013 est.)
  1,357.6 (2012 est.)
  1,265.5 (2011 est.)
  1,357.1 (2010 est.)

- ## Energy :: MONGOLIA

- Electricity - production:
  4.472 billion kWh (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 124
  Electricity - consumption:
  4.062 billion kWh (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 125
  Electricity - exports:
  24 million kWh (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 90
  Electricity - imports:
  258 million kWh (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 87
  Electricity - installed generating capacity:
  833,200 kW (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 128
  Electricity - from fossil fuels:
  99.9% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 43
  Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
  0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 134
  Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
  0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 183
  Electricity - from other renewable sources:
  0.1% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 109
  Crude oil - production:
  14,050 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 80
  Crude oil - exports:
  5,680 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 61
  Crude oil - imports:
  0 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 89
  Crude oil - proved reserves:
  NA bbl
  Refined petroleum products - production:
  0 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 169
  Refined petroleum products - consumption:
  25,110 bbl/day (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 123
  Refined petroleum products - exports:
  0 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 195
  Refined petroleum products - imports:
  17,360 bbl/day (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 108
  Natural gas - production:
  0 cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 161
  Natural gas - consumption:
  0 cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 167
  Natural gas - exports:
  0 cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 139
  Natural gas - imports:
  0 cu m (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 94
  Natural gas - proved reserves:
  0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 165
  Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
  11.36 million Mt (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 100

- ## Communications :: MONGOLIA

- Telephones - fixed lines:
  total subscriptions: 230,000
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 8 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 125
  Telephones - mobile cellular:
  total: 3 million
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 103 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 139
  Telephone system:
  general assessment: network is improving with international direct dialing available in many areas; a fiber-optic network has been installed that is improving broadband and communication services between major urban centers with multiple companies providing inter-city fiber-optic cable services
  domestic: very low fixed-line teledensity; there are multiple mobile-cellular providers and subscribership is increasing
  international: country code - 976; satellite earth stations - 7 (2011)
  Broadcast media:
  following a law passed in 2005, Mongolia's state-run radio and TV provider converted to a public service provider; also available are private radio and TV broadcasters, as well as multi-channel satellite and cable TV providers; more than 100 radio stations, including some 20 via repeaters for the public broadcaster; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2008)
  Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 7, FM 108 (includes 20 national radio broadcaster repeaters), shortwave 4 (2009)
  Television broadcast stations:
  99 (2009)
  Internet country code:
  .mn
  Internet users:
  total: 527,100
  percent of population: 17.9% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 131

- ## Transportation :: MONGOLIA

- Airports:
  44 (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 98
  Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 15
  over 3,047 m: 2
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 10
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 (2013)
  Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 29
  over 3,047 m: 2
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 24
  under 914 m:
  1 (2013)
  Heliports:
  1 (2013)
  Railways:
  total: 1,815 km
  broad gauge: 1,815 km 1.520-m gauge
  note: national operator Ulannbaator Railway is jointly owned by the Mongolian Government and by the Russian State Railway (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 73
  Roadways:
  total: 49,249 km
  paved: 4,800 km
  unpaved: 44,449 km (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 77
  Waterways:
  580 km (the only waterway in operation is Lake Hovsgol) (135 km); Selenge River (270 km) and Orhon River (175 km) are navigable but carry little traffic; lakes and rivers ice free from May to September) (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 81
  Merchant marine:
  total: 57
  by type: bulk carrier 21, cargo 25, chemical tanker 1, container 2, liquefied gas 2, passenger/cargo 2, roll on/roll off 3, vehicle carrier 1
  foreign-owned: 44 (Indonesia 2, Japan 2, North Korea 1, Russia 2, Singapore 3, Ukraine 1, Vietnam 33) (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 68

- ## Military :: MONGOLIA

- Military branches:
  Mongolian Armed Forces (Mongol ulsyn zevsegt huchin): Mongolian Army, Mongolian Air and Air Defense (2015)
  Military service age and obligation:
  18-25 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; 1-year conscript service obligation in land or air defense forces or police; a small portion of Mongolian land forces is comprised of contract soldiers; women cannot be deployed overseas for military operations (2015)
  Manpower available for military service:
  males age 16-49: 898,546
  females age 16-49: 891,192 (2010 est.)
  Manpower fit for military service:
  males age 16-49: 726,199
  females age 16-49: 756,628 (2010 est.)
  Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
  male: 30,829
  female: 29,648 (2010 est.)
  Military expenditures:
  1.12% of GDP (2012)
  0.99% of GDP (2011)
  1.12% of GDP (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 90

- ## Transnational Issues :: MONGOLIA

- Disputes - international:
  none
  Refugees and internally displaced persons:
  stateless persons: 16 (2014)

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