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Europe :: San Marino

- ## Introduction :: SAN MARINO

- Background:
  Geographically the third smallest state in Europe (after the Holy See and Monaco), San Marino also claims to be the world's oldest republic. According to tradition, it was founded by a Christian stonemason named MARINUS in A.D. 301. San Marino's foreign policy is aligned with that of the European Union, although it is not a member; social and political trends in the republic track closely with those of its larger neighbor, Italy.

- ## Geography :: SAN MARINO

- Location:
  Southern Europe, an enclave in central Italy
  Geographic coordinates:
  43 46 N, 12 25 E
  Map references:
  Europe
  Area:
  total: 61 sq km
  land: 61 sq km
  water: 0 sq km
  country comparison to the world: 229
  Area - comparative:
  about one-third the size of Washington, DC
  Land boundaries:
  total: 37 km
  border countries (1): Italy 37 km
  Coastline:
  0 km (landlocked)
  Maritime claims:
  none (landlocked)
  Climate:
  Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers
  Terrain:
  rugged mountains
  Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Torrente Ausa 55 m
  highest point: Monte Titano 755 m
  Natural resources:
  building stone
  Land use:
  agricultural land: 16.7%
  arable land 16.7%; permanent crops 0%; permanent pasture 0%
  forest: 0%
  other: 83.3% (2011 est.)
  Irrigated land:
  NA
  Natural hazards:
  NA
  Environment - current issues:
  air pollution; urbanization decreasing rural farmlands
  Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Whaling
  signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution
  Geography - note:
  landlocked; smallest independent state in Europe after the Holy See and Monaco; dominated by the Apennine Mountains

- ## People and Society :: SAN MARINO

- Nationality:
  noun: Sammarinese (singular and plural)
  adjective: Sammarinese
  Ethnic groups:
  Sammarinese, Italian
  Languages:
  Italian
  Religions:
  Roman Catholic
  Population:
  33,020 (July 2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 216
  Age structure:
  0-14 years: 15.69% (male 2,756/female 2,424)
  15-24 years: 11.15% (male 1,890/female 1,792)
  25-54 years: 41.88% (male 6,518/female 7,310)
  55-64 years: 12.19% (male 2,009/female 2,015)
  65 years and over: 19.1% (male 2,822/female 3,484) (2015 est.)
  population pyramid:
  Median age:
  total: 43.9 years
  male: 42.9 years
  female: 44.7 years (2015 est.)
  Population growth rate:
  0.82% (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 134
  Birth rate:
  8.63 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 215
  Death rate:
  8.45 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 79
  Net migration rate:
  8.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 14
  Urbanization:
  urban population: 94.2% of total population (2015)
  rate of urbanization: 0.62% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
  Major urban areas - population:
  SAN MARINO 4,000 (2014)
  Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.1 male(s)/female
  0-14 years: 1.14 male(s)/female
  15-24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
  25-54 years: 0.89 male(s)/female
  55-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2015 est.)
  Infant mortality rate:
  total: 4.45 deaths/1,000 live births
  male: 4.65 deaths/1,000 live births
  female: 4.24 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 183
  Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 83.24 years
  male: 80.69 years
  female: 86.01 years (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 5
  Total fertility rate:
  1.49 children born/woman (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 198
  Health expenditures:
  6.5% of GDP (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 94
  Physicians density:
  5.1 physicians/1,000 population (2013)
  Hospital bed density:
  3.8 beds/1,000 population (2012)
  HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  NA
  HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  NA
  HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  NA
  Education expenditures:
  NA
  School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
  total: 15 years
  male: 15 years
  female: 16 years (2011)

- ## Government :: SAN MARINO

- Country name:
  conventional long form: Republic of San Marino
  conventional short form: San Marino
  local long form: Repubblica di San Marino
  local short form: San Marino
  note: named after the traditional founder of the country, Saint MARINUS
  Government type:
  republic
  Capital:
  name: San Marino
  geographic coordinates: 43 56 N, 12 25 E
  time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
  daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
  Administrative divisions:
  9 municipalities (castelli, singular - castello); Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Montegiardino, San Marino Citta, Serravalle
  Independence:
  3 September 301 (traditional founding date)
  National holiday:
  Founding of the Republic, 3 September (A.D. 301)
  Constitution:
  consists of several legislative instruments, chief among them the Statutes (Leges Statuti) of 1600 and the Declaration of Citizen Rights of 1974; latter document amended 2000, 2002, 2005 (2015)
  Legal system:
  civil law system with Italian civil law influences
  International law organization participation:
  has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
  Citizenship:
  citizenship by birth: no
  citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of San Marino
  dual citizenship recognized: no
  residency requirement for naturalization: 30 years
  Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
  Executive branch:
  chief of state: co-chiefs of state Captain Regent Lorella STEFANELLI and Captain Regent Nicola RENZI (for the period 1 October 2015 - 1 April 2016)
  head of government: Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs Pasquale VALENTINI (since 5 December 2012)
  cabinet: Congress of State elected by the Grand and General Council
  elections/appointments: co-chiefs of state (captains regent) indirectly elected by the Grand and General Council for a single 6-month term; election last held in September 2015 (next to be held in March 2016); secretary of state for foreign and political affairs indirectly elected by the Grand and General Council for a single 5-year term; election last held on 11 November 2012 (next to be held by November 2017)
  election results: Lorella STEFANELLI (PDCS) and Nicola RENZI (AP) elected captains regent; percent of Grand and General Council vote - NA; Pasquale VALENTINI (PDCS) elected secretary of state for foreign and political affairs; percent of Grand and General Council vote - NA
  note: the directly elected parliament (Grand and General Council) selects 2 of its members to serve as the captains regent (co-chiefs of state) for a 6-month period; they preside over meetings of the Grand and General Council and its cabinet (Congress of State), which has 9 other members, all are selected by the Grand and General Council; assisting the captains regent are 9 secretaries of state; the secretary of state for Foreign Affairs has some prime ministerial roles
  Legislative branch:
  description: unicameral Grand and General Council or Consiglio Grande e Generale (60 seats; members directly elected by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)
  elections: last held on 11 November 2012 (next to be held by November 2017)
  election results: percent of vote by party - San Marino Common Good coalition (San Marino Bene Comune) 50.7% (including PDCS 29.5%, PSD 14.3%, AP 6.7%), Entente for the Country coalition (Intesa per Il Paese) 22.3% (including PS 12.1%, UPR 8.4%, USDM 1.7%), Active Citizenry coalition (Cittadinanza Attiva) 16.1% (including SU 9.1%, Civic 10 6.7%), Civic Movement R.E.T.E. 6.3%, For San Marino 2.8%, San Marino 3.0 1.8%; seats by party - San Marino Common Good coalition 35 (PDCS 21, PSD 10, AP 4), Entente for the Country coalition 12 (PS 7, UPR 5), Active Citizenry 9 (SU 5, Civic 10 4), Civic Movement R.E.T.E. 4
  Judicial branch:
  highest court(s): Council of Twelve or Consiglio dei XII (consists of 12 members); note - the College of Guarantors for the Constitutionality and General Norms functions as San Marino's constitutional court
  judge selection and term of office: judges elected by the Grand and General Council from among its own to serve 5-year terms
  subordinate courts: first instance and first appeal criminal, administrative, and civil courts; justices of the peace or conciliatory judges
  Political parties and leaders:
  San Marino Common Good (includes Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party or PDCS [Marco GATTI], Party of Socialists and Democrats or PSD [Paride ANDREOLI], Popular Alliance or AP [Gabriele GATTI])
  Entente for the Country (Intesa per il Paese;includes Sammarinese Union of Moderates or USDM; dissolved after 2012 election, Socialist Party or PS [Alessandro BEVITORI], Union for the Republic or UPR [Marco PODESCHI)
  Active Citizenship (includes Civic 10 [Mateo CIACCI], United Left or SU [Gastone PASOLINI])
  Political pressure groups and leaders:
  NA
  International organization participation:
  CE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Schengen Convention (de facto member), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WHO, WIPO
  Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Paolo RONDELLI (since 16 July 2007)
  chancery: 1711 N Street NW, 2nd floor, Washington, DC 20036
  telephone: 202-250-1535
  FAX: 202-223-2748
  Diplomatic representation from the US:
  the US does not have an embassy in San Marino; the ambassador to Italy is accredited to San Marino
  Flag description:
  two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the national coat of arms superimposed in the center; the main colors derive from the shield of the coat of arms, which features three white towers on three peaks on a blue field; the towers represent three castles built on San Marino's highest feature, Mount Titano: Guaita, Cesta, and Montale; the coat of arms is flanked by a wreath, below a crown and above a scroll bearing the word LIBERTAS (Liberty); the white and blue colors are also said to stand for peace and liberty respectively
  National symbol(s):
  three peaks each displaying a tower; national colors: white, blue
  National anthem:
  name: "Inno Nazionale della Repubblica" (National Anthem of the Republic)
  lyrics/music: no lyrics/Federico CONSOLO
  note: adopted 1894; the music for the lyric-less anthem is based on a 10th century chorale piece

- ## Economy :: SAN MARINO

- Economy - overview:
  San Marino's economy relies heavily on tourism, the banking industry and the manufacture and export of ceramics, clothing, fabrics, furniture, paints, spirits, tiles, and wine. The manufacturing and financial sectors account for more than half of San Marino's GDP. The per capita level of output and standard of living are comparable to those of the most prosperous regions of Italy. The economy benefits from foreign investment due to its relatively low corporate taxes and low taxes on interest earnings. The income tax rate is also very low, about one-third the average EU level. San Marino does not issue public debt securities; when necessary, it finances deficits by drawing down central bank deposits. San Marino's economy has been contracting since 2008, largely due to weakened demand from Italy - which accounts for nearly 90% of its export market - and financial sector consolidation. Difficulties in the banking sector, the recent global economic downturn, and the sizable decline in tax revenues have contributed to negative real GDP growth. The government has adopted measures to counter the economic downturn, including subsidized credit to businesses and is seeking to shift its growth model away from a reliance on bank and tax secrecy. San Marino continues to work towards harmonizing its fiscal laws with EU and international standards. In September 2009, the OECD removed San Marino from its list of tax havens that have yet to fully adopt global tax standards, and in 2010 San Marino signed Tax Information Exchange Agreements with most major countries. In 2013 San Marino's Government signed a Double Taxation Agreement with Italy, but a referendum on EU membership failed to reach the quorum needed to bring it to a vote.
  GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $1.914 billion (2014 est.)
  $1.933 billion (2013 est.)
  $2.024 billion (2012 est.)
  note: data are in 2014 US dollars
  country comparison to the world: 196
  GDP (official exchange rate):
  $1.786 billion (2014 est.)
  GDP - real growth rate:
  -1% (2014 est.)
  -4.5% (2013 est.)
  -7.5% (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 210
  GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $60,900 (2014 est.)
  $61,500 (2013 est.)
  $64,400 (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 14
  GDP - composition, by end use:
  exports of goods and services: 176.6%
  imports of goods and services: -153.3% (2011)
  GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
  agriculture: 0.1%
  industry: 39.2%
  services: 60.7% (2009)
  Agriculture - products:
  wheat, grapes, corn, olives; cattle, pigs, horses, beef, cheese, hides
  Industries:
  tourism, banking, textiles, electronics, ceramics, cement, wine
  Industrial production growth rate:
  -1.1% (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 171
  Labor force:
  21,960 (September 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 212
  Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture: 0.2%
  industry: 33.5%
  services: 66.3% (September 2013 est.)
  Unemployment rate:
  8.7% (2014 est.)
  8.1% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 99
  Population below poverty line:
  NA%
  Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: NA%
  highest 10%: NA%
  Budget:
  revenues: $667.7 million
  expenditures: $719.5 million (2011 est.)
  Taxes and other revenues:
  37.4% of GDP (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 53
  Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
  -2.9% of GDP (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 120
  Public debt:
  25.8% of GDP (2013 est.)
  20.3% of GDP (2012 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 142
  Fiscal year:
  calendar year
  Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  1.1% (2014 est.)
  1.3% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 68
  Commercial bank prime lending rate:
  5.92% (31 December 2011 est.)
  5.38% (31 December 2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 134
  Stock of narrow money:
  $NA
  $1.326 billion (31 December 2007)
  Stock of broad money:
  $NA
  $4.584 billion (31 December 2007)
  Stock of domestic credit:
  $8.822 billion (30 September 2010)
  $8.008 billion (31 December 2009)
  country comparison to the world: 107
  Market value of publicly traded shares:
  $NA
  Exports:
  $3.827 billion (2011 est.)
  $2.576 billion (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 123
  Exports - commodities:
  building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts, wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, ceramics
  Exports - partners:
  Italy 82.3% (2012 est.)
  Imports:
  $2.551 billion (2011 est.)
  $2.132 billion (2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 156
  Imports - commodities:
  wide variety of consumer manufactures, food, energy
  Imports - partners:
  Italy 81.8% (2012 est.)
  Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
  $392 million (2014 est.)
  $539.3 million (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 154
  Debt - external:
  $NA
  Exchange rates:
  euros (EUR) per US dollar -
  0.7489 (2014 est.)
  0.7634 (2013 est.)
  0.78 2012 est.)
  0.7185 (2011 est.)
  0.755 (2010 est.)

- ## Communications :: SAN MARINO

- Telephones - fixed lines:
  total subscriptions: 18,600
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 57 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 186
  Telephones - mobile cellular:
  total: 37,600
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 115 (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 206
  Telephone system:
  general assessment: automatic telephone system completely integrated into Italian system
  domestic: combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity 170 telephones per 100 persons
  international: country code - 378; connected to Italian international network (2011)
  Broadcast media:
  state-owned public broadcaster operates 1 TV station and 3 radio stations; receives radio and TV broadcasts from Italy (2012)
  Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 0, FM 2, shortwave 0 (2008)
  Television broadcast stations:
  1 (San Marino residents also receive broadcasts from Italy) (1997)
  Internet country code:
  .sm
  Internet users:
  total: 17,200
  percent of population: 52.6% (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 202

- ## Transportation :: SAN MARINO

- Roadways:
  total: 292 km
  paved: 292 km (2006)
  country comparison to the world: 206

- ## Military :: SAN MARINO

- Military branches:
  no regular military forces; voluntary Military Corps (Corpi Militari) performs ceremonial duties and limited police support functions (2010)
  Military service age and obligation:
  18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription; government has the authority to call up all San Marino citizens from 16-60 years of age to service in the military (2012)
  Manpower available for military service:
  males age 16-49: 6,892 (2010 est.)
  Manpower fit for military service:
  males age 16-49: 5,565
  females age 16-49: 6,067 (2010 est.)
  Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
  male: 186
  female: 166 (2010 est.)
  Military - note:
  defense is the responsibility of Italy

- ## Transnational Issues :: SAN MARINO

- Disputes - international:
  none

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